this power point is useful to understand the theorical concept of a sterilization & disinfection ,autoclave for nursing students......hope it will be useful for you.
it is related with medical laboratory instrumentation and explains in very good way that what is hot air oven and its principle, working and all about it
it is related with medical laboratory instrumentation and explains in very good way that what is hot air oven and its principle, working and all about it
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes principle and working of hot air oven and autoclave.
Autoclave, types of autoclave, horizontal autoclave, vertical autoclave, vacuum type autoclave, pressure cooker type autoclave. their purpose, precaution, etc....
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes the basic knowledge on sterilization and tests for sterility.
Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes principle and working of hot air oven and autoclave.
Autoclave, types of autoclave, horizontal autoclave, vertical autoclave, vacuum type autoclave, pressure cooker type autoclave. their purpose, precaution, etc....
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes the basic knowledge on sterilization and tests for sterility.
Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
Sterilization: It is defined as the process by which an article, surface or medium is freed of all living microorganisms either in the vegetative or spore state.
Disinfection: The destruction or removal of all pathogenic organisms, or organisms capable of giving rise to infection.
Antisepsis: The prevention of infection , usually by inhibiting the growth of bacteria in wounds or tissues.
Similar to Sterilization & disinfection& autoclave (20)
all relevant information that will assist the nurses to acquire the depth knowledge regarding morphological features of bacteria and its subject matter...............
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2. Sterilization
‘Sterilization is a process by which an article,
surface, or medium is freed of all living
microorganisms either in vegetative or spore
state.
3. Disinfection
It is a process of destruction of pathogenic
organisms capable of giving rise to infection, but
not necessarily spores.
4. Sepsis: Comes from Greek for decay or putrid.
Indicates bacterial contamination.
Asepsis: Absence of significant contamination.
Aseptic techniques are used to prevent
contamination of surgical instruments, medical
personnel, and the patient during surgery.
6. Bactericide:
An agent that kills bacteria. Most do not kill
Endospores.
Sporicide:
An agent that kills spores.
7. Sterilization of of materials, instruments
used in surgical and diagnostic procedures.
For media and reagents used in the
microbiology laboratory.
12. 1. SUNLIGHT
Sunlight has an active germicidal effect due
to its content of ultraviolet rays.
It is a natural method of sterilization in cases
of water in tanks, rivers and lakes.
13. 2. HEAT
Heat is the most reliable and commonly employed
method of sterilization.
Two types of heat are used, dry heat and moist
heat.
Principles:
1) Dry heat kills the organisms by denaturation
of bacterial protein, toxic effect or elevate
levels of electrolyte.
2) Moist heat kills the microorganisms by
denaturation and coagulation of bacterial
proteins.
15. The following procedures are used for
sterilization by dry heat.
1. Red heat
2. Flaming
3. Incineration
4. Hot air oven
Dry heat
16. Red heat:
Inoculating wires or loops, tips of forceps and
needles are held in the flame of a bunsen
burner till they become red hot.
Flaming
Glass slides, scalpels, and mouths of culture
tubes are passed through bunsen flame without
allowing them to become red hot.
17. Incineration:
By this method, infective material is reduced
to ashes by burning. Instrument named
incinerator may be used for this purpose.
Soiled dressing, animal carcasses, bedding
and pathological materials are delt with this
method.
18. Hot air oven:
It is the most widely used method of
sterilization by dry heat.
The oven is electrically heated and is fitted
with a fan to ensure adequate and even
distribution of hot air in the chamber
It is also fitted with the thermostat that
maintains the chamber air at a chosen
temperature.
19.
20. This method of sterilization may be used at
different temperatures as follows.
1. At temperature below 100 C
2. At temperature of 100 C
3. At temperature above 100 C
Moist heat
21. 1) Pasteurization of milk:
Two types of methods are used are
1-Holder method= (63 C for 30 minutes )
2-Flash method= (72 C for 20 seconds
followed by cooling)
2) inspissation:
Some serum or egg media are sterilize by this
method
The instruments used for sterilization is
called inspissator.
22. 1) Boiling:
Boiling for 10-30 minutes may kill most of the
vegetative forms but not spore forms
When other method is not available then boiling
is effective in sterilization
It is used for glass syringes and rubber stoppers.
23. 2) vaccine bath:
It is used for killing non sporing bacteria
which may be present in vaccine.
In vaccine bath the vaccine is treated with
moist heat for 1 hour at 60 C.
24.
25. Autoclave is a equipment
used to remove
microorganisms
( viruse,bacteria,fungus)
And spores using high
pressure and high
temperature steam
sterilization
26. Denis Papin
French-born British physicist
invented a precursor known as the steam
digester in 1679.
was essentially a cooking instrument.
27. Role of Chamberland
Autoclave was invented by Charles
Chamberland in 1879.
Colleague of Pasteur
Building up on Papin’s marmite.
began work on reforming the steam digester.
credited for starting the research project.
28. Autoclave is a pressurized device designed
to heat aqueous solutions above their boiling
point at normal atmospheric pressure to
achieve sterilization.
Auto= self
Clavis= self locking device
Autoclave Machine
29. Principle of working Autoclave:
Autoclave and pressure cooker are working
on a same principles.
Water boils when its vapour pressure equals
to the surrounding atmosphere.
When the atmospheric pressure is raised then
the boiling temperature is also raised.
At normal pressure water boils at 100 C but
when pressure inside a closed vessel
increases, the temperature at which water
boils also increases.
This principle is applied in autoclave…..
30. Physical structure:
Autoclave is a modified pressure cooker or
boiler.
It consist of a vertical or horizontal cylinder
of gunmetal or stainless steel in a supporting
iron case.
The lid is fastened by screw clamps and
rendered air tight by an asbestos washer.
The lid having discharge tap for air and
steam.
A pressure gauze and safety valve.
31. Heating is generally done by electricity
The steam circulate within the jacket and is
supplied under high pressure to the inner
chamber where materials are kept for
sterilization.
32.
33.
34. Sterilization condition:
temperature 121 C
Chamber pressure-15 pounds (lbs) per square
inch.
Holding time -15 minutes.
35. 1) To sterilize culture media, rubber
materials, gowns, dressing, gloves etc.
2) It is particularly useful for materials which
can not be withstand the higher
temperature of hot air oven.
3) For all glass syringes, hot air oven is a
better sterilizing method.
36. The air must be allowed to escape from the
chamber as temperature of air steam
mixture is lower than that of pure steam.
Materials should be arranged in such a
manner to ensure free circulation of steam
inside the chamber.
37. Sterilization indicator:
Thermocouple- it is to record the
temperature directly by a potentiometer.
Bacterial spores- spores of bacillus
stearothermophilus are used as a test
organism. The spore of this organism are
killed at a temperature 121 C for 12 minutes
an envelop containing a filter paper strip
impregnated with 10 spores is placed inside
the autoclave during sterilization.
38. Chemical indicator:Browne’s tube contains
red solution which turns green when exposed
to temperature of 121 C for 15 minutes.
39. This method of sterilization is useful for
substances which get damaged by heat
process
E.g sera, sugars, antibiotics solutions.etc.
Principle: as viruses pass through the
ordinary filters, filtration can be
used to obtain bacteria-free
filtrates of clinical samples for
virus isolation.
40. Types of filters:
Earthenware candles
Asbestos disk filters
Sintered glass filters
Membrane filters
41. Candle filter
Types-
Unglazed ceramic filters
Diatomaceous earth filters
Asbestos filters
Disposable, single-used disc
Usage is discouraged because of its carcinogenic
property.
Eg: Seitz and Sterimat filters
Sintered glass filters
has low absorptive properties
Brittle and expensive
Membrane filters
Made of cellulose esters or other polymers
Usually used for water purification and analysis,
sterilization and sterility testing and preparation of
solutions for parenteral use.
42. Two types of radiation method are used
Ionizing
Non-ionizing
Ionizing radiations: ionizing rays including
gamma rays , X-rays and cosmic rays
Non-ionizing radiations: these include
infrared and ultraviolet (UV) radiations.
Both methods work by damage to DNA of a
bacteria.
45. Factors determine the potency of disinfectants:
Concentration of the substance
Time of action
pH of the medium
Temperature
Nature of the organisms
Presence of extraneous material
46. Alcohol
Frequently used:
Ethyl alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol
Must be used at concentration 60-90%
Isopropyl alcohol used in disinfection of
clinical thermometer.
Methyl acohol is effective against fungal
spores, treating cabinets and incubators.
Methyl alcohol is also toxic and inflammable.
47. Aldehyde
Formaldehyde:
Bactericidal, sporicidal and has lethal effect on
viruses.
Used to preserve anatomical specimens,
destroying anthrax spores on hair and wool.
Glutaldehyde:
Effective against tubercle bacilli, fungi, viruses.
Less toxic and irritant to eyes, skin
Used to treat corrugated rubber anaesthetic
rubber, face masks, plastic endotracheal tubes,
metal instruments and polythene tubing.
48. Dyes
2 groups of dyes:
Aniline dye
Acridine dye
Both are bacteriostatic in high dilution but
are of low bactericidal activity.
Aniline dye is more active against gram +ve
than gram-ve organisms.
Used in microbiology labs as selective agents
in culture media.
49. Halogens
Iodine
Skin disinfectant
Active bactericidal, moderate action on spores.
Chlorine
Water supplies, swimming pools and food and
dairy industries.
Along with hypochlorides are bactericidal. Also
act on viruses.
50. Phenols
Obtained from distillation of coal tar
between 170-270°C.
Lethal effect:
Capacity to cause cell membrane damage,
releasing cell contents and causing lysis.
Low concentration will precipitate proteins.
51. Gases
Types of gases
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde gas
Beta propiolactone (BPL)
Ethylene oxide
Action is due to its alkylating the amino,
carboxyl, hydroxyl and sulphydryl groups in
protein molecules. Also on DNA and RNA.
Items: heart-lung machines, respirators, sutures,
dental equipment, books, clothing.
52. Formaldehyde gas
Employed for fumigation of OT and other rooms.
After fumigation, the doors should be sealed and
left unopened for 48 hours.
BPL
Product of ketane and formaldehyde with a
boiling point of 163°C.
Rapid biocidal activity but carcinogenic.
Capable of killing all microorganisms and is very
active against viruses.
53. surface-active agents
Def
substance that alter the energy relationship at
interfaces, producing a reduction of surface or
interfacial tension.
Widely used as wetting agents, detergents and
emulsifiers.
4 main groups:
anionic
Cationic
Nonionic
amphoteric
54. metallic salts
Salts of heavy metals have a greater action.
Eg: salts of silver, copper and mercury
Protein coagulant and have capacity to
combine with free sulfhydryl group of cell
enzymes.