The document discusses the main hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, D, E and G). It provides details on the epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of hepatitis A and B viruses. Hepatitis A and E are transmitted via the fecal-oral route, while hepatitis B and C are bloodborne and can be transmitted sexually or through contaminated needles. The document outlines the typical symptoms of hepatitis A infection and notes there is no antiviral treatment, only symptomatic treatment. Prophylaxis for hepatitis A involves vaccination and improved sanitation.
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Hepatitis
Infection of liver
Hepatitis viruses – A, B, C, D, E and G
B – DNA virus
All others – RNA viruses
Cause icteric jaundice
Type A and E – food borne, feco oral route
Type B and C – Blood borne, parenteral and
sexual routes
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Hepatitis A
Epidemiology
Clinical features
Lab diagnosis
Prophylaxis
Treatment
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Epidemiology
Common in children
Feco oral route – contaminated water
or milk
Over crowding and poor sanitation
Ingested, reaches intestine,
penetrates epithelium, reaches liver
through blood
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Epidemiology
Clinical features
Lab diagnosis
Prophylaxis
Treatment
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Clinical features
2-6 weeks incubation period –
asymptomatic
Clinical symptoms – malaise,
anorexia, nausea, vomitting and
abdominal pain
Yellow urine
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Developed countries
Adolscents and young adults
Infection occurs through
contaminated syringes and needles
Drug addicts
Homosexuals
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Developing countries
Children
Vertical transmission from mother to
baby
Horizontal transmission among
infants and neonates
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Everywhere
Razors, nail clippers, acupuncture,
tatooing, circumscision, ear or nose
piercing
Barbers, dentists and doctors may
get infected
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Carriers
Those who donot have symptoms but
are HbsAg positive
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Screening of blood donors
Compulsory
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Epidemiology
Clinical features
Lab diagnosis
Prophylaxis
Treatment
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Clinical features
No symptoms in carriers
Similar to HAV in acute phase
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Epidemiology
Clinical features
Lab diagnosis
Prophylaxis
Treatment
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Lab diagnosis
Demonstration of viral antibodies and
antigens in serum -
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HBsAg infection
IgM anti HBcAg recent infection
IgG anti HBcAg remote infection
HBeAg infective
Anti HBsAg immunity after
vaccination
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Epidemiology
Clinical features
Lab diagnosis
Prophylaxis
Treatment
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Prophylaxis
Avoid multiple partners
Avoid drug abuse
Use of disposable syringes and
needles
Screening of Blood, organ and semen
donors
Universal immunisation (vaccination)
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Immunisation - Passive
administer HBIG (Hepatitis B
immunoglobulin)
Administer soon after accidental
exposure
Can be administered to baby born to
a carrier mother
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Active immunisation - vaccine
Consists of HBsAg particles
Given as a routine to all babies
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Epidemiology
Clinical features
Lab diagnosis
Prophylaxis
Treatment
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Treatment
Acute phase – no treatment required,
patients recover
Chronic phase – become carriers, can
give antivirals like lamivudine and
adefovir to keep replication in check
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Hepatitis C Virus
Also blood borne
Most common cause of post
transfusion hepatitis in developed
countries
Most common cause of post hepatitis
– hepatocellular carcinoma
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Hepatitis E virus
Feco oral route
Second common cause of hepatitis
after hepatitis A in developing
countries
Generally mild and self limiting illness
Unusually high mortality (20-40 %) in
pregnancy