The document discusses the process of viral replication. It begins with an introduction that defines viral replication as the production of all virus components through an assembly process rather than cellular division. It then describes the 7 key steps in viral replication: 1) Attachment, 2) Penetration, 3) Uncoating, 4) Genome replication, 5) Assembly, 6) Maturation, and 7) Release of new virus particles. The document concludes that while the details vary, all viruses follow a similar overall replication process to initiate infection, replicate their genomes, and release new virions.

1. KUVEMPU UNIVERSITY
Department of P.G. Studies and Research in
Applied Botany
Jnanasahyadri, Shankaraghatta
Shivamogga Dist.577451
Seminar on
"Viral Replication"
Submitted by:
Gopalkrishna.H.R
MSc I semester,
Department of Applied Botany,
Kuvempu University

2. Introduction:
 Replication of virus is very complicated process
 Viruses never reproduce by division
 They are replicated by a process in which all
components of virus are produced separately and
are assembled into intact virons.
 For replication of virus host is necessary
 Visuses are host specific
 Host may be a bacteria, plant or an animal

3. Replication of viruses are studied for first time by
experimenting on bacteriophage of the T series
[T2, T4 and T6].
There are 2 types of life cycle commonly seen in
visuses
 They are
i] Lytic Cycle
ii] Lysogenic Cycle

4. Lytic and Lysogenic life cycle of virs

5. Key steps in the Viral Replication Cycle:
1. Attachment
2. Penetration (Entry)
3. Uncoating
4. Genome replication
5. Assembly
6. Maturation
7. Release

6. General steps in in viral replication

7. 1. Attachment:
 Virus are host specific and enters into the host or
target cell
 This event is electrostatic, does not require any
cellular or metabolic energy
 Virus exhibits cellular tropism
 Virus has host range and it may be narrow or broad
 Rabies virus is an example for broad range virus
 HIV is an example for broad range virus
Virus Cell type
HIV T lymphocytes,
macrophages
Rabies Muscle, neurons
Hepatitis A, B, C Liver(hepatocytes)

8. Virus use receptors and antireceptors for attachment
and entry into host cell.
Cellular receptors and antireceptors are mostly protein
but sometimes they may be glycoprotein, carbohydrates or
lipids
The presence of virus specific receptors is necessary
For example HIV- CD4 receptor, Rabies-Acetylcholine,
phospholpids

9. 2) Penetration [entry]:
Penetration is energy dependent process
Virus may penetrate into host by
1. Endocytosis
2. Translocation
3. Fusion

10. 3)Uncoating:
 Refers to the removal or degradation of
capsid (uncoating), there by releasing the
genome into host cell
 The virus genome is transported to the site
where transcription/replication can begin
 In some there is no degradation of capsid
as capsid proteins play a role in viral
transcription and replication

11. 4) Genome replication:
 Viral genetic material or genome is multiplied within
the host
 Simultaneously viral structural proteins like capsids
are synthesised
 Type of genetic material varies from virus to virus
 With respect to this all viruses are divided into
seven groups by Dr.David Baltimor in 1971
 Dr.David Baltimor shared “NOBLE PRIZE “with
Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin in 1975 for
their work on "interaction between tumour viruses
and the genetic material of the cell"

12. Seven groups as follows:
I. Double stranded DNA
II. Single stranded DNA
III. Double stranded RNA
IV. Single stranded (+)ve sense RNA
V. Single stranded (-)ve sense RNA
VI. Single stranded (+)ve sense RNA
with DNA intermediate
VII. Double stranded DNA with RNA
intermediate

13. 1.Double stranded DNA:
Example: Poxvirus, Herpes virus
Replication of genome of double stranded DNA virus

14. II. Single stranded DNA:
Example: Pircovirus, Parvovirus
Replication of genome of single stranded DNA virus

15. III. Double stranded RNA:
Example: Reoviruses, Orbibiruses
Replication of genome of double stranded RNA virus

16. IV. Single stranded (+)ve sense RNA:
Example: Toga virus & Hepatitis E virus
Replication of genome of +sense single stranded RNA virus

17. V. Single stranded (-)ve sense RNA:
Example: Rabis, Paramyxoviruse etc.
Replication of genome of -sense single stranded RNA virus

18. vi. Single stranded (+)ve sense RNA with
DNA intermediate:
Example: Retrovirus
Replication of genome of single stranded (+)ve sense RNA virus with DNA intermediate

19. VII. Double stranded DNA with RNA
intermediate:
Example: Hepadnaviruses
Replication of genome of double stranded DNA virus with
RNA intermediate

20. 5)Assembly:
Involves the collection of all components
necessary for formation of viron
It takes place at a particular site in the cell
For example in pox viruses assembly occurs in
the cytoplasm; in adenovirus it occurs in nucleus.

21. 6) Maturation:
Maturation is the stage of life cycle at which the
virus become infectious
It involves structural change in virus particles
For some viruses maturation occurs only after
release of viurs particle from the cell

22. 7) Release:
Newly formed viruses are released to outside of
the cell either by lysis (as in bacteriophage) or by
budding(as in paramyxovirus, retrovirus)
Generally non enveloped viruses release by
cell lysis which results in the death of host cell
Release of virus by budding may or may not kill
cell

23. Conclusion:
In general terms, virus replication involves three
broad stages carried out by all types of virus; the initiation
of infection, replication and expression of the genome,
and, finally, release of mature virions from the infected
cell. At a detailed level, there are many differences in the
replication processes of different viruses which are
imposed by the biology of the host cell and the nature of
the virus genome. It is possible to derive an overview of
virus replication and the common stages which, in one
form or another, are followed by all viruses.

24. Bibliography:
 Cann, Alan J.. Principles of Molecular Virology, Burlington, MA,
USA: Academic Press, (2005)(4th Edition) :page no. 108-129.
 John B. Carter and Venetia A. Saunders.- Virology-principles and
applications, John Wiley & Sons Ltd (2007)
 Roger Y.Stanier, John L. Ingraham, Mark L.Wheelis, Page R.
Painter- General Microbiology, Macmillan Press LTD, (5th edition):
page no. 219-228.
 K.C.Sawant, A Textbook of Virus, Dominant Publishers and
Distributors,(2009) (1st Edition) : page no.49-60
 http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/pathophys/id/2004/lecture/
notes/viral_rep_Hammer.pdf
 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd
=rendering&return_to=Viral+replication&collection_id=1b11e8252
1fac6c63fdacbbdc6faa2a
 http://www2.oakland.edu/biology/chaudhry/pics/virusreplication02
web.pdf