Chelating agents
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Chelating agents are drugs that form complexes with heavy metals to facilitate their removal from the body. They work by binding metals like lead, arsenic, and mercury to create non-toxic, water-soluble complexes that can be excreted in urine. Common chelating agents include dimercaprol, dimercaptosuccinic acid, dimercaptopropane sulfonic acid, disodium edetate, penicillamine, and desferrioxamine. Each agent has affinity for specific metals and is used to treat poisoning from those metals. The ideal chelating agent rapidly forms complexes that are non-toxic and easily excreted to safely eliminate metals from the body.
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Chelating agents
This document discusses various chelating agents used to treat heavy metal poisoning. It defines chelating agents as drugs that form stable, nontoxic complexes with toxic metals to promote their excretion. Several chelating agents are described, including dimercaprol, dimercaptosuccinic acid, disodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, penicillamine, desferrioxamine, deferiprone, and deferasirox. Their uses in treating specific heavy metal poisonings and side effect profiles are provided.
Chelating Agents
This document discusses chelating agents, which are drugs that bind to heavy metals in the body to facilitate their removal. Chelating agents have two or more electronegative groups that form stable bonds with metal cations. An ideal chelating agent has high affinity for metals, is water soluble, resistant to biotransformation, forms non-toxic complexes, and facilitates rapid excretion of the metal complex. Some commonly used chelating agents discussed are dimercaprol, DMSA, DMPS, EDTA, penicillamine, desferrioxamine, and deferiprone. The document outlines their mechanisms and uses for treating poisoning from metals like lead, mercury, arsenic, and iron.
Chelating agents -pharmacology
Chelating agents are drugs that form ring structures by binding to metallic ions. They are used to treat heavy metal intoxications by preventing metals from binding to biological ligands. An ideal chelator has the ability to reach sites of metal storage and form stable, non-toxic complexes that are excreted easily. It should have low affinity for essential metals like calcium and zinc. Common chelating agents include penicillamine, trientine, EDTA, deferoxamine, deferiprone, succimer, DMPS, and dimercaprol. Each agent has different mechanisms of action, routes of administration, targeted metals, and side effect profiles. Chelation therapy helps mobilize and eliminate toxic heavy metals from
Chelating agents
This document discusses chelating agents, which are drugs that complex with metallic ions to form stable, non-toxic complexes that can be easily excreted. It defines characteristics of clinically useful chelators and lists important examples, including dimercaprol, dimercaptosuccinic acid, disodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, penicillamine, desferrioxamine, deferiprone, and deferaxirox. Each chelator is discussed in terms of its uses, pharmacology, and adverse effects in treating heavy metal poisonings. In conclusion, chelating agents must selectively bind the targeted metal with higher affinity than other ligands to safely eliminate it from the body.
Chelation therapy
Chelation therapy involves using chelating agents to bind to heavy metals in the body to form complexes that are then excreted in urine. Chelating agents compete with body ligands for metals and have a higher affinity, forming non-toxic complexes. Common chelating agents include penicillamine, EDTA, and dimercaprol, which are used to detoxify metals like calcium, iron, magnesium, lead, zinc, arsenic, gold, and mercury. An ideal chelating agent has high affinity for toxic metals over essential metals and body ligands, is water soluble, and can be administered shortly after metal exposure.
Chelating agents
Chelating agents are compounds that bind to heavy metals to form stable complexes that can be safely excreted from the body. They work by competing with the body's ligands for heavy metals. Common chelating agents include EDTA, dimercaprol, penicillamine, deferoxamine, and deferiprone. They are used to treat poisoning from metals like lead, arsenic, mercury, and iron. The ideal chelating agent has high affinity for toxic metals over calcium and the body's natural ligands, is water soluble, and forms complexes that match the metal's distribution in the body.
Chelating Agents in Toxicology
chelating agents are very important regarding questions in toxicology in PG entrance exam, & its a confusing topic because there is controversy in selecting specific agents for particular poisoning. I hope this slide will be very useful.
Chelating agents
This document discusses chelating agents, which are compounds that bind to heavy metals in the body to facilitate their removal. It describes the ideal properties of chelating agents and provides a classification system. The main classes discussed are dimercaprol, DMSA, EDTA derivatives, desferrioxamine, deferiprone, deferasirox, and trientene. For each class, specific agents are named and their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, adverse effects, and contraindications are outlined. The document concludes by listing which chelating agents are used to treat poisoning from specific heavy metals like lead, iron, arsenic, and cyanide.
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Chelating agents
This document discusses various chelating agents used to treat heavy metal poisoning. It defines chelating agents as drugs that form stable, nontoxic complexes with toxic metals to promote their excretion. Several chelating agents are described, including dimercaprol, dimercaptosuccinic acid, disodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, penicillamine, desferrioxamine, deferiprone, and deferasirox. Their uses in treating specific heavy metal poisonings and side effect profiles are provided.
Chelating Agents
This document discusses chelating agents, which are drugs that bind to heavy metals in the body to facilitate their removal. Chelating agents have two or more electronegative groups that form stable bonds with metal cations. An ideal chelating agent has high affinity for metals, is water soluble, resistant to biotransformation, forms non-toxic complexes, and facilitates rapid excretion of the metal complex. Some commonly used chelating agents discussed are dimercaprol, DMSA, DMPS, EDTA, penicillamine, desferrioxamine, and deferiprone. The document outlines their mechanisms and uses for treating poisoning from metals like lead, mercury, arsenic, and iron.
Chelating agents -pharmacology
Chelating agents are drugs that form ring structures by binding to metallic ions. They are used to treat heavy metal intoxications by preventing metals from binding to biological ligands. An ideal chelator has the ability to reach sites of metal storage and form stable, non-toxic complexes that are excreted easily. It should have low affinity for essential metals like calcium and zinc. Common chelating agents include penicillamine, trientine, EDTA, deferoxamine, deferiprone, succimer, DMPS, and dimercaprol. Each agent has different mechanisms of action, routes of administration, targeted metals, and side effect profiles. Chelation therapy helps mobilize and eliminate toxic heavy metals from
Chelating agents
This document discusses chelating agents, which are drugs that complex with metallic ions to form stable, non-toxic complexes that can be easily excreted. It defines characteristics of clinically useful chelators and lists important examples, including dimercaprol, dimercaptosuccinic acid, disodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, penicillamine, desferrioxamine, deferiprone, and deferaxirox. Each chelator is discussed in terms of its uses, pharmacology, and adverse effects in treating heavy metal poisonings. In conclusion, chelating agents must selectively bind the targeted metal with higher affinity than other ligands to safely eliminate it from the body.
Chelation therapy
Chelation therapy involves using chelating agents to bind to heavy metals in the body to form complexes that are then excreted in urine. Chelating agents compete with body ligands for metals and have a higher affinity, forming non-toxic complexes. Common chelating agents include penicillamine, EDTA, and dimercaprol, which are used to detoxify metals like calcium, iron, magnesium, lead, zinc, arsenic, gold, and mercury. An ideal chelating agent has high affinity for toxic metals over essential metals and body ligands, is water soluble, and can be administered shortly after metal exposure.
Chelating agents
Chelating agents are compounds that bind to heavy metals to form stable complexes that can be safely excreted from the body. They work by competing with the body's ligands for heavy metals. Common chelating agents include EDTA, dimercaprol, penicillamine, deferoxamine, and deferiprone. They are used to treat poisoning from metals like lead, arsenic, mercury, and iron. The ideal chelating agent has high affinity for toxic metals over calcium and the body's natural ligands, is water soluble, and forms complexes that match the metal's distribution in the body.
Chelating Agents in Toxicology
chelating agents are very important regarding questions in toxicology in PG entrance exam, & its a confusing topic because there is controversy in selecting specific agents for particular poisoning. I hope this slide will be very useful.
Chelating agents
This document discusses chelating agents, which are compounds that bind to heavy metals in the body to facilitate their removal. It describes the ideal properties of chelating agents and provides a classification system. The main classes discussed are dimercaprol, DMSA, EDTA derivatives, desferrioxamine, deferiprone, deferasirox, and trientene. For each class, specific agents are named and their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, adverse effects, and contraindications are outlined. The document concludes by listing which chelating agents are used to treat poisoning from specific heavy metals like lead, iron, arsenic, and cyanide.
Chelating agents (VK)
Heavy metals can act as toxins in the body by binding to important biological molecules like proteins. Chelation therapy uses chelating agents, which are flexible organic molecules that can bind to metal ions through ligands like sulfhydryl groups. This forms stable complexes that are non-toxic and water soluble, allowing them to be eliminated by the kidneys. Common chelating agents used as drugs to treat heavy metal poisoning include dimercaprol, DMSA, DMPS, EDTA, penicillamine, deferiprone, and deferoxamine. They bind to different metals like lead, mercury, copper, iron, and arsenic, forming complexes that detoxify the heavy metals and allow their removal from the
Class chelating agents 1
This document discusses chelating agents used to treat heavy metal poisoning. It describes how chelating agents work by binding to metal ions through groups like -SH or -OH, forming stable water-soluble complexes that can be excreted. Several chelating drugs are mentioned, including dimercaprol, DMSA, DMPS, EDTA, penicillamine, desferrioxamine, and deferiprone. Their uses in treating various heavy metal toxicities like lead, arsenic, mercury, copper, and iron poisoning are outlined. Side effects of the drugs and dosing information is also provided. The goals of chelation therapy to reduce metal retention and prevent complications of toxicity are noted in conclusion.
Chelating agent
This document discusses chelating agents, which are compounds that bind to heavy metals to form stable complexes that can be safely eliminated from the body. Chelating agents contain functional groups like hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino or phosphate that bind metals. They work by competing with biomolecules in the body for heavy metals, preventing toxicity. An ideal chelating agent strongly binds toxic metals while having less affinity for essential metals. Some chelating agents discussed include dimercaprol (BAL), which treats arsenic, mercury and other metal poisonings; penicillamine for copper and lead poisoning; and calcium disodium edetate for lead poisoning. Desferrioxamine is used to treat acute iron poisoning by binding iron
Antioxidants
Introduction
Oxidation
What are antioxidants?
Antioxidants
Source of Antioxidants
Antioxidants produced by Plants
Major Antioxidant compounds in Plants
Fruits and Vegetables with highest Antioxidant content
Conclusion
Chelating agent - drdhriti
This document discusses chelating agents, which are compounds that bind to heavy metals to form stable, non-toxic complexes that can be excreted. It describes the mechanisms of action and ideal properties of chelating agents. Several specific chelating agents are outlined, including their uses, dosages, and mechanisms of removing particular heavy metals like lead, iron, copper, and mercury. Adverse effects of certain agents like BAL, penicillamine, and calcium edetate are also noted. The treatment of acute iron poisoning using desferrioxamine to bind and remove iron is summarized.
Poison and antidote
This document discusses poisons and antidotes. It begins by listing some common poisons such as medications, cleaning substances, pesticides, cosmetics, and animal bites. It then defines a poison as any harmful substance and classifies poisons into agricultural/industrial chemicals, drugs, and biological toxins. The document describes antidotes as substances that counteract poisons and lists types of antidotes based on their mechanisms of action. It provides details on activated charcoal and common antidotes for cyanide poisoning such as sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate.
Antioxidants
This document discusses antioxidants, including their definition as molecules that inhibit oxidation reactions and protect cells from damage by free radicals. It describes how free radicals can cause oxidative stress by damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA. Some important natural antioxidants are vitamins E, C, and A, which protect cell membranes and scavenge free radicals. Antioxidants are useful both for maintaining health by reducing oxidative stress and various diseases, and for industrial applications like food preservation and preventing fuel degradation. The conclusion emphasizes that antioxidants play an important role in health by preventing cancer and other diseases.
Antidotes Poison
This document discusses antidotes used to treat various types of poisonings. It begins by defining poisoning and classifying antidotes into physiological, chemical, and mechanical categories. Heavy metal poisonings from substances like arsenic, lead, and mercury are then examined in more detail, along with their treatments using antagonists and chelating agents. Cyanide poisoning is also discussed, noting its mechanism of stopping cellular respiration and the use of sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulphate injections as antidotes.
Assignment # 02 internal water treatment rabia
Internal water treatment conditions impurities within boiler systems. It uses various methods like chelating agents to prevent scale formation and control heavy metals. Dispersants are used to keep sludge particles dispersed throughout treatment. Precipitants react with dissolved minerals to produce insoluble products and reduce hardness and alkalinity. Inhibitors act as a barrier to prevent corrosion from acid attacks. Softeners remove minerals like calcium and magnesium to soften water. Coagulants aid in removing organic components and reducing scale formation. Dissolved oxygen is reduced by chemicals like hydrazine and sodium sulfite. pH is adjusted using ammonia or soda ash to facilitate iron and manganese removal.
Heavy metal and heavy metal antagonists
Heavy metals like lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium can be toxic by binding to ligands in the body. Chelating agents compete for these metals to prevent or reverse toxicity and enhance excretion. An ideal chelator forms stable, nontoxic complexes and is water soluble, resistant to biotransformation, able to reach metal storage sites, and readily excreted. Chelation therapy uses agents like EDTA, dimercaprol, penicillamine, or succimer to treat poisoning from these heavy metals.
Antioxidant
Antioxidants are compounds that can act as reducing agents and prevent oxidation reactions. They are used in pharmaceuticals to maintain easily oxidized substances in their reduced form. Oxidation causes damage to cells through free radicals but living organisms contain antioxidant systems like glutathione and vitamins C and E to prevent oxidative damage. Antioxidants prevent reactive oxygen species from being formed or remove them before they can harm cells. Hypophosphorous acid, sulfur dioxide, and sodium thiosulfate are official antioxidants used pharmaceutically to prevent oxidation.
Antioxidants
The document discusses how antioxidants like vitamins C and E, carotenoids, and enzymes like superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase protect the body from free radical damage by neutralizing reactive oxygen species. It explains that oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body's antioxidant defenses, leading to cell and tissue damage if left unchecked. Maintaining adequate intake of antioxidants from foods and proper functioning of the body's endogenous antioxidant systems is important for preventing diseases linked to oxidative stress.
Antioxidant nutrients
Antioxidants are nutrients that can slow oxidative damage to our body's tissues by neutralizing free radicals generated in the body and preventing damage to cells. Free radicals are molecules that damage cells through oxidation. Common antioxidant nutrients include vitamins A, C, and E, as well as lutein, lycopene, selenium, and flavonoids. Antioxidants help maintain cell membrane integrity, aid DNA repair, and stimulate the immune response. However, high doses of certain antioxidants through supplements may increase health risks, so it is best to obtain antioxidants through a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
Antioxident
This document discusses antioxidants and their role in reducing oxidative stress and free radical damage in the body. It provides information on sources of antioxidants such as fruits and vegetables, and how different cooking methods can affect the antioxidant levels in foods. Some key points include:
- Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, which is associated with diseases like cancer and heart disease. Major sources of antioxidants are fruits and vegetables.
- Cooking methods like boiling, baking, and frying can impact the antioxidant levels in foods, with some methods causing greater losses than others. Proper cooking is important to maximize antioxidant retention.
- The document outlines various assays used to measure antioxidant capacity and free radical
antioxidant
This document discusses antioxidants and free radicals. It begins by introducing oxidation and how it contributes to diseases, then defines free radicals as unstable molecules that can damage other molecules. It explains how free radicals cause damage through oxidation and discusses oxidative stress. The document lists sources of free radicals both internal from metabolism and external from environmental factors. It defines reactive oxygen species as examples of free radicals containing oxygen. The document discusses how antioxidants work by donating electrons to neutralize free radicals. It lists the different levels of antioxidant action and types of antioxidants including enzymes, vitamins, and phytochemicals.
Antioxidants and their therapeutic implications
Free radicals are produced during normal metabolism but can damage cells. Antioxidants help destroy free radicals and prevent this damage. Sources of antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, selenium, and phytonutrients found in plants. Lipid peroxidation occurs when free radicals damage lipids and can affect food quality, nutrition, and health, causing conditions like heart disease. Antioxidants have therapeutic implications, as they may help treat or prevent cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, brain injuries, strokes, neurodegenerative diseases, and liver damage by reducing oxidative stress.
Antioxidants
Oxygen is highly reactive atom that is capable of becoming part
of potentially damaging molecule commonly called “free radical.”
Free radicals are capable of attacking cells of the body, causing
them to lose their structure and function.
Free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of at
least 50 diseases.
Free radial formation is controlled naturally by various compounds
known as antioxidants.
It is when the ability of antioxidant is limited that this damage can
become cumulative and debilitating.
Following criteria should be considered while selecting an antioxidant.
It should be able to produce desire redox reaction.
It should be physiologically and chemically compatible.
It should be physiologically inert.
It should be non-toxic both in the reduced and oxidized forms.
It should be effective in low concentration.
It should provide prolonged stability to the formulation.
Poison and antidotes
This document discusses poisons and antidotes. It defines a poison as any substance that causes illness, disease, or death, and provides examples like lead and cyanide poisoning. An antidote is defined as any substance that specifically reacts with or neutralizes a poison, toxic substance, or drug overdose. Antidotes can work physiologically by countering the poison's effects, chemically by changing the poison's nature, or mechanically by absorbing or expelling the poison from the body. Activated charcoal is discussed as a common antidote that works by adsorbing heavy metals, drugs, and gases. Sodium thiosulfate is included as an antidote for cyanide poisoning,
Role of antioxidants in skin anti aging
Skin is the largest organ of the body. It assumes t a few critical physiological capacities and speaks to likewise a "social interface" between an individual and different individuals from society. This is the principle reason its age-subordinate alterations are in the front line of dermatological research and of the "anti-aging" cosmetic industry. Here we focus on a few perspectives just of skin aging, similarly as the phone and extracellular lattice segments of skin are concerned. Most very much considered instruments of skin maturing can be arranged at the post hereditary level, both epigenetic and post-translational components being included(1).
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are little molecules got from oxygen particles including free oxygen radicals, for example, superoxide (O2⋅_), hydroxyl (⋅OH), epoxy (RO2⋅), and alkoxyl (RO_) and additionally hypochlorous corrosive (HOCl), ozone (O3), singlet oxygen (1O2), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which are non-radicals. These non-radicals are either oxidizing operators or effectively changed over into radicals. Nitrogen-containing oxidants, for example, nitric oxide (NO.) peroxynitrite (ONOO.), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are called receptive nitrogen species (RNS) (2).
Receptive species or free radicals incorporate responsive oxygen and nitrogen species all in all and are called receptive oxygen nitrogen species (RONS). They are discharged from macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells because of a provocative boost. RONS are profoundly receptive because of the nearness of unpaired valence shell electrons or non-static bonds, and their legitimate control is key for a proficient resistant reaction and for constraining tissue harm (3).Reactive oxygen species, synthetically responsive atoms, containing oxygen, are framed as a characteristic result of the ordinary digestion of oxygen and have huge parts in cell flagging and homeostasis.
Belajar tentang sianida dalam toksikologi
Cyanide poisoning occurs when organisms are exposed to cyanide ions, which halt cellular respiration. Common sources of cyanide poisoning include hydrogen cyanide gas and cyanide salts. If inhaled, cyanide causes loss of consciousness, seizures, respiratory failure, and cardiac arrest. The standard antidote kit uses amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate to convert cyanide to less toxic compounds. Hydroxocobalamin and dicobalt edetate also bind cyanide. Oxygen therapy alone does not cure cyanide poisoning but can help the body metabolize low doses more quickly.
Heavy metals& antagonists
This document discusses heavy metals and their antagonists. It notes that heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that are at least 5 times denser than water. The metals of greatest environmental concern are lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium. Chelating agents can be used to treat heavy metal poisoning by binding to the metals and promoting their excretion. Common chelating agents include dimercaprol, penicillamine, DMSA, DMPS, and EDTA. Lead exposure remains a significant risk for children in the US and can cause neurological and behavioral issues that are sometimes misdiagnosed.
Chelating agent
This document discusses various chelating agents used to treat heavy metal poisoning. It describes how chelating agents work by forming stable, non-toxic complexes with metals that can then be excreted. Some key chelating agents mentioned include BAL, penicillamine, calcium disodium edetate, and desferrioxamine. Each agent is described in terms of its mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects in treating certain metal poisonings.
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Chelating agents (VK)
Heavy metals can act as toxins in the body by binding to important biological molecules like proteins. Chelation therapy uses chelating agents, which are flexible organic molecules that can bind to metal ions through ligands like sulfhydryl groups. This forms stable complexes that are non-toxic and water soluble, allowing them to be eliminated by the kidneys. Common chelating agents used as drugs to treat heavy metal poisoning include dimercaprol, DMSA, DMPS, EDTA, penicillamine, deferiprone, and deferoxamine. They bind to different metals like lead, mercury, copper, iron, and arsenic, forming complexes that detoxify the heavy metals and allow their removal from the
Class chelating agents 1
This document discusses chelating agents used to treat heavy metal poisoning. It describes how chelating agents work by binding to metal ions through groups like -SH or -OH, forming stable water-soluble complexes that can be excreted. Several chelating drugs are mentioned, including dimercaprol, DMSA, DMPS, EDTA, penicillamine, desferrioxamine, and deferiprone. Their uses in treating various heavy metal toxicities like lead, arsenic, mercury, copper, and iron poisoning are outlined. Side effects of the drugs and dosing information is also provided. The goals of chelation therapy to reduce metal retention and prevent complications of toxicity are noted in conclusion.
Chelating agent
This document discusses chelating agents, which are compounds that bind to heavy metals to form stable complexes that can be safely eliminated from the body. Chelating agents contain functional groups like hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino or phosphate that bind metals. They work by competing with biomolecules in the body for heavy metals, preventing toxicity. An ideal chelating agent strongly binds toxic metals while having less affinity for essential metals. Some chelating agents discussed include dimercaprol (BAL), which treats arsenic, mercury and other metal poisonings; penicillamine for copper and lead poisoning; and calcium disodium edetate for lead poisoning. Desferrioxamine is used to treat acute iron poisoning by binding iron
Antioxidants
Introduction
Oxidation
What are antioxidants?
Antioxidants
Source of Antioxidants
Antioxidants produced by Plants
Major Antioxidant compounds in Plants
Fruits and Vegetables with highest Antioxidant content
Conclusion
Chelating agent - drdhriti
This document discusses chelating agents, which are compounds that bind to heavy metals to form stable, non-toxic complexes that can be excreted. It describes the mechanisms of action and ideal properties of chelating agents. Several specific chelating agents are outlined, including their uses, dosages, and mechanisms of removing particular heavy metals like lead, iron, copper, and mercury. Adverse effects of certain agents like BAL, penicillamine, and calcium edetate are also noted. The treatment of acute iron poisoning using desferrioxamine to bind and remove iron is summarized.
Poison and antidote
This document discusses poisons and antidotes. It begins by listing some common poisons such as medications, cleaning substances, pesticides, cosmetics, and animal bites. It then defines a poison as any harmful substance and classifies poisons into agricultural/industrial chemicals, drugs, and biological toxins. The document describes antidotes as substances that counteract poisons and lists types of antidotes based on their mechanisms of action. It provides details on activated charcoal and common antidotes for cyanide poisoning such as sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate.
Antioxidants
This document discusses antioxidants, including their definition as molecules that inhibit oxidation reactions and protect cells from damage by free radicals. It describes how free radicals can cause oxidative stress by damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA. Some important natural antioxidants are vitamins E, C, and A, which protect cell membranes and scavenge free radicals. Antioxidants are useful both for maintaining health by reducing oxidative stress and various diseases, and for industrial applications like food preservation and preventing fuel degradation. The conclusion emphasizes that antioxidants play an important role in health by preventing cancer and other diseases.
Antidotes Poison
This document discusses antidotes used to treat various types of poisonings. It begins by defining poisoning and classifying antidotes into physiological, chemical, and mechanical categories. Heavy metal poisonings from substances like arsenic, lead, and mercury are then examined in more detail, along with their treatments using antagonists and chelating agents. Cyanide poisoning is also discussed, noting its mechanism of stopping cellular respiration and the use of sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulphate injections as antidotes.
Assignment # 02 internal water treatment rabia
Internal water treatment conditions impurities within boiler systems. It uses various methods like chelating agents to prevent scale formation and control heavy metals. Dispersants are used to keep sludge particles dispersed throughout treatment. Precipitants react with dissolved minerals to produce insoluble products and reduce hardness and alkalinity. Inhibitors act as a barrier to prevent corrosion from acid attacks. Softeners remove minerals like calcium and magnesium to soften water. Coagulants aid in removing organic components and reducing scale formation. Dissolved oxygen is reduced by chemicals like hydrazine and sodium sulfite. pH is adjusted using ammonia or soda ash to facilitate iron and manganese removal.
Heavy metal and heavy metal antagonists
Heavy metals like lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium can be toxic by binding to ligands in the body. Chelating agents compete for these metals to prevent or reverse toxicity and enhance excretion. An ideal chelator forms stable, nontoxic complexes and is water soluble, resistant to biotransformation, able to reach metal storage sites, and readily excreted. Chelation therapy uses agents like EDTA, dimercaprol, penicillamine, or succimer to treat poisoning from these heavy metals.
Antioxidant
Antioxidants are compounds that can act as reducing agents and prevent oxidation reactions. They are used in pharmaceuticals to maintain easily oxidized substances in their reduced form. Oxidation causes damage to cells through free radicals but living organisms contain antioxidant systems like glutathione and vitamins C and E to prevent oxidative damage. Antioxidants prevent reactive oxygen species from being formed or remove them before they can harm cells. Hypophosphorous acid, sulfur dioxide, and sodium thiosulfate are official antioxidants used pharmaceutically to prevent oxidation.
Antioxidants
The document discusses how antioxidants like vitamins C and E, carotenoids, and enzymes like superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase protect the body from free radical damage by neutralizing reactive oxygen species. It explains that oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body's antioxidant defenses, leading to cell and tissue damage if left unchecked. Maintaining adequate intake of antioxidants from foods and proper functioning of the body's endogenous antioxidant systems is important for preventing diseases linked to oxidative stress.
Antioxidant nutrients
Antioxidants are nutrients that can slow oxidative damage to our body's tissues by neutralizing free radicals generated in the body and preventing damage to cells. Free radicals are molecules that damage cells through oxidation. Common antioxidant nutrients include vitamins A, C, and E, as well as lutein, lycopene, selenium, and flavonoids. Antioxidants help maintain cell membrane integrity, aid DNA repair, and stimulate the immune response. However, high doses of certain antioxidants through supplements may increase health risks, so it is best to obtain antioxidants through a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
Antioxident
This document discusses antioxidants and their role in reducing oxidative stress and free radical damage in the body. It provides information on sources of antioxidants such as fruits and vegetables, and how different cooking methods can affect the antioxidant levels in foods. Some key points include:
- Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, which is associated with diseases like cancer and heart disease. Major sources of antioxidants are fruits and vegetables.
- Cooking methods like boiling, baking, and frying can impact the antioxidant levels in foods, with some methods causing greater losses than others. Proper cooking is important to maximize antioxidant retention.
- The document outlines various assays used to measure antioxidant capacity and free radical
antioxidant
This document discusses antioxidants and free radicals. It begins by introducing oxidation and how it contributes to diseases, then defines free radicals as unstable molecules that can damage other molecules. It explains how free radicals cause damage through oxidation and discusses oxidative stress. The document lists sources of free radicals both internal from metabolism and external from environmental factors. It defines reactive oxygen species as examples of free radicals containing oxygen. The document discusses how antioxidants work by donating electrons to neutralize free radicals. It lists the different levels of antioxidant action and types of antioxidants including enzymes, vitamins, and phytochemicals.
Antioxidants and their therapeutic implications
Free radicals are produced during normal metabolism but can damage cells. Antioxidants help destroy free radicals and prevent this damage. Sources of antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, selenium, and phytonutrients found in plants. Lipid peroxidation occurs when free radicals damage lipids and can affect food quality, nutrition, and health, causing conditions like heart disease. Antioxidants have therapeutic implications, as they may help treat or prevent cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, brain injuries, strokes, neurodegenerative diseases, and liver damage by reducing oxidative stress.
Antioxidants
Oxygen is highly reactive atom that is capable of becoming part
of potentially damaging molecule commonly called “free radical.”
Free radicals are capable of attacking cells of the body, causing
them to lose their structure and function.
Free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of at
least 50 diseases.
Free radial formation is controlled naturally by various compounds
known as antioxidants.
It is when the ability of antioxidant is limited that this damage can
become cumulative and debilitating.
Following criteria should be considered while selecting an antioxidant.
It should be able to produce desire redox reaction.
It should be physiologically and chemically compatible.
It should be physiologically inert.
It should be non-toxic both in the reduced and oxidized forms.
It should be effective in low concentration.
It should provide prolonged stability to the formulation.
Poison and antidotes
This document discusses poisons and antidotes. It defines a poison as any substance that causes illness, disease, or death, and provides examples like lead and cyanide poisoning. An antidote is defined as any substance that specifically reacts with or neutralizes a poison, toxic substance, or drug overdose. Antidotes can work physiologically by countering the poison's effects, chemically by changing the poison's nature, or mechanically by absorbing or expelling the poison from the body. Activated charcoal is discussed as a common antidote that works by adsorbing heavy metals, drugs, and gases. Sodium thiosulfate is included as an antidote for cyanide poisoning,
Role of antioxidants in skin anti aging
Skin is the largest organ of the body. It assumes t a few critical physiological capacities and speaks to likewise a "social interface" between an individual and different individuals from society. This is the principle reason its age-subordinate alterations are in the front line of dermatological research and of the "anti-aging" cosmetic industry. Here we focus on a few perspectives just of skin aging, similarly as the phone and extracellular lattice segments of skin are concerned. Most very much considered instruments of skin maturing can be arranged at the post hereditary level, both epigenetic and post-translational components being included(1).
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are little molecules got from oxygen particles including free oxygen radicals, for example, superoxide (O2⋅_), hydroxyl (⋅OH), epoxy (RO2⋅), and alkoxyl (RO_) and additionally hypochlorous corrosive (HOCl), ozone (O3), singlet oxygen (1O2), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which are non-radicals. These non-radicals are either oxidizing operators or effectively changed over into radicals. Nitrogen-containing oxidants, for example, nitric oxide (NO.) peroxynitrite (ONOO.), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are called receptive nitrogen species (RNS) (2).
Receptive species or free radicals incorporate responsive oxygen and nitrogen species all in all and are called receptive oxygen nitrogen species (RONS). They are discharged from macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells because of a provocative boost. RONS are profoundly receptive because of the nearness of unpaired valence shell electrons or non-static bonds, and their legitimate control is key for a proficient resistant reaction and for constraining tissue harm (3).Reactive oxygen species, synthetically responsive atoms, containing oxygen, are framed as a characteristic result of the ordinary digestion of oxygen and have huge parts in cell flagging and homeostasis.
Belajar tentang sianida dalam toksikologi
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Chelating agents
- 2. CHELATING AGENTS These are the drugs used to prevent heavy metal poisoning. Chelation: The process of an equilibrium reaction between a metal ion and complexing agent which produces a stable, non-ionized, non-toxic and water soluble complex which can be eliminated easily. These compounds are usually flexible organic molecules which can incorporate metal ions into their molecular structure by means of chemical groups called ligands.
- 3. MECHANISM OF ACTION Drugs + metallic ions Non toxic water soluble complex Eliminated by the kidneys
- 4. IDEAL CHELATING AGENT More affinity for metal than endogenous ligands. High solubility in water. Resistance to bio transformation. Form non toxic complexes with toxic metals. Accelerate mobilization and/or removal of the metals. Cheap and easy to administrate. Easy excretion of chelating complex.
- 5. COMMON CHELATING AGENTS USED Dimercaprol (BAL) Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA) Dimercaptopropane Sulfonic Acid (DMPS) Disodium edetate (EDTA) Calcium disodium edetate Penicillamine Desferrioxamine & Deferiprone
- 6. EDTA Dimercaprol (BAL) Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA) Penicillamine Desferrioxamine & Deferiprone Lead Arsenic, Copper, Mercury Lead, Arsenic, Mercury Copper, Mercury, Lead Iron
- 7. DIMERCAPROL (BAL) Synthesised during the World War II by Britisher’s as an antidote to arsenic war gas Lewisite. oily, pungent smelling, viscous fluid. Route of administration – i.m in oil (arachis oil) SH ligands of dimercaprol compete with – SH groups of enzymes for heavy metal. Excess of dimercaprol should be maintained in plasma. Dimercaprol-metal complex is stable and excreted in urine.
- 8. USES For the treatment of arsenic and mercury poisoning. As an adjuvant to calcium disodium edetate in lead poisoning. As an adjuvant to penicillamine in copper poisoning and in Wilson’s disease. Contraindicated in iron and cadmium poisoning.
- 9. DMPS (UNITHIOL) Dimercaprol analogue water soluble, less toxic. Can be administrated orally as well as IV. Used for severe acute poisoning by mercury and arsenic. Also effective in the treatment of lead poisoning. Adverse effects are low, except for mild self-limiting urticaria.
- 10. DISODIUM EDETATE (EDTA) It is a disodium salt of EDTA. Potent chelator of calcium. Causes tetany on IV injection (but not on slow infusion) Can be used for emergency control of hypercalcemia (rare) 50 mg per kg IV over 2-4 hours.
- 11. CALCIUM DISODIUM EDETATE Calcium chelator of Disodium edetate. Has a high affinity for lead. Most important use in lead poisoning. Poorly absorbed from GI. IM is very painful – IV preferred. Not metabolised. Excreted by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion.
- 12. PENICILLAMINE Dimethyl cysteine water soluble degradation product of penicillin. D-isomer is used – relatively non toxic compared to I- isomer. Easily absorbed in GIT. Little metabolised, excreted in urine and faeces. It has strong copper chelating property and was used in 1956 for Wilson’s disease. It selectively chelates copper, mercury, lead and zinc.
- 13. USES Wilson’s Disease (Hepato-lenticular degeneration) Copper/Mercury poisoning. Adjuvant to calcium disodium edetate in lead poisoning but DMSA is preferred. Cystinuria and cysteine stones. Scleroderma – benefits by increasing the soluble collagen. Used as a Disease Modifying Drug in Rheumatoid Arthiritis but now replaced by safer drug.
- 14. DESFERRIOXAMINE Ferrioxamine obtained from actinomycete, long chain iron containing complex. Chemical removal of iron from it yields desferrioxamine. 1 gm is capable of chelating 85 mg of elemental iron. Low affinity for calcium. Parenterally – partially metabolised, rapidly excreted in urine. Acute iron poisoning : mostly in children, important and life saving.
- 15. DEFERIPRONE Orally active. Used in transfusion siderosis. Also indicated in iron poisoning and iron load in liver cirrhosis.
- 16. CONCLUSION Primary goals of chelating therapy: To reduce metal retention. To decrease morbidity and mortality. To prevent complications. Administer less toxic chelator when possible.