Rna viruses (1)
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This document discusses RNA viruses, which are viruses that use RNA as their genetic material. RNA viruses are classified into four groups according to the Baltimore classification system based on their replication method and genomic type. Group III contains double-stranded RNA viruses like rotavirus. Group IV contains positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses like hepatitis A and C. Group V contains negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses like influenza and measles. Group VI contains reverse transcribing diploid single-stranded RNA viruses like HIV. The document examines the structures and replication cycles of influenza virus and HIV in more detail. It also notes the types of cells that different RNA viruses infect, such as epithelial cells for influenza and T lymphocytes for
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Classification of virus
The document classifies viruses according to their nucleic acid, capsid, and envelope. Viruses are classified based on whether they contain DNA or RNA, if it is single or double stranded, segmented or not, and positive or negative stranded for RNA viruses. Capsids are classified as icosahedral or helical. Envelopes are naked or enveloped. DNA viruses like herpes, hepatitis, adeno, papilloma, parvo, and pox viruses are usually double stranded, icosahedral, and replicate in the nucleus, with some exceptions. RNA viruses are generally single stranded, enveloped, helical, and replicate in the cytoplasm, though some are double stranded, non-enveloped, or
Standard (+) Rna Virus
The document discusses RNA viruses from the Togaviridae and Flaviviridae families that cause hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis. It describes the structure and genome of togaviruses like alphaviruses and rubivirus, and flaviviruses like those that cause dengue, yellow fever, and hepatitis C. These viruses are transmitted by arthropods and can cause diseases ranging from mild fevers and rashes to hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and congenital rubella syndrome. Vaccines exist for some viruses like rubella and yellow fever.
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Poxviruses are a family of large, complex enveloped viruses that contain double-stranded DNA. They include viruses that infect humans and other vertebrates. Smallpox and molluscum contagiosum are human poxviruses, while viruses like vaccinia, cowpox and monkeypox can infect humans incidentally from animal hosts. Poxviruses replicate in the cytoplasm and have complex virion structures. Important human poxviruses include variola (smallpox virus), which was eradicated in the 1970s through vaccination, and molluscum contagiosum, which causes a generally mild skin infection.
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POXVIRUSES.ppt
Largest viruses that infect vertebrates
Can be seen under light microscope
Poxvirus diseases are characterized by skin lesions – localized or generalized
Important diseases caused by poxviruses are-
Smallpox
Monkeypox
Cowpox
Tanapox
Molluscum contagiosum
Chapter 2 classification of virus
This document provides an overview of virus classification and the Baltimore classification system. It begins with an introduction to naming conventions for viruses and general approaches to classification. It then describes the Baltimore classification in detail, which divides viruses into 7 classes based on their genome type and replication strategy. The classification focuses on whether the viral nucleic acids are DNA or RNA, and if they are single- or double-stranded. Key viral families are listed as examples for each class.
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Classification of virus
The document classifies viruses according to their nucleic acid, capsid, and envelope. Viruses are classified based on whether they contain DNA or RNA, if it is single or double stranded, segmented or not, and positive or negative stranded for RNA viruses. Capsids are classified as icosahedral or helical. Envelopes are naked or enveloped. DNA viruses like herpes, hepatitis, adeno, papilloma, parvo, and pox viruses are usually double stranded, icosahedral, and replicate in the nucleus, with some exceptions. RNA viruses are generally single stranded, enveloped, helical, and replicate in the cytoplasm, though some are double stranded, non-enveloped, or
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Poxviruses
Poxviruses are a family of large, complex enveloped viruses that contain double-stranded DNA. They include viruses that infect humans and other vertebrates. Smallpox and molluscum contagiosum are human poxviruses, while viruses like vaccinia, cowpox and monkeypox can infect humans incidentally from animal hosts. Poxviruses replicate in the cytoplasm and have complex virion structures. Important human poxviruses include variola (smallpox virus), which was eradicated in the 1970s through vaccination, and molluscum contagiosum, which causes a generally mild skin infection.
Enterobacteriaceae
The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of gram-negative bacteria that are commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. They include many genera like Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and others. Some species are normal gut flora while others are pathogenic. These bacteria can be identified based on their biochemical reactions and antigenic structures.
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POXVIRUSES.ppt
Largest viruses that infect vertebrates
Can be seen under light microscope
Poxvirus diseases are characterized by skin lesions – localized or generalized
Important diseases caused by poxviruses are-
Smallpox
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Cowpox
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Viruses are small infectious agents that cannot replicate outside of host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses have an additional outer envelope. Viruses come in different shapes and sizes, including spherical, helical, polyhedral and more complex structures. Viruses infect specific host cells by binding to cellular receptors and then using the host cell's machinery to replicate their genetic material and make new virus particles.
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1D. CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES.pptx
This document discusses the classification of viruses. It describes that viruses can be classified based on their nucleic acid composition (DNA or RNA), whether they are enveloped or not, and the disease they cause. It provides examples of virus families under each classification type. The document also discusses several virus classification systems used historically and currently, including the Baltimore classification system which is favored by molecular biologists as it groups viruses based on their replication strategies.
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Entry of virus
Spread of virus
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Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, Multiplication
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Release of new virions
Common viral diseases of Bovines
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Properties of viruses
Viruses are small infectious agents that can only replicate inside living host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA and have a variety of shapes, sizes, and structures. Viruses infect all types of organisms from plants and animals to bacteria and archaea. They lack cellular machinery like ribosomes and must hijack host cell mechanisms to produce new viral particles. The replication cycle involves a virus attaching to and entering a host cell, releasing its genetic material, making copies of itself using host cell resources, assembling new viral particles, and exiting to infect new host cells.
Virus - Structure and Classification
This document discusses virus structure and classification. It defines viruses as the smallest infectious agents containing either RNA or DNA as their genome. Viruses have a capsid or envelope and replicate only inside living cells. The structure of enveloped viruses includes the capsid, envelope, peplomers, and nucleocapsid. Baltimore classification groups viruses into 7 categories based on their nucleic acid type and replication strategy, such as double-stranded DNA viruses and single-stranded RNA viruses with a DNA intermediate.
Shigella.ppt
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
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Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
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Orthomyxoviruses
This document discusses orthomyxoviruses, which include influenza viruses A, B, and C. It provides details on their structure, including being linear, segmented RNA viruses with negative-sense and enveloped. It also describes the influenza virus life cycle, pathogenesis in humans, clinical symptoms of influenza infection, and methods for prevention and control including inactivated viral vaccines and live attenuated influenza vaccines.
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Retroviruses are a family of viruses that contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase which allows their RNA genetic material to be transcribed into DNA. The retrovirus family includes HIV. Retroviruses infect vertebrates and have an envelope containing glycoproteins. Their lifecycle involves transcribing their RNA genome into DNA inside the host cell and integrating that DNA into the host genome. HIV is a lentivirus that causes AIDS in humans. It is approximately 100 nanometers in diameter and has an envelope with spike proteins and a bullet-shaped core containing its two RNA strands and enzyme proteins. The two main types are HIV-1, which is most common worldwide, and HIV-2, which is concentrated in West Africa
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This document discusses virus classification systems. It provides an overview of the Baltimore classification system, which categorizes viruses based on their method of mRNA production. Group I viruses contain double-stranded DNA and produce mRNA through transcription. Group II viruses have single-stranded DNA and produce a double-stranded DNA intermediate before transcription. Group III viruses use double-stranded RNA, with one strand serving as the mRNA template. Group IV viruses contain single-stranded RNA with positive polarity that directly serves as mRNA.
Flagella
The bacterial flagellum has three main parts - the filament, basal body, and hook. The filament is the longest, rigid structure made of the protein flagellin. The basal body is embedded in the cell and contains protein rings. The hook connects the filament to the basal body. The basal body contains protein rings and a central rod that span the cell membranes. Rotation of the flagellum is driven by a motor composed of a rotor and stator. Proton motive force powers the motor and causes clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation for movement or tumbling.
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Viruses are small infectious agents that cannot replicate outside of host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses have an additional outer envelope. Viruses come in different shapes and sizes, including spherical, helical, polyhedral and more complex structures. Viruses infect specific host cells by binding to cellular receptors and then using the host cell's machinery to replicate their genetic material and make new virus particles.
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Viruses infect host cells and use the host's cellular machinery to replicate themselves. This involves the virus attaching and entering the host cell, releasing its genome, producing new viral components, assembling new virus particles, and causing the host cell to burst and release the new virus particles to infect other cells. Viruses can spread systemically throughout the host's body or remain localized to sites of infection. The replication cycle allows viruses to efficiently propagate and spread infection.
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The document provides an overview of virus classification systems. It discusses how viruses were initially named randomly but are now classified systematically. The main classification criteria include the type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), number of strands, presence of an envelope, capsid structure, host type, and mode of transmission. Two major classification systems are described - the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) system which is based on genomic properties, and the Baltimore classification which is based on mRNA synthesis strategies. The document also discusses classification based on replication properties and site.
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Classification of virus
This document discusses the classification of viruses. It describes how viruses are classified based on their morphology, genome, and other properties. There are three major categories of viruses: animal viruses, plant viruses, and bacteriophages. Animal viruses are further classified into families based on their nucleic acid content, envelope, and other features. Plant viruses and bacteriophages are also organized into families and genera according to their genome and structure. The Baltimore classification and ICTV classification systems provide frameworks for systematically grouping viruses.
PRESENTATION ON VIRUS.pptx
Viruses can replicate only inside living host cells. The replication process involves several steps:
1) Adsorption, where the virus attaches to the host cell receptor.
2) Penetration and uncoating, where the virus enters the cell and releases its nucleic acid.
3) Replication of the viral nucleic acid using host cell machinery. This results in many copies of the viral genome.
4) Synthesis of viral capsid proteins and assembly of new virus particles that are released from the host cell.
Morphology, Classification, Cultivation and Replication of Virus
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presentation....human viral diseases
This document discusses human viral diseases. It begins by introducing different types of viruses that infect humans, including DNA viruses like herpesviruses and adenoviruses, and RNA viruses like flaviviruses, picornaviruses, and retroviruses. The document then explains the replication cycle of viruses in human cells, involving attachment, penetration, uncoating, gene expression, assembly, and release. Finally, it provides details on specific human viral diseases like influenza, rabies, and hepatitis B, covering symptoms, transmission methods, and key facts.
Virus nomenclature classification and properties
This document discusses viruses, including their definition, discovery, classification, and properties. It defines viruses as non-living particles that can only multiply within host cells. Some key points include:
- Viruses were first discovered in the late 1800s and early 1900s, including tobacco mosaic virus and viruses that cause smallpox and rabies.
- Viruses are classified based on their structure, genetic composition, and the hosts they infect, with the main systems being Baltimore classification and ICTV classification.
- Properties of viruses include their small size range of 20-350nm, that they are obligate intracellular parasites, and that they contain either RNA or DNA but not both.
Sv 40
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus that infects monkeys. It was accidentally introduced to humans via contaminated polio vaccines in the 1950s-60s. SV40 has the ability to integrate into the host cell genome and induce tumors in animals. It was initially used as a model virus to study eukaryotic molecular processes and became a popular gene delivery vector due to its non-immunogenicity and ability to infect a wide range of cells. While SV40's role in human cancer is unclear, some studies have found SV40 DNA sequences in some human tumor samples.
The topic is presented by sakura khan
Viruses exist in two phases - an extracellular phase where they possess few enzymes and protect their genome, and an intracellular phase where they induce host cells to synthesize viral components. They are cultivated using techniques like growing them in embryonated eggs, animal cell monolayers, and bacterial lawns. Viruses have a nucleocapsid core containing genetic material surrounded by a protein capsid. They vary greatly in size and structure, with capsids that are isocahedral, helical, enveloped, or more complex. Their genetic material can be single or double-stranded DNA or RNA.
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Rna viruses (1)
- 1. RNA VIRUSES:
- 2. GROUP MEMBERS • Hareem Zainab • Numhra Anwar • Mariam Khalid
- 3. WHAT ARE VIRUSES ? VIRUSES ARE MICROORGANISM INFECTIOUS AGENTS REPLICATES/MULTIPLICATES ONLY IN LIVING CELLS OF THE OTHERORGANISMS.
- 4. TYPES OF VIRUSES: . DNA VIRUSES . RNA VIRUSES
- 5. RNA VIRUSES: RNA viruses are those viruses 1. Having RNA AS GENETIC MATERIAL 2. RNA MAY BE • SINGLE STRANDED • DOUBLE STRANDED 3. Size range from (2300 – 31000)nt in length.
- 6. CLASSIFICATION OF RNA VIRUSES: ACCORDING TO BALTIMORE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM VIRUSES ARE PLACED INTO SEVEN GROUPS ACCORDING TO THEIR MODE OF REPLICATION AND GENOMIC TYPE. OUT OF SEVEN FOUR GROUPS ARE OF RNA VIRUSES.
- 8. • GROUP III DS RNA (DOUBLE STRANDED RNA): WIDELY RANGE HOST CELLS. • GROUP IV+ SS RNA(POSITIVE SENSE SINGLE STRANDED RNA): SIMILAR TO MESSENGER RNA. • GROUP V- SS RNA (NEGATIVE SENSE SINGLE STRANDED RNA): COMPLIMENTARY TO MESSENGER RNA . • GOUP VI REVERSE TRANSCRIBING DIPLOID SS RNA : REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE ENZYME IS PRESENT.
- 9. EXAMPLES OF ALL GROUPS OF RNA VIRUSES: • GROUP III : ROTAVIRUS • GROUP IV: PICORNAVIRUSES, HEPATITIS A & C VIRUS • GROUP V : INFLUENZA VIRUS , MEASLES • GROUP VI: HIV
- 10. STRUCTURES OF RNA VIRUSES: We discuss the following two in this INFLUENZA HIV
- 12. HIV STRUCTURE:
- 13. REPLICATION / MULTIPLICATION VIRUSES ATTACK THE CELL IN FOLLOWING STEPS: BINDING ENDOCYTOSIS FUSION REPLICATION PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ASSEMBLY BUDDING RELEASE
- 16. CELLS ON WHICH RNA VIRUSES ATTACK INFLUENZAVIRUS ATTACK EPITHELIAL CELLS OF NOSE, THROAT AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. HEPATITIS C VIRUS ATTACK LIVER CELLS. POLIO VIRUS ATTACK NERVE CELLS OF THE BRAIN STEM. ROTAVIRUS ATTACK EPITELIAL CELLS OF VILLI HIV ATTACK T LYMPHOCYTES.
- 17. PRECAUTIONS FOR VIRAL DIEASES: • WASH HAND PROPERLY WITH SAOP. • VACCINATION . • DO NOT USE SYRINGS AND NEEDLES WHICH HAVE ALREADY BEING USED. • PROPER SANITATION SYSTEM. • DO NOT USE TOOTHBRUSHES , TOWELS AND BLADES OF OTHERS. • ALWAYS DRINK PURE AND CLEAN WATER. • DRINK LEMON WATER EVERY DAY . AND ETC.
- 19. THANK YOU