This document provides an overview of bacteria, including their general characteristics, morphology, ultrastructure, and distribution. It discusses that bacteria are unicellular microorganisms that exist as single cells and have a very high surface area to volume ratio. Their cell structure includes a cell membrane, cell wall, mesosomes, ribosomes, and may also have a capsule, flagella, or fimbriae. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla) and sizes ranging from 0.2 to 500 micrometers. They are found widely in all environments including water, soil, plants, animals, and human bodies.
Size of Microorganism
Shape of Bacteria
Morphology
Physiology
Classification Microorganism
Difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative
Functions
And Demonstration of Cell wall
Size, shape and arrangement of bacterial cellShahan Rahman
- Bacteria come in a variety of shapes, including spherical, straight rods, and helically curved, which is determined by their rigid cell wall. Their small size and high surface area to volume ratio allows for efficient nutrient absorption and waste removal.
- Structures external to the cell wall include flagella for motility, pili for attachment, and capsules for protection. The cell wall provides structure and is composed mainly of peptidoglycan. The cytoplasmic membrane internal to the cell wall regulates passage of molecules and contains enzymes.
Bacteria can reproduce through binary fission or sexually through conjugation, transformation, or transduction. Binary fission is asexual reproduction where the bacterial cell replicates its DNA and divides into two daughter cells. Conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between cells through cytoplasmic bridges formed by pili. Transformation occurs when a cell takes up free DNA from the environment. Transduction involves the transfer of bacterial genes by bacteriophages.
Bacteria require certain environmental conditions to grow and multiply, including temperature, pH, oxygen, water, and nutrients. Bacterial metabolism allows bacteria to obtain energy and synthesize cellular components through catabolic and anabolic processes. The products of bacterial anabolism like toxins, enzymes, antibiotics, and pigments have medical significance related to pathogenicity, treatment of disease, and identification of bacteria.
This document discusses the morphology and cell biology of bacteria, focusing on the bacterial cell envelope. It describes the basic structures of the bacterial cell membrane and cell wall, including the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It also discusses external structures such as flagella, pili, capsules, and slime layers that extend beyond the cell wall and help with attachment, movement, and protection. Biofilms are mentioned as microbial communities that form on surfaces.
This presentation gives detailed explanation about the anatomical structure and function of bacteria, classification and morphology are also discussed.
The presentation was part of introduction to microbiology course at university of somalia (uniso) based in Mogadishu , the capital city of Somalia.
I am very proud to share the world with this presentation, thanks for everyone who come across to it.
This document summarizes the morphology and structures of bacteria. It describes that bacteria range in size from 0.2-1.5 micrometers in diameter. Bacteria can be divided into two main groups - prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes include bacteria and blue-green algae, while eukaryotes include fungi, algae, protozoa, and slime molds. The shapes of bacteria include coccus, bacillus, coccobacillus, vibrio, spirillum, and spirochetes. Key bacterial structures include the cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, flagella, pili, capsules, and endospores
Size of Microorganism
Shape of Bacteria
Morphology
Physiology
Classification Microorganism
Difference between Gram Positive and Gram Negative
Functions
And Demonstration of Cell wall
Size, shape and arrangement of bacterial cellShahan Rahman
- Bacteria come in a variety of shapes, including spherical, straight rods, and helically curved, which is determined by their rigid cell wall. Their small size and high surface area to volume ratio allows for efficient nutrient absorption and waste removal.
- Structures external to the cell wall include flagella for motility, pili for attachment, and capsules for protection. The cell wall provides structure and is composed mainly of peptidoglycan. The cytoplasmic membrane internal to the cell wall regulates passage of molecules and contains enzymes.
Bacteria can reproduce through binary fission or sexually through conjugation, transformation, or transduction. Binary fission is asexual reproduction where the bacterial cell replicates its DNA and divides into two daughter cells. Conjugation involves the transfer of genetic material between cells through cytoplasmic bridges formed by pili. Transformation occurs when a cell takes up free DNA from the environment. Transduction involves the transfer of bacterial genes by bacteriophages.
Bacteria require certain environmental conditions to grow and multiply, including temperature, pH, oxygen, water, and nutrients. Bacterial metabolism allows bacteria to obtain energy and synthesize cellular components through catabolic and anabolic processes. The products of bacterial anabolism like toxins, enzymes, antibiotics, and pigments have medical significance related to pathogenicity, treatment of disease, and identification of bacteria.
This document discusses the morphology and cell biology of bacteria, focusing on the bacterial cell envelope. It describes the basic structures of the bacterial cell membrane and cell wall, including the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It also discusses external structures such as flagella, pili, capsules, and slime layers that extend beyond the cell wall and help with attachment, movement, and protection. Biofilms are mentioned as microbial communities that form on surfaces.
This presentation gives detailed explanation about the anatomical structure and function of bacteria, classification and morphology are also discussed.
The presentation was part of introduction to microbiology course at university of somalia (uniso) based in Mogadishu , the capital city of Somalia.
I am very proud to share the world with this presentation, thanks for everyone who come across to it.
This document summarizes the morphology and structures of bacteria. It describes that bacteria range in size from 0.2-1.5 micrometers in diameter. Bacteria can be divided into two main groups - prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes include bacteria and blue-green algae, while eukaryotes include fungi, algae, protozoa, and slime molds. The shapes of bacteria include coccus, bacillus, coccobacillus, vibrio, spirillum, and spirochetes. Key bacterial structures include the cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, flagella, pili, capsules, and endospores
Bacteria are classified according to their shape into three main categories: spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacillus), and spiral (spirillum). Their cell structure includes a capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm containing nuclear material and ribosomes, and sometimes appendages like flagella or pili. Some bacteria form dormant endospores to survive harsh conditions, which have a highly resistant structure including a core, cortex, coat, and sometimes exosporium.
This document provides an overview of bacterial morphology and classification. It defines prokaryotic cells and describes their main structures, including the cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and additional organelles like flagella and spores. It explains that the chemical composition of the cell wall forms the basis for classifying bacteria as either Gram-positive or Gram-negative. The key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are also summarized in tables.
This document provides an overview of bacterial morphology and anatomy. It describes that bacteria typically range from 0.2-1.5 microns in diameter and 3-5 microns in length. Their structures can be observed under light and electron microscopes. Bacteria have cell walls, cell membranes, cytoplasm, and may contain other structures like flagella, pili, capsules, or endospores. The document outlines the key components of bacterial cells and external structures, how they can be demonstrated, and their functions in morphology, protection, movement, and other roles in bacteria.
1. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes including spherical, straight rods, and helically curved rods. They have appendages like flagella, pili, and capsules.
2. Bacteria have an inner cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall that provides structure and rigidity. The cell wall contains peptidoglycan and is cross-linked.
3. Bacteria contain internal structures like ribosomes for protein synthesis, plasmids, and chromosomal DNA inside the cell cytoplasm. Some bacteria form resistant endospores.
This document discusses the morphology and anatomy of bacterial cells. It describes prokaryotic cells as being much smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells, lacking membrane-bound organelles. The typical bacterial cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and sometimes additional structures like flagella or spores. The cell wall provides shape and rigidity, and its chemical composition divides bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative types. Bacterial cells range in size from 0.2 to 1.5 micrometers and can have different shapes.
The bacterial cell wall provides structural integrity and determines cell shape. It is located outside the cytoplasmic membrane and is composed of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid. Peptidoglycan is responsible for the rigidity of the cell wall and consists of sugars and amino acids that form a mesh-like layer. Bacteria are classified as Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on their cell wall structure. Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer that makes up 90% of the cell wall, while Gram-negative bacteria have an additional outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides.
Bacteria have a variety of shapes and arrangements. Their cells are surrounded by a cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane. The cell wall provides shape and protection, and its structure differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria may also have extra structures like a capsule outside the cell wall or fimbriae. These extra structures help bacteria attach to surfaces and sometimes contribute to virulence.
This document discusses the structure of prokaryotic cell walls and Gram staining methods. It begins by describing the key components of bacterial cell walls, including peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, and outer membranes. It then compares and contrasts the structures of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls. Gram's staining method is introduced as a way to distinguish between the two types based on their ability to retain or release crystal violet dye. The document provides detailed steps for performing Gram staining and explains how it can be used to classify bacteria based on cell wall structure.
This document provides an introduction to the field of medical microbiology. It discusses important events in the history of microbiology including the discovery of microorganisms by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1674. It also outlines Koch's postulates for identifying pathogenic microbes and describes the main branches of medical microbiology. The document then examines the structures and characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, highlighting differences between bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. It provides details on bacterial cell structures including the cell wall, cell membrane, flagella, pili, and endospores. The principles of staining bacteria and classifying them are also summarized.
B.Sc. Microbiology II Bacteriology Unit II Morphology of Bacterial CellRai University
The document summarizes the morphology and structures of bacterial cells. It describes the basic components of the cell, including the cell membrane, cell wall, and external structures like flagella, pili, capsules and slime layers. It distinguishes between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria based on differences in their cell walls. The functions of these various cellular components are discussed, along with how they contribute to properties like motility, adhesion, pathogenicity and antibiotic sensitivity. Diagrams are included to illustrate key morphological features.
This document discusses the structure of bacterial cells. It covers the key components of bacterial cells including the cell morphology, cell wall, plasma membrane, fimbriae and pili, glycocalyx, flagella, internal structures like DNA and ribosomes, intracellular membranes, and cytoskeleton. Each component is defined and its main functions are described in 1-2 sentences.
Bacteria are microscopic, prokaryotic organisms that lack nuclei in their cells. They vary in size from 0.2-2 micrometers in diameter and 0.5-5 micrometers in length, though some large bacteria can be seen with the naked eye. Bacteria come in four basic shapes - bacillus (rod-like), coccus (spherical or ovoid), vibrio (comma-shaped), and spirilla (spiral or helical). They can exist as single cells or in various arrangements like chains or clusters depending on how they divide and remain attached after division. Their small size gives bacteria a large surface area to volume ratio, allowing for rapid nutrient absorption and waste removal.
This document discusses the structure of microbial cells. It describes prokaryotic cells as being much smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lacking membrane-bound organelles. The key structures of bacterial cells are identified as the capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, flagella, pili and cytoplasm. The cell wall provides structure and protection, and its composition differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Viruses are also discussed and described as acellular structures made of nucleic acids surrounded by protein coats.
This document describes the morphology and structures of bacteria. It discusses their size, which can range from 0.5-3 μm depending on type. The structures include a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and sometimes capsules, flagella, pili or endospores. The cell wall provides shape and protection, while the cell membrane is selective and involved in transport. Cytoplasm contains ribosomes, nucleic material, and inclusions. Flagella, pili and endospores help with motility, attachment and dormancy. Gram staining distinguishes cell wall composition and bacteria are viewed with microscopes.
Contents of this presentation is targeted towards undergraduate medical students who have started their general Microbiology. Slides of this presentation shall also provide critical thinking to correlate basic Medical Microbiology with clinical aspect. Contents includes morphology of bacteria, cell wall structure of bacteria, accessory organs like flagellum, capsule, spore, plasmid etc. Also discuss the role of antibiotics over different structure of bacteria and staining characters of gram positive, gram negative or acid fast bacteria.
General bacteriology / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
This document discusses the anatomy and classification of bacteria. It begins by classifying microorganisms as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Bacteria are prokaryotes and are smaller than eukaryotic cells, requiring microscopy to view. Bacteria morphology is described based on their shape (cocci or bacilli) and arrangement (singly, in pairs, chains, or clusters). Gram staining distinguishes between gram positive and gram negative bacteria based on cell wall structure. The bacterial cell is described as having an outer cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm containing structures like ribosomes and nucleoid, and appendages like flagella or pili. Key differences in the cell walls of gram positive
Bacteria have simple structures, lack organelles, and have circular DNA plasmids instead of chromosomes. They have strong cell walls that are resistant to environmental changes. Bacteria can move using flagella, cilia, or be non-motile. Some bacteria move to spread between hosts while non-motile bacteria spread through other means. Gram staining determines the type of carbohydrates in the bacterial cell wall, distinguishing between thick peptidoglycan walls of Gram-positive bacteria and thinner complex walls of Gram-negative bacteria.
Bacteria are microscopic single-celled prokaryotes that can exist as single cells or in chains and clusters. They lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla, etc.) and arrangements (diplococci, streptococci) and have structures like flagella, pili, and cell walls. The cell wall composition differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, determining how they are stained using the Gram staining technique. Bacteria inhabit nearly all environments on Earth.
Bacteria are microscopic single-celled prokaryotes that can exist as single cells or in chains and clusters. They lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla, etc.) and arrangements (diplococci, streptococci) and have structures like flagella, pili, and cell walls. The cell wall composition differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, determining how they are stained using the Gram staining technique. Bacteria inhabit nearly all environments on Earth.
Introductions to scope of food and microbiology.docDrx Sharma
1. Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms including bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses. It examines their structure, physiology, classification, and interactions with humans and other organisms.
2. Bacterial cells have a cell wall and plasma membrane, with some containing flagella, pili, or capsules. Their DNA is located in the nucleoid region. Gram staining distinguishes between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on differences in cell wall composition.
3. Microscopy techniques like brightfield, fluorescence, electron, and phase contrast microscopy are used to observe cellular and subcellular structures at different magnifications. Staining enhances contrast for visualization.
Bacteria are classified according to their shape into three main categories: spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacillus), and spiral (spirillum). Their cell structure includes a capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm containing nuclear material and ribosomes, and sometimes appendages like flagella or pili. Some bacteria form dormant endospores to survive harsh conditions, which have a highly resistant structure including a core, cortex, coat, and sometimes exosporium.
This document provides an overview of bacterial morphology and classification. It defines prokaryotic cells and describes their main structures, including the cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and additional organelles like flagella and spores. It explains that the chemical composition of the cell wall forms the basis for classifying bacteria as either Gram-positive or Gram-negative. The key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are also summarized in tables.
This document provides an overview of bacterial morphology and anatomy. It describes that bacteria typically range from 0.2-1.5 microns in diameter and 3-5 microns in length. Their structures can be observed under light and electron microscopes. Bacteria have cell walls, cell membranes, cytoplasm, and may contain other structures like flagella, pili, capsules, or endospores. The document outlines the key components of bacterial cells and external structures, how they can be demonstrated, and their functions in morphology, protection, movement, and other roles in bacteria.
1. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes including spherical, straight rods, and helically curved rods. They have appendages like flagella, pili, and capsules.
2. Bacteria have an inner cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall that provides structure and rigidity. The cell wall contains peptidoglycan and is cross-linked.
3. Bacteria contain internal structures like ribosomes for protein synthesis, plasmids, and chromosomal DNA inside the cell cytoplasm. Some bacteria form resistant endospores.
This document discusses the morphology and anatomy of bacterial cells. It describes prokaryotic cells as being much smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells, lacking membrane-bound organelles. The typical bacterial cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and sometimes additional structures like flagella or spores. The cell wall provides shape and rigidity, and its chemical composition divides bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative types. Bacterial cells range in size from 0.2 to 1.5 micrometers and can have different shapes.
The bacterial cell wall provides structural integrity and determines cell shape. It is located outside the cytoplasmic membrane and is composed of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid. Peptidoglycan is responsible for the rigidity of the cell wall and consists of sugars and amino acids that form a mesh-like layer. Bacteria are classified as Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on their cell wall structure. Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer that makes up 90% of the cell wall, while Gram-negative bacteria have an additional outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides.
Bacteria have a variety of shapes and arrangements. Their cells are surrounded by a cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane. The cell wall provides shape and protection, and its structure differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria may also have extra structures like a capsule outside the cell wall or fimbriae. These extra structures help bacteria attach to surfaces and sometimes contribute to virulence.
This document discusses the structure of prokaryotic cell walls and Gram staining methods. It begins by describing the key components of bacterial cell walls, including peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, and outer membranes. It then compares and contrasts the structures of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls. Gram's staining method is introduced as a way to distinguish between the two types based on their ability to retain or release crystal violet dye. The document provides detailed steps for performing Gram staining and explains how it can be used to classify bacteria based on cell wall structure.
This document provides an introduction to the field of medical microbiology. It discusses important events in the history of microbiology including the discovery of microorganisms by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1674. It also outlines Koch's postulates for identifying pathogenic microbes and describes the main branches of medical microbiology. The document then examines the structures and characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, highlighting differences between bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. It provides details on bacterial cell structures including the cell wall, cell membrane, flagella, pili, and endospores. The principles of staining bacteria and classifying them are also summarized.
B.Sc. Microbiology II Bacteriology Unit II Morphology of Bacterial CellRai University
The document summarizes the morphology and structures of bacterial cells. It describes the basic components of the cell, including the cell membrane, cell wall, and external structures like flagella, pili, capsules and slime layers. It distinguishes between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria based on differences in their cell walls. The functions of these various cellular components are discussed, along with how they contribute to properties like motility, adhesion, pathogenicity and antibiotic sensitivity. Diagrams are included to illustrate key morphological features.
This document discusses the structure of bacterial cells. It covers the key components of bacterial cells including the cell morphology, cell wall, plasma membrane, fimbriae and pili, glycocalyx, flagella, internal structures like DNA and ribosomes, intracellular membranes, and cytoskeleton. Each component is defined and its main functions are described in 1-2 sentences.
Bacteria are microscopic, prokaryotic organisms that lack nuclei in their cells. They vary in size from 0.2-2 micrometers in diameter and 0.5-5 micrometers in length, though some large bacteria can be seen with the naked eye. Bacteria come in four basic shapes - bacillus (rod-like), coccus (spherical or ovoid), vibrio (comma-shaped), and spirilla (spiral or helical). They can exist as single cells or in various arrangements like chains or clusters depending on how they divide and remain attached after division. Their small size gives bacteria a large surface area to volume ratio, allowing for rapid nutrient absorption and waste removal.
This document discusses the structure of microbial cells. It describes prokaryotic cells as being much smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lacking membrane-bound organelles. The key structures of bacterial cells are identified as the capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, flagella, pili and cytoplasm. The cell wall provides structure and protection, and its composition differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Viruses are also discussed and described as acellular structures made of nucleic acids surrounded by protein coats.
This document describes the morphology and structures of bacteria. It discusses their size, which can range from 0.5-3 μm depending on type. The structures include a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and sometimes capsules, flagella, pili or endospores. The cell wall provides shape and protection, while the cell membrane is selective and involved in transport. Cytoplasm contains ribosomes, nucleic material, and inclusions. Flagella, pili and endospores help with motility, attachment and dormancy. Gram staining distinguishes cell wall composition and bacteria are viewed with microscopes.
Contents of this presentation is targeted towards undergraduate medical students who have started their general Microbiology. Slides of this presentation shall also provide critical thinking to correlate basic Medical Microbiology with clinical aspect. Contents includes morphology of bacteria, cell wall structure of bacteria, accessory organs like flagellum, capsule, spore, plasmid etc. Also discuss the role of antibiotics over different structure of bacteria and staining characters of gram positive, gram negative or acid fast bacteria.
General bacteriology / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
This document discusses the anatomy and classification of bacteria. It begins by classifying microorganisms as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Bacteria are prokaryotes and are smaller than eukaryotic cells, requiring microscopy to view. Bacteria morphology is described based on their shape (cocci or bacilli) and arrangement (singly, in pairs, chains, or clusters). Gram staining distinguishes between gram positive and gram negative bacteria based on cell wall structure. The bacterial cell is described as having an outer cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm containing structures like ribosomes and nucleoid, and appendages like flagella or pili. Key differences in the cell walls of gram positive
Bacteria have simple structures, lack organelles, and have circular DNA plasmids instead of chromosomes. They have strong cell walls that are resistant to environmental changes. Bacteria can move using flagella, cilia, or be non-motile. Some bacteria move to spread between hosts while non-motile bacteria spread through other means. Gram staining determines the type of carbohydrates in the bacterial cell wall, distinguishing between thick peptidoglycan walls of Gram-positive bacteria and thinner complex walls of Gram-negative bacteria.
Bacteria are microscopic single-celled prokaryotes that can exist as single cells or in chains and clusters. They lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla, etc.) and arrangements (diplococci, streptococci) and have structures like flagella, pili, and cell walls. The cell wall composition differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, determining how they are stained using the Gram staining technique. Bacteria inhabit nearly all environments on Earth.
Bacteria are microscopic single-celled prokaryotes that can exist as single cells or in chains and clusters. They lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla, etc.) and arrangements (diplococci, streptococci) and have structures like flagella, pili, and cell walls. The cell wall composition differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, determining how they are stained using the Gram staining technique. Bacteria inhabit nearly all environments on Earth.
Introductions to scope of food and microbiology.docDrx Sharma
1. Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms including bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses. It examines their structure, physiology, classification, and interactions with humans and other organisms.
2. Bacterial cells have a cell wall and plasma membrane, with some containing flagella, pili, or capsules. Their DNA is located in the nucleoid region. Gram staining distinguishes between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on differences in cell wall composition.
3. Microscopy techniques like brightfield, fluorescence, electron, and phase contrast microscopy are used to observe cellular and subcellular structures at different magnifications. Staining enhances contrast for visualization.
Bacteria are small single-celled organisms. Bacteria are found almost everywhere on Earth and are vital to the planet's ecosystems. Some species can live under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure. The human body is full of bacteria, and in fact is estimated to contain more bacterial cells than human cells.
Living material is organized in unit and microorganism were living form of microscopical size and usually unicellular in structure originally classification is unsatisfied.
bacteria- lecture 3.pptx microbiology and Immunologyosmanolow
Microbiology is the study of the biology of microscopic organisms - viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, slime molds, and protozoa. The methods used to study and manipulate these minute and mostly unicellular organisms differ from those used in most other biological investigations
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error.
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.Archana Shaw
This document provides an overview of the ultrastructure and characteristic features of bacteria. It discusses the general morphology of bacteria and describes several key structures. Bacteria have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may contain structures like flagella, pili, capsules, and plasmids. The document contrasts gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell walls. It provides details on the components and functions of bacterial cell membranes, peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, and lipopolysaccharides. Reproduction, nutrition, distribution, resistance and size of bacterial cells are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of microorganisms and bacteria. It discusses that microorganisms are unicellular or multicellular organisms that include bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses. Bacteria are specifically unicellular prokaryotic organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles. The document describes bacterial cell structure both inside and outside the cell wall, including shapes, flagella, pili, capsules, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, plasmids, and ribosomes. It also discusses endospore formation in certain bacteria.
Bacteria are single-celled microscopic prokaryotes that come in a variety of shapes and sizes. While some bacteria species are pathogenic, most are non-infectious and play important environmental roles. Bacteria have a cell membrane and cell wall but lack organized structures like a nucleus. Their genetic material is a tangled network of DNA localized in the cytoplasm. Bacteria use flagella or pili to move and a polysaccharide capsule for protection or attachment. The cell wall maintains shape and protects the cell from damage.
Microbiology is the study of the biology of microscopic organisms - viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, slime molds, and protozoa. The methods used to study and manipulate these minute and mostly unicellular organisms differ from those used in most other biological investigations
The first simple forms of life appeared on earth more then 3 billion years ago. Microscopic forms of life are present in vast numbers in nearly every environment like soil, water, food, air , etc.
This document discusses the morphology and structure of bacteria. It begins by introducing bacteria and their size. It then classifies bacteria based on their shape, including cocci, bacilli, coccobacilli, vibrio, spirilla, and spirochete. The document describes the arrangement of bacterial cells and different morphologies seen in cocci and bacilli. It provides details on the anatomy of the bacterial cell, including the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleoid, and cellular appendages like flagella, pili, capsules, and endospores. It discusses the structure and functions of these various bacterial cell components.
The document outlines the key topics covered in a microbiology course, including bacteriology, virology, parasitology, and mycology. It then provides details on bacteria, including their shapes (cocci, bacilli, spiral), structures (cell wall, capsule, flagella), and ability to form spores. Bacteria are classified based on their shape and include spherical, rod-shaped, and helical forms. Their structures help with functions like protection, movement, and survival in harsh environments.
This document provides information about the structure of prokaryotic cells. It discusses that prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles and have 70S ribosomes. The key intracellular structures include the cytoplasmic membrane, nucleoid region containing circular chromosome and plasmids, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies like gas vesicles or storage granules. Extracellular structures comprise the cell wall, glycocalyx, flagella, pili, and capsule. Bacterial cells vary in shape, ranging from cocci to bacilli to spirilla.
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic organisms that can exist as single cells or in clusters. They have a simple cell structure without organelles, and their genetic material is contained in a single loop of DNA. Bacteria come in various shapes including cocci, bacilli, vibrios, spirilla, and spirochetes. Their size typically ranges from 0.5-2.0 μm. Bacteria can be identified through their shape, size, aggregation properties, staining characteristics, and imaging methods such as light, phase contrast, dark field, and electron microscopy. Their cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan and they are either Gram-positive or Gram-negative. Bacteria have a
This document discusses the structure and classification of microbes. It begins by defining microorganisms and explaining that they can only be seen under an electron microscope due to their small size. It then outlines the five kingdoms of life - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Most of the document focuses on characteristics of the Monera kingdom, which includes bacteria. It describes bacterial cell structures like the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, flagella, and endospores. It also discusses different bacterial shapes, arrangements, staining properties and includes examples of some pathogenic bacteria.
The document summarizes key aspects of bacterial morphology and structure. It describes bacteria as unicellular prokaryotic organisms that can take different shapes, like spheres, rods, spirals, etc. The basic components of a bacterial cell are the cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosomes, and a cell wall/membrane. Some bacteria also have additional structures like flagella, pili, capsules or can form resistant spores. The structure of the cell wall differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Similar to Bacteria - General Characters & a Closure Look (20)
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Bacteria - General Characters & a Closure Look
1. THE BACTERIA
General Characters & a Closure Look
V. W. PATIL
Institute of Science, Aurangabad – Maharashtra
(India)
[AW – Student ID: 49fdafcae9b911e9a8b43f9b844f09b7]
2. Acknowledgement
The presenter is thankful to the ‘Course Coordinator’ and
‘Team Members’ of a MOOC ‘ACADEMIC WRITING’ on
SWAYAM platform for the designing and developing a course
meticulously.
The idea behind the development of such online MOOCs by
UGC which are free to its users is admired by the presenter.
CC BY-SA-NC2
3. Bacteria – General Characters
Defn (Oxford) of Biology (Gk, bios = life, logos = to discourse/ to
study):
It is the study of living organisms, and is divided into many
specialized fields that cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy,
behaviour, origin, and distribution.
Bacteriology is a branch of microbiology dealing with the
identification, study, and cultivation of bacteria and with their
applications in medicine, agriculture, industry, and biotechnology.
The term bacteria (Pl.) [Sing., Bacterium] include large number of
unicellular microorganisms distributed in air, water, soil, bodies of
living plants and animals, as well as in the dead organic matter too.
CC BY-SA-NC3
4. Bacteria – General Characters
Microbe is French term which means microscopic organism or
organisms especially pathogenic.
Germ is any microorganism which is pathogenic or disease
producing bacteria.
The terms, microbe & germ are synonymous to bacterium.
Bacteria are very minute organisms. Unlike plants &animals, they do
not exit as parts of organisms. But, they exist as single cells.
Since their smaller size, they have very high surface-to-volume ratio
which is approximately 2,00,000 times greater than a similar ratio for
an adult human being.
They have very high metabolic rates and their multiplication occurs
every after 20 min.
R. H. Whittaker (1969) divided the living world into five kingdoms:
Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia.CC BY-SA-NC4
5. Whittaker’s Kingdom – Monera
1. It includes all prokaryotic cells,
2. Lack nuclear membrane, plastids, mitochondria & advanced
(9+2 strand) flagella,
3. Solitary, unicellular or colonial unicellular organization,
4. Nutrition is of absorptive type, but some groups are
photosynthetic or chemosynthetic,
5. Reproduction – asexual by fission or budding, however,
protosexual phenomena also occur,
6. Motile by simple flagella, motility by gliding or non-motile.
CC BY-SA-NC5
6. Whittaker’s Kingdom – Monera
Branch 1: Myxomonera include the forms without flagella, motility (if
present) by gliding movement.
o Phylum: Cyanophyta – Blue-green algae
o Phylum: Myxobacteriae – Gliding bacteria
Branch 2: Mastigomonera include motile forms with simple flagella
(and related non-motile forms).
o Phylum: Eubacteriae – True bacteria
o Phylum: Actinomycota – Mycelial bacteria
o Phylum: Spirochaetae – Spirochaetes (flexible in forms)
CC BY-SA-NC6
7. Distribution of Bacteria
Bacteria are widely distributed everywhere in nature:
They are very common in ponds & ditches, running streams & rivers,
seawater, soil, air, foods, petroleum oil, rubbish & manure heaps,
decaying organic matter, body surface & cavities, as well as in
intestinal tracts of animals.
CC BY-SA-NC7
8. Functions of Bacteria
1. They attack human & animal carcasses and mineralize the
organic constituents.
2. Some forms an association with plant roots & helps in
atmospheric N2 fixation.
Sulphur & phosphorus are converted to soluble inorganic salts.
3. They are necessary for sewage disposal.
4. Souring of milk for butter preparation.
5. Various industrial fermentations are carried out by the action of
bacteria on carbohydrates.
CC BY-SA-NC8
9. Morphology of Bacteria
Shapes of Bacteria:
The bacteria possess three fundamental shapes – Spherical, Rod
and Spiral or Curved rod.
Almost all bacteria show ‘pleomorphism’ in more or less degree.
But, still they maintain their definite cell form in controlled conditions.
A) Spherical Bacteria (Coccus /Cocci)
These organisms bear apparently perfect spheres or slightly
elongated or ellipsoidal in shape.
B) Rod-shaped (Bacilli /Bacillus)
These bacteria appear as cylinders (sometimes ellipsoidal in
shape) with ends more or less rounded or flat or in between
these two extremities.
CC BY-SA-NC9
10. Morphology of Bacteria
C) Spiral or Curved rod (Spirilla / Vibrios)
Curved and spiral-shaped bacteria have a common
microscopic morphology representing curved, helical, or spiral-
shaped rods.
Shape and size of bacteria is governed by the presence of cell wall.
But, sometimes various environmental factors such as: (a)
temperature of incubation, (b) age of culture, (c) concentration of
substrate, and (d) the composition of medium, may also results in
variations.
Bacteria show the characteristic morphology in young cultures
and the media possessing favourable conditions for growth.
CC BY-SA-NC10
11. Size of Bacteria
The bacteria show a great variation in their size.
Some are so small and are beyond the approach of light
microscope.
e.g. Pelagibacter ubique; with length 0.37 – 0.89µm and 0.12 –
0.20µm in diameter.
Some are so large and are almost visible to the naked eyes.
e.g. Thiomargarita namibiensis; 100 – 200 µm, sometimes
750µm
But, none can be seen without the aid of a microscope.
In spherical forms, size is measured in terms of a diameter;
whereas, in rod-shaped forms, the length & breadth are
measured for their sizes.
In case of spiral forms, the apparent length & breadth are
considered.
CC BY-SA-NC11
13. Units of length used in bacteriology
The bacterial size is measured in micrometers, µm (= microns,
µ).
1µ = 10-6m = 10-4cm = 10-3 mm
Bacteria generally ranges from 0.2µm or less (Mycoplasma) to
500µm (Spirochaeta).
These can be measured by ocular micrometer or through
softwares available in market.
CC BY-SA-NC13
14. The Bacterial Cell – A Closure Look (Ultrastructure)
A bacterial cell consists of:
Compound membrane enclosing protoplasm (jelly-like, colourless,
transparent OR a thick, viscous semi-fluid with high percentage of
water),
Fine granules,
Vacuoles,
Mesosomes,
Ribosomes,
Polysaccharides,
Lipids,
Plasmids (extra-chromosomal DNA), etc.
Externally, bacteria cell may also show the presence of capsule(s),
fimbriae (pili), and/or flagella.
CC BY-SA-NC14
15. The Bacterial Cell – A Closure Look (Ultrastructure)
Cell Membranes:
This complex structure includes: (i) an inner cytoplasmic
membrane, (ii) cell wall, and (iii) an outer slime layer or
capsule.
Cytoplasmic Membrane
It appears in young cells as an ‘interfacial fluid film’ but
becomes ‘thicker & denser’ in later development.
Composition:
It contributes almost 10% to the total dry weight of the cell.
It is composed of approx. 75% of proteins, 20 – 30 % lipids,
and 2% of carbohydrates.
CC BY-SA-NC15
16. The Bacterial Cell – A Closure Look (Ultrastructure)
Composition:
It takes deep stain with basic/ neutral dyes with wide range of
pH.
It is semipermeable in nature.
The concentration of protoplasm (metabolites) inside may
reach to 20atm (=osmotic pressure) or approx. 300 lb PSI. The
cell can withstand this pressure due to the rigid cell wall
outside).
The cytoplasmic membrane of many bacteria possesses
intracellular membranous system, called mesosomes.
CC BY-SA-NC16
17. The Bacterial Cell – A Closure Look (Ultrastructure)
Mesosomes or Chondrioids:
These structures are the invaginations of the cytoplasmic
membrane.
They are most conspicuous in gram +ve bacteria, and may
appear in two different forms.
a) Vesicular type: e.g. Bacillus subtilis
b) Lamellar type: The lamellae results from the coiling up
of the membranes. e.g. Lactobacillus plantarum
The exact functions of these mesosomes is unknown (clearly
not understood yet) but, may get involved in linking cytoplasmic
membrane and the nucleus as those with ER.
Lamellar type
Vesicular
type
CC BY-SA-NC17
18. The Bacterial Cell – A Closure Look (Ultrastructure)
Cell wall:
It is a rigid structure; selectively permeable and has low
affinity for stains.
Still it stains lightly with basic fuchsin and methyl violets; but,
can be stained deeply with a mordant such as tannic acid.
The treatment with this mordant increases the ‘thickness of
the cell’.
The cell wall accounts for 20% of dry weight of a cell and forms
a major structural component of the cell. It ranges from 10-23
nm.
Cell Wall Composition:
In higher plants, it is composed of cellulose (polymer of
glucose); whereas, in molds it is made up of chitin (polymer of
acetylated glucosamine). CC BY-SA-NC18
19. The Bacterial Cell – A Closure Look (Ultrastructure)
Cell Wall in gram +ve Bacteria:
It is 20 – 80 nm in thickness and
also includes a transparent
layer – cytoplasmic membrane
measuring 7.5nm in thickness.
Cell wall is composed of
peptidoglycans, also called
mucopeptide, glycopeptides,
or murein.
Peptidoglycans are composed
of N-acetylglucosamine, N-
acetylmuramic acid, L-alanine,
D-alanine, D-glutamic acid,
meso-diaminopimelic acid, or L-
lysine.
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
HYVXMtRb9q0/WxrBv1wHVxI/AAAAAAAAKYU/Nv6
adZOhISMabqRvCpzDvjDkMQLKEBFEgCLcBGAs/s
1600/gram%2Bpositive%2Bvs%2Bgram%2Bnegativ
e%2Bbacteria.png
CC BY-SA-NC19
20. The Bacterial Cell – A Closure Look (Ultrastructure)
Cell Wall in gram -ve Bacteria:
It is complex in
organization/composition, but is
thinner than the gram +ve bacteria.
A rigid peptidoglycan layer (2-3nm
in thickness) is located between the
inner cytoplasmic membrane and
an outer multiple-track layer which
is made up of lipoproteins and
lipopolysaccharide complexes.
The external multiple-track layers, a
rigid peptidoglycan layer and a
cytoplasmic membrane together
constitute a ‘bacterial envelope’.
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
HYVXMtRb9q0/WxrBv1wHVxI/AAAAAAAAKYU/Nv6ad
ZOhISMabqRvCpzDvjDkMQLKEBFEgCLcBGAs/s160
0/gram%2Bpositive%2Bvs%2Bgram%2Bnegative%2B
bacteria.png
CC BY-SA-NC20
21. The Bacterial Cell – A Closure Look (Ultrastructure)
Slime Layer and Capsule:
These are extracellular,
slimy or gelatinous
polysaccharide-like
material produced by
bacteria showing
mucoid growth.
It may remain firmly
attached to the cell
forming ‘capsule’ or
may part freely from the
cell as a free slime or
gum.
CC BY-SA-NC21
22. The Bacterial Cell – A Closure Look (Ultrastructure)
Flagella:
It is a hair-like organ especially for the motility of
an organism.
It is a long, slender and delicate organ and can
be easily detached from the cell.
They show wide variations in different species:
a) Monotrichous – If a single flagella is
present at one end
b) Amphitrichous – If the flagella are
present one at each end
c) Lophotrichous – When a tuft of
flagellae are present at one or both
the ends
d) Peritrichous – When the flagellae are
present all over the surface
Monotrichous
Lophotrichou
s
Lophotrichou
s
Peritrichous
Amphitrichou
s
CC BY-SA-NC22
23. The Bacterial Cell – A Closure Look (Ultrastructure)
Flagella:
A flagellum possesses three different parts:
(i) Basal body – It anchors the flagellum to the cell
envelope
(ii) Hook region – connects shaft to the basal body (it is
proteinaceous)
(iii) Filament or Shaft – It is longer than the cell itself (made
up of flagellin)
Flagella are not the only means of motility in the organisms, but
some can move by ‘gliding motion’.
A flagella structure in Gram –ve bacteria
CC BY-SA-
NC
23
24. The Bacterial Cell – A Closure Look (Ultrastructure)
Fimbriae (Pl) [Sing – Fimbria]:
These are the ‘surface appendages’
and are straight, hair-like &
proteinaceous in nature.
They are the characteristic mainly of
Gram –ve bacteria.
They remain distributed on all over the
surface or may occur in tuft at the
particular site.
They play an important role by
enabling bacteria: (a) to stick to
surfaces, (b) to stick with other
plants/animals cells, and (c) to stick
with other bacterial cells.
Cell-surface appendages of
a bacterial cell
CC BY-SA-NC24
25. The Bacterial Cell – A Closure Look (Ultrastructure)
Pili (Pl) [Sing – Pilus]:
These are hair-like, proteinaceous
surface outgrowths which occur on
some Gram –ve cells.
They have a role in ‘conjugation’, i.e.
passing genetic material to another
cell.
They are sometimes called ‘sex pili’
and confusingly ‘sex fimbriae’.
Cell-surface appendages of
a bacterial cell
CC BY-SA-NC25
26. References
Salle, A.J., Fundamental Principles of Bacteriology (7th Edition-
Reprint, 2008), TMH Publications, New Delhi.
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/essay/essay-on-bacteria-
biology/21706
CC BY-SA-NC26
27. Feedback to the Course – Academic Writing
The course is very beneficial to the students and blooming
researchers to begin and shape their ideas at the first step of
their career.
This course is focused mainly to fill the gap in knowledge
needed for effective and result oriented academic writing.
The course attracts towards its most important module of
‘PLAGIARISM’ which is a real challenge to maintain the AW
standards in recent publications.
CC BY-SA-NC27