Complexing & Chelating agents
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What is a chelating agent used for? How does chelating agents work? What is the chelating effect? What are chelates with example?
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in this slide the whole concept of dienes the topic of organic chemistry is described briefly especially from the course of B.sc.
this would be helpful for chemistry students
it includes method of preparation of dienes
addition of halogen , halogen acids. etc.
effect of temperature on reaction
Complexometric Titration
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
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Chelators otherwise called chelants, chelating agents or sequestering agents, are substances or compounds that bind to metal ions to form stable and water-soluble complexes that can easily be excreted from the body system.
If you may recall metabolism of drugs in Pharmacology or Toxicology, you will realize that the whole purpose of metabolism of drugs is to change them from the hydrophobic (water-hating) state which can easy be absorbed by body cells into the more hydrophilic (water-loving) ones that can easily be excreted by the body. This is based on the fact that cells are surrounded by very hydrophobic structures. These structures only allow hydrophobic molecules or at least very tiny hydrophilic molecules to penetrate.
As such chelators are used for heavy metal poisoning such as Iron, Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic, et cetera. They are also known to work for common medical problems such as cardiovascular diseases.
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Sequestering agents
Sequestering agents form complexes with polyvalent metal ions that can interfere with textile processing. There are several types of commercial sequestering agents, including aminocarboxylic acids, phosphates, hydroxycarboxylic acids, polyacrylates, and sugar acrylates. The most important factors to consider when selecting a sequestering agent are the stability constant of the metal-chelate complex, the pH of the process, and whether the agent could remove metals from premetallized dyes. An effective sequestering agent forms stable complexes, works under the process pH conditions, and does not demetalize important process metals.
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Limit test of Arsenic
Arsenic is well known under desirable hand harmful due to its toxic nature, it poses the serious health hazard, which is present in medical substance, many qualitative and quantitative test for arsenic known, however Pharmacopoeia method is based on ‘Gutzeit Method’.
Concentration of arsenic beyond 0.01 mg/L in pollutant by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Reasons:
• Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine.
• Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent.
• Hydrochloride acid is used to make the solution acidic.
• Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide, which may be evolved along with arsine.
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The document discusses chelating agents, which are chemical compounds that can form multiple bonds to a single metal ion, forming stable, soluble complexes. It provides examples of chelating agents like ethylenediamine and EDTA. Chelating agents are classified based on the number of atoms that coordinate with the metal ion, and have properties like high solubility in water and low affinity for calcium. Applications of chelating agents include use in agriculture to provide micronutrients to plants, industrial uses like catalysis and metal extraction, and medical uses such as chelation therapy to remove heavy metals from the body. However, chelating agents can also have drawbacks like redistributing toxic metals or losing essential metals.Inhalants notes for diploma in pharmacy students
This document discusses three common inhalants: oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide. It provides details on their formulas, preparation methods, properties, actions and uses, and storage. Oxygen is prepared by fractionation of air or electrolysis of water. It is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Carbon dioxide is prepared by burning carbon-containing materials or treating carbonates with acid. It is colorless and odorless with an acidic taste. Nitrous oxide is prepared by heating ammonium nitrate and is also known as laughing gas.
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The document discusses various tests to identify primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. It describes the solubility test, litmus test, carbylamine test, nitrous acid test, azo-dye test, and Hinsberg test. The solubility test checks if a compound dissolves in mineral acid, indicating it may be an amine. The litmus test checks if a compound turns red litmus blue, showing it is basic. The carbylamine, nitrous acid, and azo-dye tests identify primary, secondary, and tertiary amines based on their reactions. The Hinsberg test uses precipitation and solubility patterns to distinguish between the three amine types.
Dienes
in this slide the whole concept of dienes the topic of organic chemistry is described briefly especially from the course of B.sc.
this would be helpful for chemistry students
it includes method of preparation of dienes
addition of halogen , halogen acids. etc.
effect of temperature on reaction
Complexometric Titration
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
EDTA Titration
Polarography
Polarographic technique is applied for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of electroreducible or oxidisable elements or groups.
It is an electromechanical technique of analyzing solutions that measures the current flowing between two electrodes in the solution as well as the gradually increasing applied voltage to determine respectively the concentration of a solute and its nature.
The principle in polarography is that a gradually increasing negative potential (voltage) is applied between a polarisable and non-polarisable electrode and the corresponding current is recorded.
Polarisable electrode: Dropping Mercury electrode
Non-polarisable electrode: Saturated Calomel electrode
From the current-voltage curve (Sigmoid shape), qualitative and quantitative analysis can be performed. This technique is called as polarography, the instrument used is called as polarograph and the current-voltage curve recorded is called as polarogram
Sache mohr theory
Sachse-Mohr theory proposes that cyclic compounds like cyclohexane are not planar rings with strained carbon-carbon bonds, but rather exist in puckered, three-dimensional conformations that allow the carbon atoms to maintain their normal tetrahedral geometry and bond angles of 109.5 degrees without strain. Ernst Mohr later applied this theory to decalin, identifying its cis- and trans-isomers, supporting Sachse's hypothesis. The theory explains the observed stability of rings with six or more carbons and is now generally accepted.
Limit test for sulphate
This document describes the limit test for sulfate. The test is based on the reaction between barium chloride and soluble sulfates in the presence of hydrochloric acid. This results in the precipitation of barium sulfate. The turbidity produced by the test solution is compared to that of a standard sulfate solution. If the turbidity of the test solution is less than the standard, then the sample passes the limit test for sulfate.
Pharmaceutical additives for liquid dosage form
Pharmaceutical additives are substances added to drug formulations to help production, maintain stability, improve acceptability and functioning of the dosage form. Common additives used in liquid oral dosage forms include vehicles, surfactants, hydrocolloids, antioxidants, preservatives, coloring agents, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, buffers and tonicity adjusters. Vehicles act as the medium to dissolve, suspend or disperse ingredients and include water, oils and mixtures. Other additives help solubilize, emulsify, increase viscosity, prevent microbial growth and oxidation, and improve taste and appearance.
7.limit test for arsenic
This document describes the Gutzeit test for detecting arsenic. The test works by first converting any arsenic in a sample into arsenious acid, then reducing it to arsine gas. Mercuric chloride paper placed in the apparatus will turn yellow if arsine gas is present, indicating the presence of arsenic in the original sample. The document provides details of the test apparatus, reagents used, procedure, and precautions to get accurate results and avoid contamination.
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Chelators otherwise called chelants, chelating agents or sequestering agents, are substances or compounds that bind to metal ions to form stable and water-soluble complexes that can easily be excreted from the body system.
If you may recall metabolism of drugs in Pharmacology or Toxicology, you will realize that the whole purpose of metabolism of drugs is to change them from the hydrophobic (water-hating) state which can easy be absorbed by body cells into the more hydrophilic (water-loving) ones that can easily be excreted by the body. This is based on the fact that cells are surrounded by very hydrophobic structures. These structures only allow hydrophobic molecules or at least very tiny hydrophilic molecules to penetrate.
As such chelators are used for heavy metal poisoning such as Iron, Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic, et cetera. They are also known to work for common medical problems such as cardiovascular diseases.
This presentation will define chelators, give their classifications, examples and what they are used for.
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Sequestering agents form complexes with polyvalent metal ions that can interfere with textile processing. There are several types of commercial sequestering agents, including aminocarboxylic acids, phosphates, hydroxycarboxylic acids, polyacrylates, and sugar acrylates. The most important factors to consider when selecting a sequestering agent are the stability constant of the metal-chelate complex, the pH of the process, and whether the agent could remove metals from premetallized dyes. An effective sequestering agent forms stable complexes, works under the process pH conditions, and does not demetalize important process metals.
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Notes main points FROM THE CHAPTER IS MATTER AREOUND US PURE
1. Matter can exist as pure substances, mixtures, or compounds. Pure substances are either elements or compounds that have a uniform composition. Mixtures are combinations of substances that retain their individual chemical identities.
2. Mixtures can be either homogeneous, with a uniform composition, or heterogeneous, with a non-uniform composition. Common homogeneous mixtures include solutions and alloys. Common heterogeneous mixtures include mixtures of sand and sugar.
3. There are various techniques that can be used to separate mixtures into their individual components, including filtration, centrifugation, chromatography, distillation, crystallization, and more. The appropriate separation technique depends on the types of substances involved.
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SOLUTIONS, MIXTURES AND ELEMENTS الدكتور كرار رأفت علوش < Dr. karrar raafat a...
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Biocidal Evaluation of Mixed Ligand Metal Complexes of Mercaptans/Thiols
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Notes main points FROM THE CHAPTER IS MATTER AREOUND US PURE
Notes main points FROM THE CHAPTER IS MATTER AREOUND US PURE
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- 1. COMPLEXING & CHELATING AGENTS Concept, properties, importance, poisoning and antagonist
- 2. What is a chelating agent used for? How does chelating agents work? What is the chelating effect? What are chelates with example?
- 3. Introduction- Complexing Agents Association of two or more molecules or ions by non covalent bond, give a product called complex Process of complex formation is called complexation
- 4. Introduction- Chelating agent Chelating agents are chemical compounds that react with metal ions to form a stable, water-soluble complex. They are also known as chelants, chelators, or sequestering agents. Chelating agents have a ring-like center which forms at least two bonds with the metal ion allowing it to be excreted. Chelating agents are usually organic compounds Specific chelating agents bind iron, lead, or copper in the blood and can be used to treat excessively high
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- 8. Importance
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