The presentation discusses all about microbial growth, it explains various nutritional and physical requirements of bacteria for growth, it is also illustrated here the standard bacterial growth curve
Acid fast staining is differential staining technique which differentiate bacteria into two group- acid fast bacteria and non acid bacteria. It used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium .
The presentation discusses all about microbial growth, it explains various nutritional and physical requirements of bacteria for growth, it is also illustrated here the standard bacterial growth curve
Acid fast staining is differential staining technique which differentiate bacteria into two group- acid fast bacteria and non acid bacteria. It used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium .
When fresh liquid medium is inoculated with a given number of bacteria and incubated for sufficient period of time, it gives a characteristic growth pattern of bacteria.
If the bacterial population is measured periodically and log of number of viable bacteria is plotted in a graph against time, it gives a characteristic growth curve which is known as growth curve or growth cycle.
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
When fresh liquid medium is inoculated with a given number of bacteria and incubated for sufficient period of time, it gives a characteristic growth pattern of bacteria.
If the bacterial population is measured periodically and log of number of viable bacteria is plotted in a graph against time, it gives a characteristic growth curve which is known as growth curve or growth cycle.
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
This presentation is all about the different shapes in bacteria. This can help you in determining shapes that you do in your experiments in Microbiology. Hope this can help. :-)
“This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest.”
This may be the science most famous statement, which appeared in April 1953 in the scientific paper where James Watson and Francis Crick presented the structure of the DNA-helix.
“It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material."
All living things are made from one or more cells. A cell is the simplest unit of life and they are responsible for keeping an organism alive and functioning. This lesson to cells is the starting point for the area of biology that studies the various types of cells and how they work.
In this lesson you will learn about :
1) What is a Cell?
2) The Invention of the Microscope and the Discovery of Cell.
3) Cell Theory.
4) Cells - Number, Size, Shape and Function.
5) Structure of a Cell
6) Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.
7) The Plant and Animal cells.
8) Stem Cells.
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
Microbiology is the study of the biology of microscopic organisms - viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, slime molds, and protozoa. The methods used to study and manipulate these minute and mostly unicellular organisms differ from those used in most other biological investigations
Bacterial Morphology and Atomy.pptx microbiologyosmanolow
Microbiology is the study of the biology of microscopic organisms - viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, slime molds, and protozoa. The methods used to study and manipulate these minute and mostly unicellular organisms differ from those used in most other biological investigations
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error.
bacteria- lecture 3.pptx microbiology and Immunologyosmanolow
Microbiology is the study of the biology of microscopic organisms - viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, slime molds, and protozoa. The methods used to study and manipulate these minute and mostly unicellular organisms differ from those used in most other biological investigations
This is a series of lectures on microbiology useful for undergraduate medical and paramedical students.. This lecture is a comprehensive coverage of all parasites, protozoa and helminths...
this is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students.. this lecture is on hospital acquired infection
this is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students..first lecture on bacteriology..on staphylococci
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
2. Learning Objectives
After completing this section you should be able to
perform the following objectives:
list the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
Describe the structure of a bacterial cell and explain the
function of its components
Explain why cell wall forms the basis for classification of
bacteria
Explain the structural modifications (flagella) of the cell and
their functional importance
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3. Size of Bacteria
Unit
of measurement in bacteriology is the
micron (micrometre, µm)
1 micrometre (10-6)= 1/1000 mm = 1/10000
cm = 1/100000 metre
1 nanometer (10-9)= 1/1000 micrometer =
1/100000000 meter
Bacteria of medical importance
0.2
– 1.5 µm in diameter
3 – 5 µm in length
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6. Introduction:
Based
on the organization of their cellular
structures, all living cells can be divided into two
groups: eukaryotic and prokaryotic
Eukaryotic cell types - Animals, plants, fungi,
protozoans
Prokaryotic cell types - bacteria
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7. Prokaryotic Cells
prokaryotes
are molecules surrounded by a
membrane and cell wall.
they
lack a true nucleus and don’t have
membrane bound organelles like mitochondria,
etc.
large
surface-to-volume ratio : nutrients can
easily and rapidly reach any part of the cells
interior
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8. Anatomy of a Bacterial Cell
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9. Anatomy of A Bacterial Cell
Outer layer – two components:
1.
2.
Rigid cell wall
Cytoplasmic (Cell/ Plasma) membrane – present
beneath cell wall
Cytoplasm – cytoplasmic inclusions,
ribosomes, mesosomes, genetic material
Additional structures –capsule, flagella,
fimbriae (pili), spores
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11. CELL WALL
Outermost layer, encloses cytoplasm
1. Confers
2. 10
shape and rigidity
- 25 nm thick
3. Composed
of peptidoglycan
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12. Cell Wall
Cell wall –
4. Chemical
nature of the cell wall helps to divide
bacteria into two broad groups – Gram positive &
Gram negative
5. Carries bacterial antigens – important in virulence &
immunity – gm –ve cell wall has lipopolysachhrides –
fever and necrosis
6. Several antibiotics may interfere with cell wall
synthesis e.g. Penicillin, Cephalosporins
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13. Gram positive cell wall
The Gram-positive cell wall is composed of a thick, multilayered
peptidoglycan sheath outside of the cytoplasmic membrane. Teichoic
acids are linked to and embedded in the peptidoglycan, and lipoteichoic
acids extend into the cytoplasmic membrane
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14. Gram negative cell wall
The Gram-negative cell wall is composed of an outer membrane linked to
thin, mainly single-layered peptidoglycan by lipoproteins.The outer
membrane includes porins, which allow the passage of small hydrophilic
molecules across the membrane, and lipopolysaccharide molecules that
extend into extracellular space.
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15. Cytoplasmic (Plasma) membrane
Thin layer 5-10 nm, separates cell wall from
cytoplasm
Acts as a semipermeable membrane: controls
the inflow and outflow of metabolites
Composed of lipoproteins with small amounts of
carbohydrates
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17. Other Cytoplasmic Components
Ribosomes – protein synthesis
Mesosomes –
Multilaminated structures formed as
invaginations of plasma membrane
2. Principal sites of respiratory enzymes
1.
Intracytoplasmic inclusions – reserve of energy
& phosphate for cell metabolism e.g.
Metachromatic granules in diphtheria bacilli
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21. Additional Organelles
2.
Capsule–
Viscous layer secreted around the cell
wall.
Polysaccharide / polypeptide in nature
Capsule – sharply defined structure,
antigenic in nature
•
•
Protects bacteria
Stained by negative staining using India
Ink
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23. Types of flagellar arrangement
Polar/ Monotrichous – single
flagellum at one pole
Lophotrichous – tuft of flagella at
one pole
Amphitrichous – flagella at both
poles
Peritrichous – flagella all over
Amphilophotrichous – tuft of flagella
at both ends
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24. Additional Organelles
4.
Fimbriae/ Pili –
Thin, hairlike appendages on the surface of
many Gram-negative bacteria
10-20µ long, acts as organs of adhesion
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25. Additional Organelles
5.
Spores –
Highly resistant resting
stages formed during adverse
environment (depletion of
nutrients)
Formed inside the parent cell,
hence called Endospores
Very resistant to heat,
radiation and drying and can
remain dormant for hundreds
of years.
Formed by bacteria like
Clostridia, bacillus
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26. Differences between prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells
Character
Eukaryotes
Nuclear
membrane
Absent
Present
Nucleolus
Absent
Present
Chromosome
Nucleus
Prokaryotes
One circular
One or more
paired and linear
fluid phospholipid
bilayer, lacks
sterols
fluid phospholipid
bilayer containing
sterols
Cytoplasmi Structure and
c
Composition
membrane
36. G: Generation time
Time in minutes or hours for a
population of bacteria to double in
number
37. Calculation of Generation Time
Log Number
of Bacteria
Double
# cells
Log phase
Generation time
1
07.09.08
5
Time (hours)
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38. GENERATION TIME / population
doubling time
E-coli
– 20 min
MTb - 20 hours
Mleprae - 20 days
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39. Minimum Growth requirements
Water
as a source of carbon
Nitrogen source
Inorganic salts like phosphate, sulphate,
sodium, potassium, iron etc – need to be
supplied in culture media
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40. Phototrophs
– derive energy from sunlight
Chemotrophs – from chemical reactions
Autotrophs – synthesize organic
compounds
Heteretrophs – cannot synthesize, depend
on others
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43. Temperature
Mesophilic
– 25-40
Psychrophilc - <20
Thermophilic – 55-80
Except thermophilic, most die at 50-60, k/a
thermal death point
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