It discusses laboratory tests involved in diagnosing meningitis with more emphasis on details of each test and findings, esp useful for microbiologists and medical students.
It discusses laboratory tests involved in diagnosing meningitis with more emphasis on details of each test and findings, esp useful for microbiologists and medical students.
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
This is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for both undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students... This lecture covers cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea and dysentry
Blood stream infections- clinical microbiologySijo A
Blood stream infections (BSI) refers to the presence of organisms in blood which are threat to every organ in the body.
It causes shock, multiple organ failure and DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation).
The presence of bacteria in blood is called Bacteremia.
The bacteria circulate and actively multiply in the blood stream is called Septicemia.
The presence of virus in blood is called Viremia.
The presence of parasite in blood is called Parasitemia.
The presence of fungi in blood is called Fungemia.
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
This is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for both undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students... This lecture covers cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea and dysentry
Blood stream infections- clinical microbiologySijo A
Blood stream infections (BSI) refers to the presence of organisms in blood which are threat to every organ in the body.
It causes shock, multiple organ failure and DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation).
The presence of bacteria in blood is called Bacteremia.
The bacteria circulate and actively multiply in the blood stream is called Septicemia.
The presence of virus in blood is called Viremia.
The presence of parasite in blood is called Parasitemia.
The presence of fungi in blood is called Fungemia.
This is a series of lectures on microbiology useful for undergraduate medical and paramedical students.. This lecture is a comprehensive coverage of all parasites, protozoa and helminths...
this is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students.. this lecture is on hospital acquired infection
this is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students..first lecture on bacteriology..on staphylococci
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
6. Causes
Stasis of urine (enlarged prostate etc.)
Sexual activity
Pregnancy
Catheterisation
Stones
7. 5-7% pregnant women may present
without symptoms
May lead to prematurity and perinatal
death
Hence mandatory to screen all pregnant
women
8. Symptoms of Urinary Tract Infection
UPPER UTI
Dysuria (burning micturition)
Increased frequency
LOWER UTI
Fever
Flank pain
9. Agents of UTI
Most common – E coli
Community acquired
E. coli
Enterobacter
Hospital acquired
Klebsiella
S. aureus
Pseudomonas
10. Lab diagnosis
Urine can get contaminated while
passing
Sterile wide mouthed container
Mid stream clean catch specimen
First portion – bacteria from distal
urethra
Processed within 2 hours
11.
12. Significant bacteriuria
>1,00,000 bacteria per ml
Counts <1000 are due to contamination
Counts between 1000 and 1,00,000 may
be significant, have to be co related
clinically and by repeat culture
39. Pathogenicity and virulence
Surface antigens O and K
O antigen – prevents phagocytosis,
endotoxic activity
K antigen – also protects against
phagocytoisis
Fimbria – important in UTI
Toxins – beta lactamase