{Microbiology }Morphology of bacteria
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This document discusses the morphology and structure of bacteria. It begins by defining bacteria as unicellular microorganisms that can perform all life functions. Bacteria come in various shapes including cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), vibrios (comma-shaped), spirilla (helical), and spirochetes (spiral). They can also arrange in groups like diplococci (pairs), streptococci (chains), or staphylococci (grape-like clusters). Bacteria range in size from 1um to 8um and possess cell structures like flagella, cell walls, and DNA/RNA. They multiply through binary fission and can survive in many environments.
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Classification
1. Microbes are tiny living organisms that can only be seen with a microscope and include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae.
2. Microbes are classified into different kingdoms based on their structure and characteristics, with the main divisions being prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
3. Bacteria are single-celled microbes that come in different shapes and sizes and are further classified based on their morphology, biochemical traits, staining properties, and antigens.
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The document provides an overview of microbiology and bacterial cell structure. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. It then summarizes the different types of microorganisms studied in medical microbiology and branches of microbiology. Finally, it outlines the typical structures of a bacterial cell, including the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, capsules, pili, flagella, and their functions.
Bacterial classification and its structure
Bacteria are classified in several ways:
1. By staining (Gram positive/negative, acid-fast), shape (cocci, bacilli), motility, environment (aerobic/anaerobic).
2. The bacterial cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, flagella/fimbriae and cytoplasm. The cell wall provides structure and protection through its peptidoglycan layer.
3. Bacteria are further classified based on nutrition sources, temperature, pH and salt tolerance ranges they thrive in. Most bacteria serve important ecological roles while some can cause disease.
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Normal flora of human body
The normal flora are microorganisms that commonly live on and inside the healthy human body in different areas without causing issues. They can be divided into transient microbes that vary over time and resident microbes that persist. The types of microbes vary by body site, such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus on the skin, Streptococcus and anaerobes in the mouth, and a diverse array of bacteria including E. coli in the large intestine. The composition of the normal flora is influenced by factors like age, hygiene, and diet.
Normal Microflora of Human body
The document discusses the normal microbial flora that inhabit healthy humans. It is divided into resident and transient flora. The resident flora consists of microorganisms regularly found in a given area, while the transient flora inhabits areas temporarily. The four major phyla that make up most of the human microbiota are Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The normal flora varies across body sites like skin, mouth, respiratory and GI tracts. Maintaining the balance of the normal flora is important for health.
Bacteria, Bacteria Structure
Bacteria have a simple structure compared to eukaryotic cells, lacking organelles. Their small size allows rapid growth and inhabitation of diverse environments. Bacterial cells contain a cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane and cell wall. The cytoplasm holds the circular chromosome, ribosomes for protein production, and storage structures. Some bacteria have flagella for mobility or pili for attachment. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall, while Gram-negatives have a thin wall and an outer membrane. This membrane structure contributes to differences in antibiotic susceptibility between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Identification of bacteria
1. Identification of unknown bacteria is an important task for microbiologists that involves determining what taxon the bacteria belongs to.
2. There are three main categories of identification methods - phenotypic/morphological analysis, immunological/serological techniques, and genetic/molecular methods.
3. Staining techniques like simple staining, gram staining, and acid-fast staining are used for morphological analysis and involve using dyes to distinguish cell structure and characteristics. Biochemical tests like IMViC are also used to identify bacteria based on enzymatic reactions and metabolite production.
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Classification
1. Microbes are tiny living organisms that can only be seen with a microscope and include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae.
2. Microbes are classified into different kingdoms based on their structure and characteristics, with the main divisions being prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
3. Bacteria are single-celled microbes that come in different shapes and sizes and are further classified based on their morphology, biochemical traits, staining properties, and antigens.
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Bacterial classification and its structure
Bacteria are classified in several ways:
1. By staining (Gram positive/negative, acid-fast), shape (cocci, bacilli), motility, environment (aerobic/anaerobic).
2. The bacterial cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, flagella/fimbriae and cytoplasm. The cell wall provides structure and protection through its peptidoglycan layer.
3. Bacteria are further classified based on nutrition sources, temperature, pH and salt tolerance ranges they thrive in. Most bacteria serve important ecological roles while some can cause disease.
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Normal flora of human body
The normal flora are microorganisms that commonly live on and inside the healthy human body in different areas without causing issues. They can be divided into transient microbes that vary over time and resident microbes that persist. The types of microbes vary by body site, such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus on the skin, Streptococcus and anaerobes in the mouth, and a diverse array of bacteria including E. coli in the large intestine. The composition of the normal flora is influenced by factors like age, hygiene, and diet.
Normal Microflora of Human body
The document discusses the normal microbial flora that inhabit healthy humans. It is divided into resident and transient flora. The resident flora consists of microorganisms regularly found in a given area, while the transient flora inhabits areas temporarily. The four major phyla that make up most of the human microbiota are Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The normal flora varies across body sites like skin, mouth, respiratory and GI tracts. Maintaining the balance of the normal flora is important for health.
Bacteria, Bacteria Structure
Bacteria have a simple structure compared to eukaryotic cells, lacking organelles. Their small size allows rapid growth and inhabitation of diverse environments. Bacterial cells contain a cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane and cell wall. The cytoplasm holds the circular chromosome, ribosomes for protein production, and storage structures. Some bacteria have flagella for mobility or pili for attachment. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall, while Gram-negatives have a thin wall and an outer membrane. This membrane structure contributes to differences in antibiotic susceptibility between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Identification of bacteria
1. Identification of unknown bacteria is an important task for microbiologists that involves determining what taxon the bacteria belongs to.
2. There are three main categories of identification methods - phenotypic/morphological analysis, immunological/serological techniques, and genetic/molecular methods.
3. Staining techniques like simple staining, gram staining, and acid-fast staining are used for morphological analysis and involve using dyes to distinguish cell structure and characteristics. Biochemical tests like IMViC are also used to identify bacteria based on enzymatic reactions and metabolite production.
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General bacteriology
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Structure of bacterial cell
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Pseudomonas
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This document discusses various ways that bacteria can be classified, including phenotypic and genotypic classification. Phenotypically, bacteria are classified based on their morphology, anatomy, staining characteristics, culture growth, nutritional requirements, and environmental tolerances. Morphologically, bacteria are classified as cocci, bacilli, actinomycetes, spirochetes, mycoplasmas, or rickettsiae/chlamydiae depending on their shape and arrangement. Anatomical features used in classification include whether they have capsules, flagella, spores, and their gram stain reaction.
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3. Several species of Enterobacteriaceae can cause diseases like diarrhea, intestinal infections, urinary tract infections
Gram negative bacteria..
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Bacteria are microscopic, prokaryotic organisms that lack nuclei in their cells. They vary in size from 0.2-2 micrometers in diameter and 0.5-5 micrometers in length, though some large bacteria can be seen with the naked eye. Bacteria come in four basic shapes - bacillus (rod-like), coccus (spherical or ovoid), vibrio (comma-shaped), and spirilla (spiral or helical). They can exist as single cells or in various arrangements like chains or clusters depending on how they divide and remain attached after division. Their small size gives bacteria a large surface area to volume ratio, allowing for rapid nutrient absorption and waste removal.
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Contents of this presentation is targeted towards undergraduate medical students who have started their general Microbiology. Slides of this presentation shall also provide critical thinking to correlate basic Medical Microbiology with clinical aspect. Contents includes morphology of bacteria, cell wall structure of bacteria, accessory organs like flagellum, capsule, spore, plasmid etc. Also discuss the role of antibiotics over different structure of bacteria and staining characters of gram positive, gram negative or acid fast bacteria.
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This document discusses various ways that bacteria can be classified, including phenotypic and genotypic classification. Phenotypically, bacteria are classified based on their morphology, anatomy, staining characteristics, culture growth, nutritional requirements, and environmental tolerances. Morphologically, bacteria are classified as cocci, bacilli, actinomycetes, spirochetes, mycoplasmas, or rickettsiae/chlamydiae depending on their shape and arrangement. Anatomical features used in classification include whether they have capsules, flagella, spores, and their gram stain reaction.
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This document discusses the classification, structure, virulence factors, and important pathogens of the genus Streptococcus. It describes how streptococci are classified based on their hemolytic properties and Lancefield grouping. Key pathogens like S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae are then discussed in more detail, outlining their morphology, culture characteristics, toxins/enzymes, mechanisms of pathogenesis, associated diseases, and treatment approaches.
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Enterobacteriaceae
1. Enterobacteriaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria that are commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. They include several important pathogens like Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter.
2. Members of Enterobacteriaceae are facultative anaerobes and most have peritrichous flagella. Some important genera include Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Proteus, Serratia, and Morganella.
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Gram negative bacteria..
Gram negative bacteria are identified by their inability to retain crystal violet stain using the Gram staining method. They appear pink under microscopy due to the counterstain. Gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and a thin peptidoglycan layer, distinguishing them from Gram positive bacteria which have a thick peptidoglycan layer but lack an outer membrane. Common Gram negative bacteria that can cause human diseases include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Legionella pneumophila, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are associated with infections like food poisoning, sexually transmitted diseases, pneumonia, and others.
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This document discusses the key characteristics of bacteria. It notes that bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that lack internal membranous structures. The document outlines bacteria's cell structure, including the cell wall containing peptidoglycan, and external components like flagella and pili. It also describes different bacterial shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla) and arrangements (diplococci, streptococci). The functional anatomy of bacteria is examined, highlighting the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, and internal components.
bacterial cell.pptx
Microbes are tiny living organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. They include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. Bacteria are single-celled microbes that can be spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), or spiral (spirochetes). Bacterial cells contain a cell wall, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, and may have structures like flagella, pili, or a capsule. Flagella and pili help bacteria move and attach to surfaces. Bacteria are classified by their shape, size, and oxygen requirements. The human body contains many beneficial microbes as well as pathogens.
Morphology and Structure of Bacteria
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Classification of microrganisms
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes the three domain system proposed by Carl Woese which divides organisms into Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. It then provides details on the characteristics of fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses and bacteria; and discusses methods used to identify bacteria including biochemical tests and serological tests.
MICRO-ORGANISMS.pptx
This document provides an introduction to microbiology and common microorganisms. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. Most microorganisms are too small to be seen without a microscope. The document classifies microorganisms and describes some of the most common types like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. It provides details on the structure and characteristics of different microorganisms and how they are identified.
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Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
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With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
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Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
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Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
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Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
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Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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{Microbiology }Morphology of bacteria
- 1. Arvind Singh Farswan Assistant Professor College of Pharmacy, Shivalik Campus,Dehradun MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIA
- 2. Bacteria are unicellular, free living, microscopic micro-organisms capable of performing all the essential functions of life. They Possess both DNA and RNA. Bacteria are Prokaryotic micro-organisms ( do not contain chlorophyll) Occure in soil, water, air, food and all natural environments. Can Survive extremes of temperature, PH, oxygen tension and atmospheric pressures. INTRODUCTION
- 3. Most bacteria possess peptidoglycan, a unique polymer that makes its synthesis a good target for antibiotics Bacteria ( Prokaryotic cell)
- 5. SIZE Coccai are about 1um in diameter and bacilli are 1to 8 um in length and 0.1 to 0.5 um in width. Bacteria are stained by staining reagents and then visualized under higher power of magnification (1000X) of compound microscope. SHAPE On the basis of shape, bacteria are classified as : 1. Cocci : Small, spherical or oval cells. In Greek ‘kokkos’ means ‘berry’ e.g Micrococcus SIZE AND SHAPE OF BACTERIA
- 6. 2. Bacilli : Drive from the greek word ‘Bacillum’ meaning ‘Stick’. There are rod shaped cells. Eg. Bacillus anthracis. 3. Vibrios : Comma shaped, curved rods e.g. Vibrio comma. 4. Spirilla : Longer rigid rods with several curves or coils, they have a helical shape and rapid bodies e.g. Spirillum ruprem. 5. Spirochetes : They are slender and flexuous spiral forms. 6. Actinomycetes : Branching filamentous bacteria. 7. Mycoplasmas : They are cell wall deficient bacteria and hence do not possess stable morphology. They occur as round or oval bodies with interlacing filament.
- 9. Bacteria sometime show characteristic cellular arrangement or grouping. According to the plane of cellular division, cocci may be arranged in pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci), groups of four (tetrads) or eight (sarcina), or grape like clusters (staphylococci) Diplococci : Cocci that split along one plane only, tend to arrange themselves pairs. e.g. Diplococcuc pneumoniae Streptococci : These cells divide in one plane and remain attached, to form chains. e.g. Streptococcus lactis. Arrangement of Bacterial Cell
- 10. Tetracocci: Tetracocci divided in two planes and live in groups of groups of four e.g Gaffyka tetragena. Staphylococci : Cocci cells divide in three planes in an irregular pattern.These cells produce bunches of cocci as in grapes e.g. Staphylococcus aureus. Sarcinae : Sarcinae cells divide in three planes in a regular pattern.These cells produces a cuboidal arrangement of group of a eight cells.
- 11. Characteristics of Bacteria Cell Structures
- 14. Types of Flagella Single flagella on one side Tuft of flagella on one side Surrounded by lateral flagella single or tuft on both sides
- 15. GROWTH AND MULTIPLICATION OF BACTERIA Bacteria divide by binary fission and cell divides to form two daughter cells.Nuclear division precedes cell division and therefore, in a growing population, many cells having two nuclear bodies can be seen. Bacterial growth may be considered as two levels, increase in the size of individual cells and increase in number of cells.
Editor's Notes
- Spirochetes- Sprirocates