3.3 7.1 Dna Structure
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DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that are made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base. DNA exists as a double helix containing two anti-parallel strands bound together via hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleotide base pairs of adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine. RNA is single-stranded and contains the base uracil instead of thymine. DNA stores genetic information in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, while RNA aids in protein synthesis and has various functions in the nucleus and cytoplasm.
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DNA Function and Structure Notes
DNA contains all of an organism's genetic information and is found in the cells of all living things. DNA is made up of long chains of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases. The order of these bases in the DNA determines an organism's traits by encoding genes. James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA exists as a double helix structure, with the bases pairing together in a complementary way between chains.
A brief understanding of dna synthesis
DNA Synthesis: Bio-Synthesis world’s leading Supplier providing commercial Synthetic DNA, custom DNA synthesis services and developer of new technologies for unmodified DNA synthesis.
Dna structure slide share
This power point presentation explains double helical structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick (1953).Attempts have also been made to high light the valuable contributions made by Rosalind Franklin and Wilkins. Brief details of different types of DNA have also been included.
Dna 9th grade
The document discusses several key facts about DNA:
- DNA can store vast amounts of information in a very small space within cells. The DNA in a single human could stretch to the sun and back over 600,000 times.
- While DNA is 99.9% identical between all humans, the 0.1% difference results in our unique characteristics. This difference amounts to around 3 million nucleotides.
- DNA is a highly efficient storage system, able to hold 25 gigabytes of data per inch. This shows DNA is more advanced than computer storage technologies.
- DNA replication allows DNA to make copies of itself in a semi-conservative process where the original strands remain intact and act as templates for new strands.
DNA: structure, organization and function
Dr. Ifat Ara Begum's document provides an overview of DNA structure, organization, and function. Some key points include:
- DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds that carries the genetic instructions for life.
- The DNA double helix consists of two antiparallel strands connected by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
- DNA is organized into chromosomes through progressive coiling and folding. Chromosomes are highly condensed and visible during cell division.
- DNA contains both coding and non-coding regions. While genes only account for about 1.5% of DNA, non-coding DNA plays important roles in packaging, expression, and regulation of genes
Watson and crick model of dna
Watson and Crick proposed a model of DNA structure in 1953 as a double helix with two antiparallel strands coiled around the same axis. Each strand consists of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups with purine or pyrimidine bases stacked inside. Adenine always pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds and guanine pairs with cytosine via three hydrogen bonds. Their model explained experimental X-ray diffraction data and Chargaff's rules of base equivalence. The discovery revolutionized our understanding of genetics and heredity.
Dna
DNA
history
structure
X-Ray diffraction image of DNA
base pairing principle
base pairs
bonding patterns of DNA
base stacking different conformations of DNA
different forms of DNA
function of DNA
replication
encoding information
mutation/recombination
gene expression
Application of DNA
A complete PPT on DNA
The discovery of the DNA double helix structure in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick was one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 20th century. They were able to determine that DNA consists of two strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups with nitrogenous bases protruding from the sugars. The bases on one strand form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the other strand. Watson and Crick's double helix model explained how DNA could replicate itself and be stable within organisms. Their discovery fundamentally changed our understanding of genetics and laid the foundation for modern molecular biology and genetic engineering.
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DNA Function and Structure Notes
DNA contains all of an organism's genetic information and is found in the cells of all living things. DNA is made up of long chains of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases. The order of these bases in the DNA determines an organism's traits by encoding genes. James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA exists as a double helix structure, with the bases pairing together in a complementary way between chains.
A brief understanding of dna synthesis
DNA Synthesis: Bio-Synthesis world’s leading Supplier providing commercial Synthetic DNA, custom DNA synthesis services and developer of new technologies for unmodified DNA synthesis.
Dna structure slide share
This power point presentation explains double helical structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick (1953).Attempts have also been made to high light the valuable contributions made by Rosalind Franklin and Wilkins. Brief details of different types of DNA have also been included.
Dna 9th grade
The document discusses several key facts about DNA:
- DNA can store vast amounts of information in a very small space within cells. The DNA in a single human could stretch to the sun and back over 600,000 times.
- While DNA is 99.9% identical between all humans, the 0.1% difference results in our unique characteristics. This difference amounts to around 3 million nucleotides.
- DNA is a highly efficient storage system, able to hold 25 gigabytes of data per inch. This shows DNA is more advanced than computer storage technologies.
- DNA replication allows DNA to make copies of itself in a semi-conservative process where the original strands remain intact and act as templates for new strands.
DNA: structure, organization and function
Dr. Ifat Ara Begum's document provides an overview of DNA structure, organization, and function. Some key points include:
- DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds that carries the genetic instructions for life.
- The DNA double helix consists of two antiparallel strands connected by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
- DNA is organized into chromosomes through progressive coiling and folding. Chromosomes are highly condensed and visible during cell division.
- DNA contains both coding and non-coding regions. While genes only account for about 1.5% of DNA, non-coding DNA plays important roles in packaging, expression, and regulation of genes
Watson and crick model of dna
Watson and Crick proposed a model of DNA structure in 1953 as a double helix with two antiparallel strands coiled around the same axis. Each strand consists of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups with purine or pyrimidine bases stacked inside. Adenine always pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds and guanine pairs with cytosine via three hydrogen bonds. Their model explained experimental X-ray diffraction data and Chargaff's rules of base equivalence. The discovery revolutionized our understanding of genetics and heredity.
Dna
DNA
history
structure
X-Ray diffraction image of DNA
base pairing principle
base pairs
bonding patterns of DNA
base stacking different conformations of DNA
different forms of DNA
function of DNA
replication
encoding information
mutation/recombination
gene expression
Application of DNA
A complete PPT on DNA
The discovery of the DNA double helix structure in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick was one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 20th century. They were able to determine that DNA consists of two strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups with nitrogenous bases protruding from the sugars. The bases on one strand form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the other strand. Watson and Crick's double helix model explained how DNA could replicate itself and be stable within organisms. Their discovery fundamentally changed our understanding of genetics and laid the foundation for modern molecular biology and genetic engineering.
Molecular biology
well, dis z again another ppt on molecular biology..
I know dis kinda luks boring bt pretty informative
thanks
let me know wat you think abt dis
don't forget to comment
DNA
DNA contains the genetic code for all living organisms. It is a double-stranded molecule shaped like a twisted ladder, with four nucleotide bases - adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. DNA provides the instructions for making proteins and is found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells and the nucleoids of prokaryotic cells. It was first discovered and identified by Swiss biologist Johannes Friedrich Miescher in 1869.
DNA Grade 12
Chromatin, which contains DNA and proteins, is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Histone proteins help package DNA into chromatin and condense it further into chromosomes during cell division. DNA is a double-stranded polymer composed of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases. It forms the twisted ladder-shaped structure known as a double helix and carries the genetic instructions that are passed from parents to offspring. DNA replication is the process where DNA copies itself before cell division, involving unwinding of the DNA strands, formation of a replication fork, and synthesis of new strands along the original templates.
Dna structure
DNA contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. It exists in cells as a double helix structure, with two strands coiled around each other. Each strand is made up of repeating nucleotide units containing a phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases on the two strands bond together in specific patterns, with adenine bonding only to thymine and cytosine bonding only to guanine. This allows the DNA strands to reliably replicate and pass genetic information from parents to offspring. While DNA provides the code, RNA is involved in expressing this code by assisting in protein production.
Molecular genetics
This document provides a summary of a biology textbook chapter on DNA, genes, and genetic engineering. It discusses:
- The structure of DNA as a double helix made of nucleotides with complementary base pairing.
- Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins. DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is translated by ribosomes into polypeptides.
- Genetic engineering techniques allow genes to be transferred between organisms using vectors like plasmids. The process of inserting the human insulin gene into bacteria to produce insulin is described.
Chemistry of DNA
The major scientific achievements of the 20th century was discovering that genetic information is coded in DNA, a polymeric molecule composed of four nucleotide units. DNA is organized into genes, which are the basic units of heredity. Knowledge of DNA and RNA structure and function is essential for understanding genetics, disease pathogenesis, and the genetic basis of disease. In 1953, Watson and Crick described the double helix structure of DNA based on Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography photo, revealing how nucleotides on two intertwined DNA strands are paired through hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.
DNA structure
The document provides a history of discoveries related to DNA structure and function. Some key points summarized:
1) In the 1800s, nucleic acids were discovered but their role was unknown. In the 1950s, experiments showed that DNA was the transforming principle that carried genetic information.
2) In 1953, Watson and Crick proposed the double helix structure of DNA, with base pairing of A-T and G-C. This explained prior findings on base ratios by Chargaff.
3) DNA contains the genetic code as a sequence of nucleotide bases that provides instructions for protein synthesis and cell function. Its double helix structure allows for replication and transmission of genetic material from parent to daughter cells.
All about the DNA
This document provides an overview of DNA including its structure, function, discovery, testing, and applications. It discusses that DNA contains the instructions for development, life, and reproduction and is found in every cell. The structure of DNA is a double helix formed from nucleotides. DNA can be tested to determine genetic disorders, carrier status, and disease risk. Mutations in DNA can cause changes in organisms. DNA has many uses including genetic engineering, fingerprinting, personalized healthcare, and industry applications. However, it also has risks if damaged or used for biological warfare.
DNA strucutre and Replication
- DNA contains the genetic code and is made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA takes the form of a double helix with the bases on each strand complementary to each other.
- DNA replication is the process where the DNA double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template to produce a new complementary strand, exactly copying the DNA.
- Gene expression involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. During transcription, RNA polymerase produces mRNA complementary to the DNA. Translation then uses the mRNA to specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
FORMS OF DNA
The document discusses different forms of DNA structure that can be adopted based on environmental conditions. The main forms discussed are B-DNA, A-DNA, Z-DNA, C-DNA, D-DNA and E-DNA. B-DNA is the most common form, having a right-handed double helix structure with 10 base pairs per turn. A-DNA and Z-DNA are also double helical but have different structural characteristics than B-DNA such as base pair spacing and groove size. The various forms arise in response to changes in humidity, ionic conditions and DNA sequence composition.
DNA Structure
DNA contains the instructions for making proteins and is found in all organisms. It has a double helix shape with nucleotides as subunits. Each nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The bases bond together in a complementary pairing between strands with adenine bonding to thymine and cytosine bonding to guanine. DNA replication involves the DNA unraveling from histone proteins, being unzipped by the helicase enzyme, and then new complimentary nucleotides being attached to each strand by DNA polymerase to produce two new DNA molecules.
DNA structure and chromosome organization
- Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins and store the genetic material of organisms. In eukaryotes, DNA is organized into chromosomes in the nucleus.
- DNA consists of two strands coiled into a double helix. Each strand contains nucleotides with a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine). The bases pair specifically between strands in the helix.
- Before cell division, DNA is replicated through a semiconservative process where each original strand acts as a template for a new partner strand. This results in two new DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand.
Cumulative review dna rna-protein synthesis-mutations
The document summarizes the structure and function of DNA. It discusses how DNA stores and transmits genetic information through its nucleotide sequence, and how this controls protein production and ultimately an organism's traits. It also describes different types of mutations that can occur in DNA, including point mutations, frameshift mutations, and chromosomal rearrangements, and how these can influence cells and organisms.
Introduction to DNA structure
The document discusses DNA structure and packaging. It explains that DNA is made up of nucleotides that bond together via hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. DNA exists as a double helix structure that is regularly coiled, allowing it to be tightly packaged. DNA is wrapped around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which are further packaged into higher-order structures to allow the genome to fit inside cells.
M. Meselson and F. Stahl experiment
Meselson and Stahl conducted an experiment using E. coli bacteria and isotopes of nitrogen to test theories of DNA replication. They grew bacteria in a medium containing a heavy isotope of nitrogen, then transferred them to a light isotope medium. When they analyzed the DNA bands produced after centrifugation, they found bands corresponding to the predicted patterns of semi-conservative replication. By heating samples, they confirmed that each strand of replicated DNA contained either all heavy or all light nucleotides. This provided definitive evidence supporting the Watson-Crick model of semi-conservative DNA replication.
Dna structure and function
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. It is made up of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) that bond together in a double helix structure. DNA is found primarily in the cell nucleus where it is organized into structures called chromosomes that contain an organism's complete set of genes.
DNA and It's Structure
DNA has a double helical structure with two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other. Watson and Crick proposed this double helical model in 1953 based on Chargaff's rules that the amount of adenine equals thymine and guanine equals cytosine. The backbone of DNA is made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups while the bases pair with each other between the chains through hydrogen bonds - adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
Nucleic acids structure & function
1. The document discusses the history and structure of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. It describes their discovery in the 1860s and the elucidation of DNA's double helix structure in 1953 by Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin.
2. DNA is made of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups and nitrogenous bases that form base pairs between adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine. RNA is similar but contains ribose and pairs uracil instead of thymine.
3. The document categorizes RNA into coding mRNA and non-coding types including rRNA, tRNA, snRNA, snoRNA, miRNA and lncRNA that have important structural and functional roles such
Dna Power Point
The document discusses the history and structure of DNA. It describes key experiments such as Griffith's discovery of transformation and Avery's discovery that DNA carries genetic information. The structure of DNA was determined by Watson and Crick who modeled DNA as a double helix. DNA is made of nucleotides with a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. DNA replication results in two identical DNA molecules, each with one original strand and one new complementary strand built by DNA polymerase.
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Sina blog beta 3.0
Sina blog beta 3.0 introduced several new features including circles of blogs, the ability to create and join circles based on shared interests, ranking articles, a music player, mobile phone access via WAP, and an advanced search engine. These changes influenced traditional media by allowing blogs to monitor traditional media for independence and fairness while also giving traditional media a way to expand their influence by collaborating with popular blogs.
Structure Of Dna
DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that functions to store genetic information. It consists of two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other to form a double helix structure. The two chains are held together by complementary base pairing between adenine (A) and thymine (T), and between guanine (G) and cytosine (C). This complementary base pairing involves hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases and forms the rungs of the DNA ladder.
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well, dis z again another ppt on molecular biology..
I know dis kinda luks boring bt pretty informative
thanks
let me know wat you think abt dis
don't forget to comment
DNA
DNA contains the genetic code for all living organisms. It is a double-stranded molecule shaped like a twisted ladder, with four nucleotide bases - adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. DNA provides the instructions for making proteins and is found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells and the nucleoids of prokaryotic cells. It was first discovered and identified by Swiss biologist Johannes Friedrich Miescher in 1869.
DNA Grade 12
Chromatin, which contains DNA and proteins, is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Histone proteins help package DNA into chromatin and condense it further into chromosomes during cell division. DNA is a double-stranded polymer composed of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases. It forms the twisted ladder-shaped structure known as a double helix and carries the genetic instructions that are passed from parents to offspring. DNA replication is the process where DNA copies itself before cell division, involving unwinding of the DNA strands, formation of a replication fork, and synthesis of new strands along the original templates.
Dna structure
DNA contains the genetic instructions for living organisms. It exists in cells as a double helix structure, with two strands coiled around each other. Each strand is made up of repeating nucleotide units containing a phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). The bases on the two strands bond together in specific patterns, with adenine bonding only to thymine and cytosine bonding only to guanine. This allows the DNA strands to reliably replicate and pass genetic information from parents to offspring. While DNA provides the code, RNA is involved in expressing this code by assisting in protein production.
Molecular genetics
This document provides a summary of a biology textbook chapter on DNA, genes, and genetic engineering. It discusses:
- The structure of DNA as a double helix made of nucleotides with complementary base pairing.
- Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins. DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is translated by ribosomes into polypeptides.
- Genetic engineering techniques allow genes to be transferred between organisms using vectors like plasmids. The process of inserting the human insulin gene into bacteria to produce insulin is described.
Chemistry of DNA
The major scientific achievements of the 20th century was discovering that genetic information is coded in DNA, a polymeric molecule composed of four nucleotide units. DNA is organized into genes, which are the basic units of heredity. Knowledge of DNA and RNA structure and function is essential for understanding genetics, disease pathogenesis, and the genetic basis of disease. In 1953, Watson and Crick described the double helix structure of DNA based on Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography photo, revealing how nucleotides on two intertwined DNA strands are paired through hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.
DNA structure
The document provides a history of discoveries related to DNA structure and function. Some key points summarized:
1) In the 1800s, nucleic acids were discovered but their role was unknown. In the 1950s, experiments showed that DNA was the transforming principle that carried genetic information.
2) In 1953, Watson and Crick proposed the double helix structure of DNA, with base pairing of A-T and G-C. This explained prior findings on base ratios by Chargaff.
3) DNA contains the genetic code as a sequence of nucleotide bases that provides instructions for protein synthesis and cell function. Its double helix structure allows for replication and transmission of genetic material from parent to daughter cells.
All about the DNA
This document provides an overview of DNA including its structure, function, discovery, testing, and applications. It discusses that DNA contains the instructions for development, life, and reproduction and is found in every cell. The structure of DNA is a double helix formed from nucleotides. DNA can be tested to determine genetic disorders, carrier status, and disease risk. Mutations in DNA can cause changes in organisms. DNA has many uses including genetic engineering, fingerprinting, personalized healthcare, and industry applications. However, it also has risks if damaged or used for biological warfare.
DNA strucutre and Replication
- DNA contains the genetic code and is made up of nucleotides containing a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous base. Watson and Crick discovered that DNA takes the form of a double helix with the bases on each strand complementary to each other.
- DNA replication is the process where the DNA double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template to produce a new complementary strand, exactly copying the DNA.
- Gene expression involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. During transcription, RNA polymerase produces mRNA complementary to the DNA. Translation then uses the mRNA to specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
FORMS OF DNA
The document discusses different forms of DNA structure that can be adopted based on environmental conditions. The main forms discussed are B-DNA, A-DNA, Z-DNA, C-DNA, D-DNA and E-DNA. B-DNA is the most common form, having a right-handed double helix structure with 10 base pairs per turn. A-DNA and Z-DNA are also double helical but have different structural characteristics than B-DNA such as base pair spacing and groove size. The various forms arise in response to changes in humidity, ionic conditions and DNA sequence composition.
DNA Structure
DNA contains the instructions for making proteins and is found in all organisms. It has a double helix shape with nucleotides as subunits. Each nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The bases bond together in a complementary pairing between strands with adenine bonding to thymine and cytosine bonding to guanine. DNA replication involves the DNA unraveling from histone proteins, being unzipped by the helicase enzyme, and then new complimentary nucleotides being attached to each strand by DNA polymerase to produce two new DNA molecules.
DNA structure and chromosome organization
- Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins and store the genetic material of organisms. In eukaryotes, DNA is organized into chromosomes in the nucleus.
- DNA consists of two strands coiled into a double helix. Each strand contains nucleotides with a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine). The bases pair specifically between strands in the helix.
- Before cell division, DNA is replicated through a semiconservative process where each original strand acts as a template for a new partner strand. This results in two new DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand.
Cumulative review dna rna-protein synthesis-mutations
The document summarizes the structure and function of DNA. It discusses how DNA stores and transmits genetic information through its nucleotide sequence, and how this controls protein production and ultimately an organism's traits. It also describes different types of mutations that can occur in DNA, including point mutations, frameshift mutations, and chromosomal rearrangements, and how these can influence cells and organisms.
Introduction to DNA structure
The document discusses DNA structure and packaging. It explains that DNA is made up of nucleotides that bond together via hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. DNA exists as a double helix structure that is regularly coiled, allowing it to be tightly packaged. DNA is wrapped around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which are further packaged into higher-order structures to allow the genome to fit inside cells.
M. Meselson and F. Stahl experiment
Meselson and Stahl conducted an experiment using E. coli bacteria and isotopes of nitrogen to test theories of DNA replication. They grew bacteria in a medium containing a heavy isotope of nitrogen, then transferred them to a light isotope medium. When they analyzed the DNA bands produced after centrifugation, they found bands corresponding to the predicted patterns of semi-conservative replication. By heating samples, they confirmed that each strand of replicated DNA contained either all heavy or all light nucleotides. This provided definitive evidence supporting the Watson-Crick model of semi-conservative DNA replication.
Dna structure and function
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. It is made up of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) that bond together in a double helix structure. DNA is found primarily in the cell nucleus where it is organized into structures called chromosomes that contain an organism's complete set of genes.
DNA and It's Structure
DNA has a double helical structure with two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other. Watson and Crick proposed this double helical model in 1953 based on Chargaff's rules that the amount of adenine equals thymine and guanine equals cytosine. The backbone of DNA is made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups while the bases pair with each other between the chains through hydrogen bonds - adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
Nucleic acids structure & function
1. The document discusses the history and structure of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. It describes their discovery in the 1860s and the elucidation of DNA's double helix structure in 1953 by Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin.
2. DNA is made of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate groups and nitrogenous bases that form base pairs between adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine. RNA is similar but contains ribose and pairs uracil instead of thymine.
3. The document categorizes RNA into coding mRNA and non-coding types including rRNA, tRNA, snRNA, snoRNA, miRNA and lncRNA that have important structural and functional roles such
Dna Power Point
The document discusses the history and structure of DNA. It describes key experiments such as Griffith's discovery of transformation and Avery's discovery that DNA carries genetic information. The structure of DNA was determined by Watson and Crick who modeled DNA as a double helix. DNA is made of nucleotides with a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. DNA replication results in two identical DNA molecules, each with one original strand and one new complementary strand built by DNA polymerase.
DNA structure
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Cumulative review dna rna-protein synthesis-mutations
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Sina blog beta 3.0
Sina blog beta 3.0 introduced several new features including circles of blogs, the ability to create and join circles based on shared interests, ranking articles, a music player, mobile phone access via WAP, and an advanced search engine. These changes influenced traditional media by allowing blogs to monitor traditional media for independence and fairness while also giving traditional media a way to expand their influence by collaborating with popular blogs.
Structure Of Dna
DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides that functions to store genetic information. It consists of two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other to form a double helix structure. The two chains are held together by complementary base pairing between adenine (A) and thymine (T), and between guanine (G) and cytosine (C). This complementary base pairing involves hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases and forms the rungs of the DNA ladder.
The DNA Double Helix
1) The DNA double helix structure has two helical strands that are skewed and not directly opposite each other, resulting in a distance between the strands at any cross-section that is less than the diameter of the helices.
2) The structure of the two helical strands can be defined mathematically using parametric coordinates, where the angle θ increases by 2π with each turn of the helix.
3) The pitch of the helix, or vertical rise of one complete turn, can be calculated using the parametric coordinates and angles of the two helical strands.
DNA structure - double helix structure
In 1953, Watson and Crick proposed the double helix DNA model based on X-ray diffraction studies of DNA photographs by Wilkins and Franklin. DNA has two polynucleotide strands that wind together to form a long, slender helical molecule. The strands run in opposite directions and are intertwined in a clockwise direction. The structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs and the negative charge of the phosphate groups.
2.6 structure of DNA and RNA
DNA and RNA are polymers made up of nucleotides. Nucleotides are linked together through condensation reactions to form nucleic acids. DNA contains deoxyribose and is double stranded, taking the form of a double helix with two antiparallel strands linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. RNA contains ribose and is usually single stranded. Crick and Watson discovered the double helix structure of DNA through model building, which allowed them to visualize possible structures and reject their initial triple helix model based on evidence from other scientists like Chargaff, Franklin, and Wilkins.
DNA Structure and Function (Diamsay, Mendoza))
DNA stores genetic information that controls protein production and organism biochemistry. It has a double helix structure, with strands composed of sugar-phosphate backbones and attached nucleotide bases that pair through hydrogen bonding between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus, where it is packaged into chromosomes, but mitochondria also contain a small amount of mitochondrial DNA.
Notes on DNA and DNA structure
DNA is a complex molecule found in all living things that stores and transmits genetic information. It consists of two strands that wrap around each other to form a double helix structure. The sides of the helix are made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, while the rungs are composed of pairs of nitrogen bases - adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. This precise base pairing allows DNA to make exact copies of itself during cell replication.
DNA Structure PowerPoint
1. DNA is made up of deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine).
2. The bases pair up through hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs (adenine with thymine, cytosine with guanine).
3. The paired bases and sugar-phosphate backbone form the structure of the DNA double helix, with the bases in the middle and the backbones on the outside.
DNA structure, Functions and properties
This document discusses the structure, properties, and functions of DNA. It describes DNA as a polymer composed of deoxyribonucleotides that carries the genetic information found in chromosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The basic structure of DNA involves two anti-parallel strands coiled around each other to form the familiar double helix structure, held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs and base stacking interactions. DNA exists in various structural forms and undergoes compaction in the cell, ultimately forming chromatin through association with histone proteins. The primary function of DNA is to serve as the template for its own replication and transcription into RNA to direct protein synthesis.
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Gregor Mendel conducted early experiments on heredity using pea plants that proved traits are passed from parents to offspring. John Friedrich Miescher discovered DNA in the nuclei of cells in 1869 and called it "nuclein", which later became known as deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. DNA serves as a blueprint for organisms, containing information that instructs development and function. It is composed of sugars, phosphates, and nucleobases that provide diversity when sequenced in different orders. DNA replicates through a process that begins at specific sites and uses enzymes to copy the long DNA chains quickly. Chromosomes are long DNA molecules that contain genetic material, and the number of chromosomes varies between species. DNA is packaged into chromosomes and
DNA and RNA.ppt
DNA contains the genetic instructions that determine traits in living organisms. It is found in the form of a double helix composed of two strands of nucleotides bonded together. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The base pairing rule dictates that adenine bonds only with thymine and cytosine bonds only with guanine. DNA replicates semi-conservatively prior to cell division to produce two identical copies of the original DNA molecule. It uses messenger RNA to transport its genetic instructions to ribosomes for protein production.
DNA and RNA.ppt
DNA contains the genetic instructions that determine traits in living organisms. It is found in the form of a double helix composed of two strands of nucleotides bonded together. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine. The base pairing rule dictates that adenine bonds only with thymine and cytosine bonds only with guanine. DNA replicates semi-conservatively prior to cell division to produce two identical copies of the original DNA molecule. It uses messenger RNA to transport its genetic instructions to ribosomes for protein production.
Nucleic acid and Nucleotide By BNP.pptx
There are two types of nucleic acids, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Primarily, nucleic acids serve as repositories and transmitters of genetic information.
Nucleic acids are the polymers of nucleotides (polynucleotides) held by 3′and 5′phosphate bridges. In other words, nucleic acids are built up by the monomeric units—nucleotides (It may be recalled that protein is a polymer of amino acids).
Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. Nucleotides perform a wide variety of functions in the living cells, besides being the building blocks or monomeric units in the nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) structure.
Nucleic acid..biochem
- Frederic Miesher first isolated nucleic acid from salmon sperm in 1869, naming it nuclein.
- In 1920, Jones proved there are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA.
- In 1953, Watson and Crick used data from Franklin and others to discover that DNA is a double helix with complementary base pairing between strands.
Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA are polymers composed of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups. DNA exists as a double helix with base pairing between strands. The discovery of the DNA double helix structure in 1953 revealed how genetic information is stored and replicated. RNA exists in various forms including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA that aid in gene expression and protein synthesis. Nucleic acids have distinctive properties like UV absorption that allow for analysis of their structure and function.
Structure of dna and replication2009
The document discusses DNA replication and the structure of DNA. It describes DNA as being made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. DNA replication is semi-conservative and involves unwinding the DNA double helix and using each original strand as a template to synthesize a new complementary strand. This process is carried out by enzymes like DNA polymerase and results in two new DNA molecules each containing one original and one new strand of DNA.
Cell nucleus session 2
The document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the cell nucleus. It discusses how DNA is tightly packaged into chromosomes through winding around histone proteins to form nucleosomes and chromatin fibers. This compact packaging allows the 100 trillion meters of DNA in the human body to fit within cell nuclei. The nucleus contains DNA, which directs gene expression, DNA replication, and cell division. RNA carries DNA's genetic instructions out of the nucleus to direct protein synthesis. Key concepts covered include DNA and RNA structure, DNA replication, transcription, translation, and the central dogma of molecular biology.
Biomolecular pharmacy
i collect this ppt from my faculty Dr. shafiqul islam. actulally this based on chemistry of nucleic acid.
NUCLEIC ACIDS chasama.pptx
Nucleic acids are polymers made of nucleotides that serve as the repository of genetic information. There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA is found in cell nuclei and contains the genetic blueprint. RNA is found throughout the cell and assists in protein synthesis. A nucleotide contains a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine), a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and one or more phosphate groups. Nucleotides bond together via phosphodiester linkages between the sugar and phosphate to form polynucleotide chains. DNA exists as a double helix with the bases on the inside bonded via hydrogen bonds in a complementary and antiparallel fashion
BU5.1 Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
The document discusses the history and structure of DNA. It describes how Miescher first isolated DNA in 1869. Griffith and Avery's experiments in the early 20th century showed that DNA was the genetic material that could be transformed between bacteria. The structure of DNA was elucidated by Chargaff, Franklin, Watson and Crick in the 1950s. They discovered that DNA is a double helix with two antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide bases, with cytosine bonding with guanine and adenine bonding with thymine. DNA stores genetic information and can self-replicate to transmit this information from parent to daughter cells.
BU5.1 DNA Structure & Function
1. DNA encodes genetic information and is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. DNA exists as a double helix structure with two complementary strands bonded together.
2. Watson and Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953 using evidence from Franklin's X-ray diffraction images of DNA fibers showing the molecule consisted of two strands twisted around each other.
3. DNA has three main functions - storing genetic information through protein coding genes, duplicating itself through DNA replication, and transmitting genetic information between generations during cellular reproduction.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ppt
DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the cell.
Types of DNA sequences
An introduction to types of DNA (Nucleotide) sequences.
-Genomic DNA
- Mitochondrial DNA
-cDNA
-STS
-ESTs
-GSS
LT5.2 Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
The document provides information about DNA and its discovery. It discusses that:
1) DNA was discovered in 1869 by Miescher who isolated an unknown molecule high in phosphorus. Later experiments by Griffith, Avery, and Hershey & Chase helped establish that DNA carries genetic information.
2) Watson and Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953 using X-ray crystallography images from Franklin which showed DNA is a double strand twisted ladder structure.
3) DNA is made of nucleotides with a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G) that bond together in base pairs to form two complementary strands running in opposite directions.
Lecture of nucleic_acids_[1] [autosaved]
Nucleic acids DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides which consist of a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine and is located in the cell nucleus, while RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil and is found throughout the cell. Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information through their sequence of nucleotides and are essential for all known life.
molecular biology LECTURE 1 DNA & rna.pptx
Molecular biology is the study of macromolecules like nucleic acids and proteins that are essential for life. The document discusses nucleic acids DNA and RNA. It defines DNA as containing the genetic material organized in chromosomes, while RNA plays important roles in protein synthesis. It describes the structures of nucleotides, DNA, RNA, and how DNA packages into chromatin and chromosomes.
Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that store and help express genetic information. DNA is composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphates, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). RNA is similar but contains ribose and uracil instead of thymine. The genetic code is stored in DNA as base pair sequences in chromosomes. During cell division, DNA replicates and genes direct protein production through transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins.
Dna
The document summarizes key aspects of DNA structure and function in 3 paragraphs or less:
DNA is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases. The structure of DNA is a double helix with the bases on each strand bonded to each other. DNA replicates via a semiconservative mechanism where each new cell receives one original and one new strand. Genes are expressed as DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins. Mutations can occur and cause genetic disorders and diseases.
DNA RNA-101.ppt
The document discusses DNA and RNA. It defines DNA as a double-stranded nucleic acid located in the nucleus that stores genetic information through base pairing of nucleotides. RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that carries DNA's message to help synthesize proteins, comes in different types like mRNA and tRNA, and contains the nucleotide uracil instead of thymine. The document compares the key differences and similarities between DNA and RNA.
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IS3 Cell Cycle
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The cell membrane protects the cell and regulates what passes in and out through passive and active transport. It is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that allows the cell to maintain its shape and internal organization. Passive transport uses diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or osmosis to move molecules down their concentration gradients, while active transport requires ATP to pump molecules against gradients using integral membrane proteins like the sodium-potassium pump. The cell takes in and releases material through endocytosis and exocytosis.
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2.5 Cell Cycle and Mitosis PPT
Cell division allows organisms to grow and reproduce. In eukaryotes, cell division involves mitosis, which consists of four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, duplicated chromosomes properly separate and are distributed into two daughter cells to ensure each cell has the full DNA complement. A loss of control of the cell cycle can lead to uncontrolled cell division and the formation of tumors.
IS2 Reproduction PPT
The document discusses human sexual reproduction and the male and female reproductive systems. It explains that sexual reproduction involves the fertilization of an egg by sperm. The fertilized egg then divides many times to form an embryo and fetus. It describes the key parts of the male reproductive system, which produces sperm and testosterone, and the female system, which produces eggs and estrogen and can nourish a developing baby. The menstrual cycle is also summarized, where an egg develops each month in the ovaries and the uterus prepares for potential pregnancy, though usually only one egg is released and menstruation occurs if fertilization does not happen.
IS2 Endocrine System PPT
The endocrine system regulates processes in the body through hormones secreted from glands, such as the pancreas and adrenal glands. Glands release hormones when signaled by the nervous system to target specific cells like liver cells or pacemaker cells, and hormones act as messengers to control various bodily activities for as long as the hormone is present in the body.
IS2 Test Review with Answers
The document provides a summary of key concepts from chapters 1-4 of a textbook on body organization and homeostasis, nutrition, digestion, and circulation. It covers topics like the levels of body organization, homeostasis, nutrients and their functions, carbohydrates and fats, protein structure and function, vitamins and minerals, the digestive system process, circulation through the cardiovascular system, blood components, and respiration. The summary provides essential information on these topics in the form of questions and answers extracted from the textbook chapters.
IS2 Circulation PPT
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2. An ecosystem consists of all the interacting living organisms (biotic factors) in a given area, as well as their nonliving (abiotic) environment. Key abiotic factors include temperature, water, soil and sunlight which influence which organisms can survive there.
3. Energy enters ecosystems through photosynthesis by autotrophs like plants, and is transferred between organisms through food webs as heterotrophs like animals consume other organisms to obtain energy. Nutrients are recycled through processes like the carbon and nitrogen cycles.
4 2 Meiosis
Meiosis is the cell division process that produces gametes, or sex cells, which have half the number of chromosomes as regular body cells. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, resulting in four gametes with unique combinations of chromosomes from each parent. Non-disjunction during meiosis can result in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes, leading to conditions like Down syndrome if fertilization occurs. Prenatal testing allows for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities early in development.
2.1 2.2 2.3 Cells complete
This document discusses cells and their origins, structures, and functions. It covers the development of cell theory based on early microscope observations. Key points include:
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3.8 8.2 Photosynthesis PPT
1. Photosynthesis occurs in leaves through two stages - the light dependent and light independent reactions.
2. In the light dependent reactions, light energy is captured by chloroplasts and used to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy carriers (ATP and NADPH).
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6.5 Nerves, Hormones And Homeostasis PPT
The document summarizes the nervous and endocrine systems and homeostasis. It describes the central and peripheral nervous systems, including different types of neurons and how electrical impulses are transmitted between neurons. It also explains how hormones are released from endocrine glands and target tissues, and how negative feedback loops maintain homeostasis, such as in regulating blood glucose and temperature. Diseases like diabetes result from disruptions to these feedback mechanisms.
3.5 7.3 Dna Transcription
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3.3 7.1 Dna Structure
- 1. Topics 3.3 & 7.1Nucleic Acids IB Biology
- 2. Where can you find it? Inside the cell - nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria Chromosomes are made of DNA
- 3. Nucleic Acids Polymers: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) Units: nucleotides Nucleotide: sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate
- 4. Parts of a Nucleotide Phosphate Sugar: Ribose or Deoxyribose (both pentoses) Nitrogenous Bases: - Purines (double rings): Adenine + Guanine - Pyrimidines (single ring): Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (RNA only)
- 6. James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins received a NOBEL PRIZE
- 8. DNA is double-stranded, withcomplementary base pairing
- 9. Observe - hydrogen bonds - complementary base pairing : A – T C – G - covalent bonds between 2 nucleotides (formed through condensation)
- 10. Counting Carbons... Anti-parallel strands One side 5’ 3’ Other side 3’ 5’
- 11. DNA Structure In eukaryotes it is always associated with proteins NUCLEOSOMES = DNA wrapped around 8 histones (proteins) Help compact DNA Help control DNA transcription
- 12. Single copy x Highly repetitive sequences Much of DNA in eukaryotes = repetitive base sequences, which are not translated (satellite DNA) = 5-300 bases / repeated as many as 10,000x 5-45% of DNA = function not clear Single copy/unique genes = actually code for something (small proportion)
- 13. DNA’s job Stores information It has the code for all 20 amino acids Mutation: changes in the base sequence primary structure of a protein is altered (changing its shape) Can be harmful, neutral or beneficial Important: create variation – basis of natural selection
- 15. RNAr: ribosomal makes up ribosomes