Classifications of Fungi
Characteristics of all Fungi
Structure of Fungi
Reproduction
Classification of Fungi
Basidiomycota
sexual reproduction occur by basidium , will be present spore is called basidiospore .
Asexual by budding ,fragementation, conidiospores.
Ascomycota
microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores.
Mostly the ascomycota is sexual but some asexual it lacks the ascospore.
Zygomycota
Two spore
mitospores ( or) sporangiospore
chlamitospore (or) zygospore
Deuteromycota
Imperfect Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles.
sexual life cycle that is either unknown or absent.
Asexual reproduction is by means of conidia or may be lacking.
culture media
SDA medium – sabouraud dextrose agar
Classifications of Fungi
Characteristics of all Fungi
Structure of Fungi
Reproduction
Classification of Fungi
Basidiomycota
sexual reproduction occur by basidium , will be present spore is called basidiospore .
Asexual by budding ,fragementation, conidiospores.
Ascomycota
microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores.
Mostly the ascomycota is sexual but some asexual it lacks the ascospore.
Zygomycota
Two spore
mitospores ( or) sporangiospore
chlamitospore (or) zygospore
Deuteromycota
Imperfect Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles.
sexual life cycle that is either unknown or absent.
Asexual reproduction is by means of conidia or may be lacking.
culture media
SDA medium – sabouraud dextrose agar
When fresh liquid medium is inoculated with a given number of bacteria and incubated for sufficient period of time, it gives a characteristic growth pattern of bacteria.
If the bacterial population is measured periodically and log of number of viable bacteria is plotted in a graph against time, it gives a characteristic growth curve which is known as growth curve or growth cycle.
The physical factors affects the growth of microorganism.
1) Temperature
Temperature is the most important factor that influences the rate of enzyme catalysed reactions and rate of growth.
For every organisms there is an optimum temperature for growth and minimum temperature for inhibiting the growth.
Most extreme the microbes need liquid water to grow.(330C).
some algae and fungi grow at 55-60 degreeC.
Prokaryotes are grow at 100 degreeC.
Based on temperature the microorganisms are classified into two 4.
Acid fast staining is differential staining technique which differentiate bacteria into two group- acid fast bacteria and non acid bacteria. It used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium .
Classification of Bacteria microbiologyVinay Dhiman
Based on Bergey's Manual of systematic classification 2nd edition microbiology,Life sciences
The second edition was divided into 5 volumes
The Deinococci , Mollicutes, and Non-proteobacterial Gram-Negative Bacteria
When fresh liquid medium is inoculated with a given number of bacteria and incubated for sufficient period of time, it gives a characteristic growth pattern of bacteria.
If the bacterial population is measured periodically and log of number of viable bacteria is plotted in a graph against time, it gives a characteristic growth curve which is known as growth curve or growth cycle.
The physical factors affects the growth of microorganism.
1) Temperature
Temperature is the most important factor that influences the rate of enzyme catalysed reactions and rate of growth.
For every organisms there is an optimum temperature for growth and minimum temperature for inhibiting the growth.
Most extreme the microbes need liquid water to grow.(330C).
some algae and fungi grow at 55-60 degreeC.
Prokaryotes are grow at 100 degreeC.
Based on temperature the microorganisms are classified into two 4.
Acid fast staining is differential staining technique which differentiate bacteria into two group- acid fast bacteria and non acid bacteria. It used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium .
Classification of Bacteria microbiologyVinay Dhiman
Based on Bergey's Manual of systematic classification 2nd edition microbiology,Life sciences
The second edition was divided into 5 volumes
The Deinococci , Mollicutes, and Non-proteobacterial Gram-Negative Bacteria
all relevant information that will assist the nurses to acquire the depth knowledge regarding morphological features of bacteria and its subject matter...............
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Classification of bacteria power point templates and backgroundsTemplates Powerpoint
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When you get a car insurance quote, the auto insurance agent may ask you about your commute. The answer that they are looking for is the distance that you drive to work or to school, one-way not round-trip. How does your commute really cost you?
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
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Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
2. Bacteria can be classified in many ways. The
first classification scheme was published in
1773 and many more have appeared since.
Science of microbiology has developed other
kind of classification but medically important
classification is as follows
3. Based on several major properties
Morphological
Anatomical
Staining
Based on pathogenicity
Based on relationship of host and organism.
Nutrition
Environmental factors
4. Bacteria can be classified according to morphological
characteristics like their cell shape, size and structure and
their specific arrangement like motility and flagellar
arrangement.
Bacteria can be classified into six major groups on
morphological basis.
1. TRUE BACTERIA
Cocci – These are spherical or oval cells. On the basis of
arrangement of individual organisms they can be described
as
Monococci (Cocci in singles) – Monococcus spp.
Diplococci (Cocci in pairs) – Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococci (Cocci in grape-like clusters) – Staphylococcus
aureus
Streptococci (Cocci in chains) – Streptococcus pyogenes
Tetrad (Cocci in group of four) - Micrococcus spp.
Sarcina (Cocci in group of eight)
5. Bacilli – These are rod-shaped bacteria.
On the basis of arrangement of organisms,
they can be described as
Diplobacilli
Streptobacilli
Palisades
Chinese-letter form
Coccobacilli
Comma-shaped
6. 2. ACTINOMYCETES (actin- ray, mykes-
fungus)
These are rigid organisms like true
bacteria but they resemble fungi in that they
exhibit branching and tend to form
filaments.
They are termed such because of their
resemblance to sun rays when seen in tissue
sections.
7. 3. Spirochaetes
These are relatively longer, slender, non-
branched microorganisms of spiral shape
having several coils.
8. 4. Mycoplasmas
These bacteria lack in rigid cell wall (cell
wall lacking) and are highly pleomorphic and
of indefinite shape.
They occur in round or oval bodies and in
interlacing filaments.
5. Rickettsiae and Chlamydiae
These are very small, obligate parasites,
and at one time were considered closely
related to the viruses. Now, these are
regarded as bacteria.
12. (a) Gram stain:
1) Gram positive: after the gram stain
organism which occur violet in colour.
2) Gram negative: Which appear pink or
red
(b)Acid fast stain:
1) Acid fast organism: after the ziehl –
neelsen stain it will show pink in colour
2) Non acid fast organism: after this stain
organism will appear blue in colour
14. A) pathogens: the organism which is able to
spread disease and can cause disease.
B) Non pathogens: which does not cause and
disease; e.x: lactobacilli
C) Commensals: normaly non pathogenic but
sometime they show the disease when
immunity impaired
15. 1) saprophytes: free living microbes on dead
animals or decaying things that can be found in
soil and water and play important role in
degradation of organic matter.
2) Parasites: that establish themselves and
multiply in hosts.
3) Commensals: microbes that live in complete
live with harmony but they can produce disese
when host resistance Is lowerd.E.x: normal
flora organism
19. Aerobe (grow in ambient temperature,
which contains 21% O2 and a small amount of
CO2, 0.03%)
Obligate aerobes – Strictly require O2 for
their growth (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
Microaerophilic (grow under reduced O2, 5-
10% and increased CO2, 8-10%)-
Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori
20. Acidophiles (Lactobacillus acidophilus)
Alkaliphiles (Vibrio)
Neutralophiles (pH 6-8)
Majority of the medically important bacteria
grow best at neutral or slightly alkaline
reaction (pH 7.2-7.6)
21. Other ways of classification
Motile/Non-motile
Pathogenic/Non-pathogenic
Sensitive/Resistant (to particular antibiotic/
chemicals)
Lactose fermenter/Lactose non-fermenter