Sequestering agents form complexes with polyvalent metal ions that can interfere with textile processing. There are several types of commercial sequestering agents, including aminocarboxylic acids, phosphates, hydroxycarboxylic acids, polyacrylates, and sugar acrylates. The most important factors to consider when selecting a sequestering agent are the stability constant of the metal-chelate complex, the pH of the process, and whether the agent could remove metals from premetallized dyes. An effective sequestering agent forms stable complexes, works under the process pH conditions, and does not demetalize important process metals.
These dyes are non ionic in nature and are applied on the fibres which cannot dyed by any other dyes like Reactive dyes, acidic dyes, direct dyes. These dyes make dispersion in the water which form particles. So we have to make soluble it.
Softener is an finishing agent that when applied to textile material improves its handle giving pleasing touch. As a general rule, the softening agents applied are lubricating agents, which facilitate the fiber sliding within the fabric structure, thus granting easier deformation and creasing of the fabric.
These dyes are non ionic in nature and are applied on the fibres which cannot dyed by any other dyes like Reactive dyes, acidic dyes, direct dyes. These dyes make dispersion in the water which form particles. So we have to make soluble it.
Softener is an finishing agent that when applied to textile material improves its handle giving pleasing touch. As a general rule, the softening agents applied are lubricating agents, which facilitate the fiber sliding within the fabric structure, thus granting easier deformation and creasing of the fabric.
DEFINITION: Pigment is a substrate in a particulate form which is insoluble in water but which can be dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light scattering properties. They are organic or inorganic coloring materials. They have no affinity to textile materials. They are fixed on the textile material with the help of binding agent in form a thin invisible coating.
EDTA-enhanced phytoextraction of Cd and Pb in spiked soil with Marigold and a...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— EDTA is a common chelating agent used in phytoextraction for enhancing the trace elements uptake from soil to plants. But application of EDTA can cause ground water contamination, which is potentially a risk for human health. In this study EDTA-enhanced phytoextraction of Cd and Pb by Marigold. was evaluated. Application of EDTA could significantly increase Cd and Pb accumulation in the various part of plants, but EDTA addition also increased the Cd and Pb concentration in leached water about 8 to 12 time and 50 to 75 times respectively compared to the control. So, insitu application of EDTA can be potentially risk to ground water contamination with trace elements.
DEFINITION: Pigment is a substrate in a particulate form which is insoluble in water but which can be dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light scattering properties. They are organic or inorganic coloring materials. They have no affinity to textile materials. They are fixed on the textile material with the help of binding agent in form a thin invisible coating.
EDTA-enhanced phytoextraction of Cd and Pb in spiked soil with Marigold and a...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— EDTA is a common chelating agent used in phytoextraction for enhancing the trace elements uptake from soil to plants. But application of EDTA can cause ground water contamination, which is potentially a risk for human health. In this study EDTA-enhanced phytoextraction of Cd and Pb by Marigold. was evaluated. Application of EDTA could significantly increase Cd and Pb accumulation in the various part of plants, but EDTA addition also increased the Cd and Pb concentration in leached water about 8 to 12 time and 50 to 75 times respectively compared to the control. So, insitu application of EDTA can be potentially risk to ground water contamination with trace elements.
Hexagonal Boron Nitride Aerosol Spray offers convenient way to apply thin film of coating on any surface as well as in hard to reach places. it spray is high temperature, anti-stick release agent & lubricant.
Features:
•Bonds well with substrates and forms a coating film
•Excellent lubricating properties
•Good chemical inertness
•Electrical insulator
•Thermal conductor (result: better heat dissipation)
•High temperature stability (1000 deg C in air, 1400 deg C in vacuum & 1800 deg C in inert gas)
•Low thermal expansion
•Low dielectric constant
•Non-wetting
•Contains no fluorocarbons or lead
•Not harmful to Ozone
Applications:
•Welding & Brazing: Protects from weld spatter
•Sintering: Eliminates sticking & carbon contamination
•Plastic & Rubber Molds: For release
•Glass making: Improves mold/die life
•Molten metal processing & metal forming: Inhibits corrosion
•Casting, extrusion, forging & stamping
•High temperature protective release coatings
Metal catalysts are generally used for hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, oxidation, isomerization, cyclization, hydrolysis and other reactions. More: https://www.alfachemic.com/catalysts/products/metal-catalysts.html
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Chelators otherwise called chelants, chelating agents or sequestering agents, are substances or compounds that bind to metal ions to form stable and water-soluble complexes that can easily be excreted from the body system.
If you may recall metabolism of drugs in Pharmacology or Toxicology, you will realize that the whole purpose of metabolism of drugs is to change them from the hydrophobic (water-hating) state which can easy be absorbed by body cells into the more hydrophilic (water-loving) ones that can easily be excreted by the body. This is based on the fact that cells are surrounded by very hydrophobic structures. These structures only allow hydrophobic molecules or at least very tiny hydrophilic molecules to penetrate.
As such chelators are used for heavy metal poisoning such as Iron, Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic, et cetera. They are also known to work for common medical problems such as cardiovascular diseases.
This presentation will define chelators, give their classifications, examples and what they are used for.
A well descripted presentation on the topic of a chemical compound EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetate) along with the applications in Textile and Non Textile Sector.
Bahauddin Zakariya University College of Textile Engineering.
Project is from the chapter Electrochemistry . Project is based on the rusting of iron when coupled with different metals . One of the easiest projects in chemistry.
Please do like , share and comment if my work helped you ;)
Its related to Study of gene metal-ligand stability constant of cefadroxil with cu2+ metal ion ph metrically at 0.1 m ionic strength. Also describe another Parameters.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
3. Sequestration or Chelation
The principles behind sequestration is the formation of a water soluble complex
between a sequestering agent and a polyvalent metal ion. The technique can be
used for softening water; however, it is more often used as a component in many
textile wet processing steps to remove metallic ions that interfere with the
process.
Sequestration or Chelation
4. A sequestering or chelating agent is a complex forming auxiliary chemical with
metals such as Iron, Copper, Nickel, Zinc and Magnesium that are present in water
and affects the textile processing in many way.
Certain organic compounds are capable of forming coordinate bonds with metals
through two or more atoms of the organic compound; such organic compounds
are called chelating agents. The compound formed by a chelating agent and a
metal is called a chelate. A chelating agent that has two coordinating atoms is
called bidentate; one that has three, tridentate; and so on. EDTA, or
ethylenediaminetetraacetate, (−O2CH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH2CO2−)2, is a common
hexadentate chelating agent. Chlorophyll is a chelate that consists of a magnesium
ion joined with a complex chelating agent; heme, part of the hemoglobin in blood,
is an iron chelate. Chelating agents are important in textile dyeing, water
softening, and enzyme deactivation and as bacteriocides.
What is a Sequestering Agent?
5. Sequestering agent is a dyeing auxiliaries which is used during dyeing for
removing hardness of water.Sequestering agents combine with calcium and
magnesium ions and other heavy metal ions in hard water. They form molecules
in which the ions are held so securely (sequestered) that they can no longer
react.
The most undesirable impurities in Fibre, Common salt, Glauber salt, Caustic
Soda and Soda ash are the di- and tri-valent cations, e.g., Ca++, Mg ++ Cu ++,
Fe+++ etc. These ions increase hardness of the process bath and generate iron
oxides in the bath. Calcium and Magnesium reacts with alkali and precipitates as
a sticky substance on the textile material, which creates patchy dyeing and
discoloration of the fibre. The ferric oxide with cellulose and creates small
pinhole on the fibres also damages the machinery by scale formation in the
nozzles and base.
To overcome these deleterious effects in the scouring and bleaching bath
adequate amount of sequestrant must be used. Sequestrants prevent di-and tri-
valent metal ions, e.g., Cu++, Fe +++ , Mn ++, Ca++, Mg++ etc from interfering
with the chemical processing of the textile material. It prevents catalytic damage
of cellulosic fibres in bleaching hath during hydrogen peroxide bleaching.
Use of Sequestering agent
6. Thus, unwanted metal salts cause a lot of problems in processing. Now, with the
focus on minimising costs and maximising efficiency, consistency and fastness are
two important parameters that every dyer would like to achieve first time. This
reduces reprocessing costs, making him competitive.
Sequestering agent
The dyer has to use a suitable sequestering agent in the process, wherever it is
required. Selection of the right sequestering agent is very important. First and
foremost, the sequestering agent should chelate offending metal ions under the
given condition and should form a stable complex, which does not decompose
over a prolonged processing period.
7. There are some main type of commercial sequestering agents are:
1. Aminocarboxylic acid base products
2. Phosphates and Phosphonates
3. Hydroxy carbroxylates
4. Polyacrylates
5. Sugar acrylates
Type of commercial sequestering agents
8. CLASSES OF SEQUESTERING AGENTS
2. Important Polyphosphates
A. Polyphosphates
1. Formation of Polyphosphates
Polyphosphates are derivatives of phosphoric acid and are made by reacting
phosphorous pentoxide with phosphoric acid. The formation of the
polyphosphates can be seen by the following dehydration of orthophosphoric
acid.
9. 3. Advantages of Inorganic Phosphates
They sequester metal ions and contribute to detergency by suspending and
dispersing soils. They require less than the stoichiometric amount predicted to
keep ions in solution (threshold effect).
They will break down to sodium phosphate in water over time losing their ability
to chelate, especially in hot water. They are foods for algae causing rapid
growth in streams and ponds. Algae growth depletes stream's oxygen supply
causing fish kill.
10. B. Organophosphonic Acids
1. Ethylenediaminetetra (methylenephosphonic Acid) EDTMP
Advantages and Disadvantages:
They will sequester metal ions and aid detergency by dispersing and
suspending soil. They are more stable than inorganic polyphosphates in hot water
and exhibit threshold effect. They are more expensive than inorganic
polyphosphates.
11. C. Aminocarboxylic Acids
1. Disodium-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
Advantages and Disadvantages:
They form very stable complexes with most metal ions. They reacts
stoichiometrically and can be used to quantitatively determine calcium
and magnesium by titration. They do not contribute to detergency nor do they
exhibit a threshold effect.
12. EDTA: Good sequestering agent for calcium and magnesium at alkaline pH but no
sequestering agents on Fe3+ at alkaline pH. Not stable with oxidising agents. Low
solubility in acidic medium.
Some ligands can bond to a metal atom using more than two pairs of electrons. An
example is ethylenediamminetetraacetate ion (EDTA4-), the Lewis structure of which is
shown below. EDTA4- forms very stable complexes with most of the transition metals.
EDTA4-
This hexadentate ligand forms very stable complexes (usually octahedral
structures) with most of the transition metals. The donor atoms in EDTA4- are the
two N atoms, and the four, negatively charged O atoms.
EDTA
13. EDTA - Diammonium Salt of EDTA
(Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid)
EDTA - Disodium Salt of EDTA (Ethylene
Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid)
EDTA - Chelated Ferric Sodium -
(EDTA Ferric Sodium -13%)
EDTA - Ferric Ammonium Salt of EDTA
(Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid)
EDTA
15. D. Hydroxycarboxylic Acids
Advantages and Disadvantages:
Hydroxy acids are effective for sequestering iron. They are not effective for
calcium or magnesium.
16. FORMATION OF COMPLEXES
Most polyvalent ions can form complexes with certain ions or molecules. This
type of complex formation is called coordination chemistry. The types of
molecules or ions that form coordination complexes are called
Ligands, abbreviated "L". Metal ions are electron acceptors (Lewis Acids) and
Ligands are electron pair donors (Lewis Base). The bond that is formed
is a Coordinate Covalent Bond. Formation Constant is a measure of the
strength and stability of a complex. It is a measure of the extent the complex
will form or dissociate when the system has reached equilibrium. Complex
formation is an equilibrium process.
FORMATION OF COMPLEXES
17. A. Formation Constant
where K = equilibrium constant and log K = formation constant (stability constant).
The higher the formation constant, the more strongly held is the metal ion in the
complex. Therefore Ligand that give high log K values with a particular metal are
very effective sequestering agents. Table 9 lists some formation constants for
several chelating agents. The data shows the specificity of some agents, i.e.
gluconic acid which is particularly effective for iron. Also the data shows that
EDTA is effective across the board.
19. 4.Polyacrylates
Polyacrylates are effective dispersants, with mild chelation values and protective
colloid properties. The chelation values of polyacrylates have no demetallising
effect on metal containing dyestuffs. They are completely non foaming.
They are very suitable as dyebath conditioners, soaping agents and washing aids.
Being non surface active agents they are easily rinsable and thus reduce the
quantity of water required for removing their traces from the substrates, unlike all
surfactants. The typical chelation values offered by polyacrylates do not come
close to the chelation values offered by amino polycarboxylates or the
phosphonates. This problem has been overcome by development of sugar
acrylates.
Polyacrylates
20. 5.Sugar Acrylates
Sugar acrylates have sequestering values as high as amino polycarboxylates or
the phosphonates. They are biodegradable, effective components in cellulosic
fabric pretreatment during desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerising. These
products are characteristed by good chelation values from the acidic to the
alkaline range and from temperatures of 45 to 115øC. They also exhibit no
demetalising effect on metal-containing dyestuffs and are non-foaming. They are
ideally recommended in pretreatment for desizing, scouring and bleaching and as
dyebath conditioners during the cellulosic dyeing.
Sugar Acrylates
21. Factors to be taken into consideration while selecting a sequestering
agent for the process :
1. Stability Constant:
As chelation is a reversible reaction, the equilibrium is dependent on the process
pH and the concentration of the metal ions and chelating agent, which react
together to form a chelate. The stability of the metal complex is expressed in
terms of its stability constant. If we represent chelation of metal ion, Mm+ with
sequestering agent, An- as: Mm+ + An- MA(m-n) then the stability constant is Ks
= MA (m-n) (Mm+) (An-)
A high value of Ks indicates high sequestering effect. For example, in the case of
aminopolycarboxylates, the stability constant for same metal iron increases in
the order NTA, EDTA, DTPA.
In the case of metal ions, the stability constant increases in the order.
22. From the above information it can be deduced that the NTA-Mg2+ complex has
the least stability, whereas DTPA - Fe3+ has the highest stability. Thus, in a
process, if more than one metal ion is present, the metal ion having the highest
stability will be chelated preferentially. If chelating agent is present in sufficient
quantity, the metal with the highest stability constant will be chelated
completely, followed by the next metal ion in te order given above. Even after
chelation is complete in this order, if additional metal impurity, with metal
having a higher stability constant, is introduced, then this metal ion will
displace low stability constant metal ions from the complex. For example, Fe3+
displaces Ca2+ from a Ca2+ chelating agent complex. Of course, the chelating
agent should be capable of chelating Fe3+ under given conditions.
Factors to selecting a sequestering agent
23. 2. The pH of the Process:
The pH of the system will influence the formation of the chelation complex. For
example, NTA, EDTA cannot chelate Fe3+ under alkaline conditions, whereas DTPA
can. HEDP can chelate Fe3+ up to pH 12, and so also gluconic acid.
3. Demetalisation:
This property is particularly important for dyeing and printing with premetallised
dyes - for example, some direct, reactive and premetallised metal complex dyes. If
Ni2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Co2+ or Fe3+ is present in premetallised dyes, these could be
preferentially chelated ahead of Ca2+ and Mg2+, due to the higher stability
constant of these metal ions. Therefore pretrials in the lab are required to establish
the suitability of the chelating agent, and also to arrive at the optimum
concentration for the given process, when premetallised dyes are to be used.
Factors to selecting a sequestering agent
24. 4. Other Features:
Stability of chelate to prolonged process periods, dispersing properties, crystal-
growth inhibition, effect on equipment, etc. are also to be considered when
selecting a commercial sequestering agent.
Factors to selecting a sequestering agent