this is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students.. this lecture is on hospital acquired infection
Nosocomial Infections by Mohammad MufarrehMMufarreh
Reviews the definition, risk factors, types, sources, causes, and modes of transmission of healthcare-associated infections and the preventive measures that can be applied to minimize the risks.
Hospital acquired infections: The different common sources of infection, their routes of spread and the growing antimicrobial resistance. Also includes a discussion on hospital Infection prevention and control guidelines and the universal and standard precautions.
Nosocomial Infections by Mohammad MufarrehMMufarreh
Reviews the definition, risk factors, types, sources, causes, and modes of transmission of healthcare-associated infections and the preventive measures that can be applied to minimize the risks.
Hospital acquired infections: The different common sources of infection, their routes of spread and the growing antimicrobial resistance. Also includes a discussion on hospital Infection prevention and control guidelines and the universal and standard precautions.
Hospital-acquired infections are caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens; the most common types are bloodstream infection (BSI), pneumonia (eg, ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP]), urinary tract infection (UTI), and surgical site infection (SSI).
Hospital-acquired infections are caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens; the most common types are bloodstream infection (BSI), pneumonia (eg, ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP]), urinary tract infection (UTI), and surgical site infection (SSI)
HAI are a significant cause of increased morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. In addition, HAI lead to prolonged hospital stay, are inconvenient for the patients, and constitute huge economic burden on health care system. Studies have shown that HAI prevalence varies from 3.8% to 19.6% depending on the population surveyed with a pooled global prevalence of 10.1%.
A basic idea about Hospital Acquired Infections from a Preventive and Social Medicine Student's point of view. It has many pictures -some were indeed taken from Slide Share itself! I think I can do it since there is a "share" in Slide share :)
updated guidelines of hospital infection control, as mentioned in the ppt. its not all the guidelines but yes a brief overview and for further details refer to hospital infection control guidelines pdf.which is available in my uploads.
Hospital-acquired infections are caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens; the most common types are bloodstream infection (BSI), pneumonia (eg, ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP]), urinary tract infection (UTI), and surgical site infection (SSI).
Hospital-acquired infections are caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens; the most common types are bloodstream infection (BSI), pneumonia (eg, ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP]), urinary tract infection (UTI), and surgical site infection (SSI)
HAI are a significant cause of increased morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. In addition, HAI lead to prolonged hospital stay, are inconvenient for the patients, and constitute huge economic burden on health care system. Studies have shown that HAI prevalence varies from 3.8% to 19.6% depending on the population surveyed with a pooled global prevalence of 10.1%.
A basic idea about Hospital Acquired Infections from a Preventive and Social Medicine Student's point of view. It has many pictures -some were indeed taken from Slide Share itself! I think I can do it since there is a "share" in Slide share :)
updated guidelines of hospital infection control, as mentioned in the ppt. its not all the guidelines but yes a brief overview and for further details refer to hospital infection control guidelines pdf.which is available in my uploads.
The Role of Microorganism in Hospital Acquired Infection.pptxManitaPaneri
Hospital Acquired infections, also called nosocomial infections can be defined as the infections acquired by the patients in the hospital by a patient -
1. who was admitted for a reason other than that infection.
2. In whom infection was not present or incubated at the time of admission.
3. Symptoms should appear at least after 48 hours of admission.
In these slides, microbes responsible for hospital acquired infections and preventive strategies are shared.
This is a series of lectures on microbiology useful for undergraduate medical and paramedical students.. This lecture is a comprehensive coverage of all parasites, protozoa and helminths...
this is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students..first lecture on bacteriology..on staphylococci
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. History
• Semmelweis could control infection during
hospital deliveries (peurperal sepsis) by
hand washing
• Lister could control surgical site infections
by phenol sprays
Page 2
3. INTRODUCTION
• Nosocomial infection comes
from Greek words “nosus”
meaning disease and “ komeion”
meaning to take care of
• Also called as HOSPITAL
ACQUIRED INFECTION
• Infections are considered
nosocomial if they first appear
48hrs or more after hospital
admission or within 30 days
after discharge.
4. Rise in nosocomial infection as a result of
four factor
• Crowded hospital
conditions
• New microorganism
• Increasing number of
people with
compromised immune
system
• Increasing Bacterial
resistance
5. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Nosocomial infections
can be exogenous
(external organism) and
endogenous (opportunist
normal flora)
• Host susceptibility Is an
important factor in the
development of
nosocomial infection.
• Medical equipments and
procedures (surgery) are
often responsible for
infections
7. COMMON INFECTIONS
Following are the most common nosocomial
infections:
• Urinary tract infection
• Pneumonia
• Blood stream infections
• Surgical site infections
9. Common agents
• Gram positive – Methicillin resistant staph
aureus
• Gram negative – E coli, proteus,
pseudomonas
• Virus – HIV, Hepatitis B and C
• Fungi like Candida
• Protozoa like plasmodium
11. URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
• It is the most common cause of
nosocomial infections
• 80% of the infections are associated
with indwelling catheters.
• Main agents – Gram negative bacilli like
E coli, proteus, Pseudomonas
12. NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA
• The most important are patients
on ventilators/tubes in ICU.
Also known as VAP (ventilator
associated pneumonia)
Most commonly caused by drug
resistant Staphylococcus aureus
and pseudomonas with
acinetonacter baumanii.
13. NOSOCOMIAL BACTERAEMIA
• Infections may occurs at the skin
entry site of the IV device or in the
sub cutaneous path of catheter.
• Gram negative bacilli are most common
pathogens
14. SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS
• The definition is mainly clinical
(purulent discharge around wounds
or the insertion site of drain, or
spreading cellulites from wounds within
a week of surgery)
Stich abcess – S epidermidis
Strepto pyogenes – within a day or two
Staphylococci – take 4-5 days
Gram negative bacilli – take 6-7 days
Burns patients - psuedomonas
15. Diagnosis
• Routine methods – smear, staining, microscopy,
culture, antibiotic sensitivity testing
• When an outbreak occurs – hospital personell,
inanimate objects, water, air or food can be tested
• Test sterilization techniques like defective autoclaves,
improper chemicals used
16. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
FORMATION OF HOSPITAL INFECTION
CONTROL COMMITTEE
Consist of
Lab head (microbiologist/pathologist)
Medical staff
Nursing staff
Hospital administrator
17. Functions of HICC
• Forming guidelines for admission, handling
infectious patients
• Surveillance of sterilization techniques
• Determining antibiotic policies
• Educating patients and hospital staff
18. Prevention and control of hospital
acquired infections
•
•
•
•
•
Hand washing
Preventing UTI
Preventing surgical site infections
Preventing nosocomial pneumonia
Preventing bacteremia
Page 18
19. Hand washing
•
•
•
•
Simple and most effective way
Often overlooked
Soap and water are enough
If not an alcohol based hand steriliser can
be used
Page 19
20. Soap and water
• Wash for atleast 15-20 seconds
• Wash hands before eating, changing
diapers, after coughing/sneezing, blowing
nose, using bathroom, before and after
attending to a patient
Page 20
21. Preventing UTI
• Limit duration of catheter
• Aseptic technique of insertion
• Closed drainage
Page 21
22. Preventing Surgical site infections
• Clean technique
• Clean OT
• Preoperative shower and preparation of
patient
• Antibiotic prophylaxis
• Wound surveillance post operatively
Page 22
25. Role of nursing staff
Nursing head
• Participate in HICC meets
• Train staff
• Supervise implementation of infection
control measures in wards, OT, ICU and
maternity , neonatal units
Page 25
26. Ward incharge
• Enforce hygiene, hand washing
• Report promptly to doctor if any evidence
of infection
• Limit patient exposure to visitors, staff and
other patients
• Proper waste disposal
• Maintain adequate supply of drugs
Page 26
27. Work restrictions for nurses
• Conjuctivitis – No direct patient contact
until discharge ceases
• Diarrhoea – acute illness – no patient
contact till further evaluation; typhoid – no
contact till stool culture negative
• Sore throat (streptococci) – no contact till
after 24 hours of start of antibiotic therapy
• Chicken pox – No contact till incubation
period ceases
Page 27
28. • Herpes simplex
– Genital – no restrictions
– Hands – no contact till heals
– Orofacial – no contact till heals
Page 28
30. Questions that can be asked in
exam
• Nosocomial infections – define, organisms
responsible, prevention
• What is the role of nurses in preventing
HAI
• Hand hygiene
• Organisms causing – nosocomial UTI,
pneumonia, surgical site infections,
bacteremia
Page 30