Flagella are whip-like structures that allow cells to move. They are found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. While all three types are used for locomotion, their structures differ. Flagella consist of three main parts - the filament, hook, and basal body. The filament forms the outer region and is composed of flagellin proteins arranged in helical chains. The filament attaches to the hook, while the basal body anchors the flagellum and consists of rings and rods that insert into the cell. Bacteria can have flagella in different arrangements including single, tufts, both ends, or all over the cell surface.

1. RAHMAN ALI
BS microbiology
university of
swat.
….. FLAGELLA

2. Glycocalyx, Axialfilaments, fimbrae ,pilli
And FLAGELLA

3.  A flagellum is a whip-like structure that
allows a cell to move.
 They are found in all three domains of the
living world: bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota
 , While all three types of flagella are used for
locomotion, they are structurally very
different.

5.  Flagella consist of three main parts
1. FILAMENT.
2. HOOK.
3. BASALBODY.

6.  FILAMENT is long outer most region of
flagella.
 The filament is composed of the globular
protein flagellin,
 which is arranged in several intertwined
chains that form a helix around a hollow core.

7.  In most bacteria filaments are not covered by
a membrane.
 while in eukaryotes it is covered by a specific
membrane.
2. HOOK;
 The filament is attached to a wider hook.
 Hook consist of different types of protiens.

8.  Basal body anchor the flagellum to the cellwall and
plasma membrane
 It composed of small central rod inserted into a
series of rings.
 Gram –ve bacteria have 2 pairs of rings.
 While in gram+ve a single pair is present.

10.  Atrichous ; bacteria having no flagella.
 Monotrichous ;A single flagellum at one pole.
 Lopotrichous ; A tuft of flagella at one pole.
 Ampitrichous; flagella at both end of the cell.

11.  Peritrichous :flagella distributed over the
entire surface of the cell.