The document discusses the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. Prokaryotes generally have a single, circular chromosome while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes within a membrane-bound nucleus. The human genome contains around 3 billion base pairs divided between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. The nuclear genome encodes around 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes and is inherited equally from both parents, while mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited.
The first genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae in 1995.
The E. coli genome was completely sequenced in 1997.
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (12.8 x 106 bp) and worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) genomes were the first eukaryotic genomes to be sequenced in 1999.
Genomes of Drosophila melanogaster and Arabidopsis thaliana were sequenced in 2000.
The first genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae in 1995.
The E. coli genome was completely sequenced in 1997.
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (12.8 x 106 bp) and worm (Caenorhabditis elegans) genomes were the first eukaryotic genomes to be sequenced in 1999.
Genomes of Drosophila melanogaster and Arabidopsis thaliana were sequenced in 2000.
A detail ppt about Genome organization with focus on all levels of organization. Most recent research and findings about CT is also added in this ppt. Detail account of 30nm fiber and its ultra structure and types is also included.
protein structure prediction methods. homology modelling, fold recognition, threading, ab initio methods. in short and easy form slides. after one time read you can easily understand methods for protein structure prediction.
The study of nucleic acids began with the discovery of DNA, progressed to the study of genes and small fragments, and has now exploded to the field of genomics. Genomics is the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species. The advances in genomics have been made possible by DNA sequencing technology. [Source: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/10-3-genomics-and-proteomics/]
BAC & YAC are artificially prepared chromosomes to clone DNA sequences.yeast artificial chromosome is capable of carrying upto 1000 kbp of inserted DNA sequence
Applications of genomics and proteomics pptIbad khan
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A detail ppt about Genome organization with focus on all levels of organization. Most recent research and findings about CT is also added in this ppt. Detail account of 30nm fiber and its ultra structure and types is also included.
protein structure prediction methods. homology modelling, fold recognition, threading, ab initio methods. in short and easy form slides. after one time read you can easily understand methods for protein structure prediction.
The study of nucleic acids began with the discovery of DNA, progressed to the study of genes and small fragments, and has now exploded to the field of genomics. Genomics is the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species. The advances in genomics have been made possible by DNA sequencing technology. [Source: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/10-3-genomics-and-proteomics/]
BAC & YAC are artificially prepared chromosomes to clone DNA sequences.yeast artificial chromosome is capable of carrying upto 1000 kbp of inserted DNA sequence
Applications of genomics and proteomics pptIbad khan
Applications of genomics and proteomics ppt
genomics and proteomics ppt
in the field of health genomics and proteomics ppt
oncology ppt
biomedical application of genomics and proteomics ppt
agriculture application of genomics and proteomics ppt
proteomics in agriculture ppt
diagnosis of infectious disease ppt
personalized medicine ppt
In this paper, we briefly reviewed the numbers in life from a statistical genetic approach. The human genome comprises of 6 billion chemical bases of DNA. The DNA encodes 30,000 genes. It consists of two parts; the nuclear genome; which consists of 3,200,000,000 nucleotides of DNA, divided into 24 linear molecules, the shortest 50,000,000 nucleotides in length and the longest 260,000,000 nucleotides, each contained in a different chromosome and the mitochondrial genome; which contains approximately 16,600 base pairs encoding 37 genes. Most human cells have 46 chromosomes. However, the number of chromosomes in the nuclei of a person with Down syndrome is 47. The DNA of any two people on Earth is 99.6 percent identical, the 0.4 percent variation represents about 20 million base pairs. Almost all 98 percent of the human DNA is noncoding, while in bacteria, only 2% of the genetic material does not code for anything.
A complete set of chromosomes/genes inherited as a unit from one parent called genome. The entire genetic complement of a living organism.
The total amount of genetic information in the chromosomes of an organism, including its genes and DNA sequences. The genome of eukaryotes is made up of a single, haploid set of chromosomes that is contained in the nucleus of every cell and exists in two copies in the chromosomes of all cells except reproductive and red blood cells. The human genome is made up of about 35,000 genes.
Organization of genetic materials in eukaryotes and prokaryotesBHUMI GAMETI
What is Genome ?
Types of Genome
Packaging of DNA into chromosome
GENOME ORGANIZATION IN PROKARYOTES
Plasmids
Plasmids
Nucleoid
Enzyme
GENOME ORGANIZATION IN EUKARYOTES
Chemical composition of chromatin
Nucleosome model.
Levels of DNA Packaging
Prokaryotic Genome v/s Eukaryotic Genome
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
2. Genomes
The word “genome,” coined by German botanist Hans Winkler in
1920, was derived simply by combining gene and the final
syllable of chromosome.
The genome includes both the genes and non-coding sequences of
DNA.
An organism’s genome is defined as the entire collection of
genes and all other functional and non-functional DNA sequence
in a haploid set of chromosomes.
It includes structural genes, regulatory genes and non-functional
nucleotide sequence.
The genome is the ultimate source of information about an
organism.
3. "Genes" are units of genetic information present on
the DNA in the chromosomes and chromatin.
"Genome" is the entirety of an organism’s hereditary
organization. It is encoded either in DNA, or for
many types of viruses, in RNA.
4. Continue…
The number of genomes sequenced in their entirety is now in the
thousands and includes organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals.
The first complete genome to be sequenced was that of the bacterium
Haemophilus influenzae, in 1995.
The first eukaryotic genome sequence, that of the yeast Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, followed in 1996.
The genome sequence for the bacterium Escherichia coli became
available in 1997 .
The much larger effort directed at the human genome was also
accelerating.
5. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes genome
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Single cell Single or multi cell
No nucleus Nucleus
One piece of circular DNA Chromosomes
No mRNA post transcriptional
modification
Exons/Introns splicing
6. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Chromosomal differences
Prokaryotes
The genome of E.coli contains amount of
4X106
base pairs
> 90% of DNA encode protein
Lacks a membrane-bound nucleus.
Circular DNA and supercoiled domain
Histones not present
7. o Prokaryotic genomes generally contain one
large circular piece of DNA referred to as a
"chromosome" (not a true chromosome in
the eukaryotic sense).
o Some bacteria have linear "chromosomes".
o Many bacteria have small circular DNA
structures called plasmids which can be
swapped between neighbors and across
bacterial species.
Continue…
8. o The term plasmid was first introduced by the
American molecular biologist Joshua
Lederberg in 1952.
o A plasmid is separate from, and can
replicate independently of, the chromosomal
DNA.
o Plasmid size varies from 1 to over 1,000
(kbp).
Plasmid
9. Eukaryotes
The genome of yeast cells contains
1.35x107
base pairs
A small fraction of the total DNA encodes
protein.
• Many repeats of non-coding sequences
All chromosomes are contained in a membrane
bound nucleus
• DNA is divided between two or more
chromosomes
A set of five histones
• DNA packaging and gene expression
regulation
12. Human Genome-General Information
Genetic material in humans is stored
in two organelles: nucleus (about
3200 Mbp) and mitochondria (16.6
kb).
Human chromosomes are not of
equal sizes; the smallest,
chromosome 21, and the largest,
chromosome 1.
Only a very small amount of human
DNA is responsible for the
differences among humans, indeed
among all organisms.
13. Numberof genes in the human
genome
Number of genes at least 100,000.
However, the number of protein encoding genes is only‐
~20,000 to 25,000.
14.
15. Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA is a DNA located in Mitochondria, that convert
chemical energy from food into the form that cells can use, ATP.
Each mitochondrion is estimated to contain 2-10 mt DNA and there
are many mitochondria in each of the cells.
Mitochondrial DNA is similar to prokaryotic DNA. There are no
histones or any other protein associated with mitochondrial DNA.
The genes contain no introns. Maternal inheritance.
The genes in mitochondrial DNA code for mitochondrial ribosomes
and transfer RNAs.
Some genes code for polypeptide subunits of the electron transport
chain common to all mitochondria.
16.
17. NuclearDNA
Nuclear DNA is a DNA contained within the nucleus of the
Eukaryotic organisms .
Nuclear DNA is Double-stranded and linear.
Nuclear DNA is made up of 3.3 billion DNA base pairs and only two
copies of nuclear genome per somatic cells.
Nuclear genome has 20,000-25,000 genes including mitochondrial
genes.
Nuclear genes codes for all proteins required for its function.
Nuclear genome has introns or non-coding DNA and accounts for
93% of total DNA.
The nuclear genome is inherited equally from both parents.
18. Nuclear Genome
3.2Gb
Genes and gene related DNA Extragenic DNA
Coding and Regulatory DNA Non-Coding DNA
Pseudogenes Gene Fragments Introns, etc..
20. Chloroplasts DNA
Chloroplasts DNAs are circular, double-stranded DNA molecule
located in Stroma of chloroplasts.
The chloroplast DNA are typically 120,000-170,000 base pairs long.
There is more than one copy of genome in each chloroplast.
Chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histone, but a histone-
like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that
tightly packs chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid.
Chloroplasts genomes typically contain 100-200 genes and encode
proteins essential for photosynthesis.
Post-transcriptional RNA processing plays an important role in
chloroplast gene expression.
The chloroplast can also influence the expression of nuclear genes.