The document discusses four types of microorganisms that are medically important: bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. It provides details on the structure, size, classification, and some diseases caused by each type. For bacteria, the document describes bacterial cell structure, reproduction, resistance to antibiotics, and classification. It also discusses some pathogenic organisms that resemble bacteria, including Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and Acid-fast bacilli.
This document provides information on infectious organisms including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and their classification. It discusses the structure and characteristics of each type of infectious organism. For viruses, it describes their classification based on genome, capsid size and shape, and replication method. For bacteria, it outlines classification by gram stain and shape, and describes their cell wall, membrane, and other structures. For fungi, it distinguishes between molds and yeasts and discusses their structures. For parasites, it introduces protozoa and flagellates, giving examples of diseases caused like amebiasis, giardiasis, and trypanosomiasis.
A large group of bacteria cause disease in plants. they have specific characteristics and structure. There are different mechanism by which bacteria affect the plant and cause disease symptom. It is generally survive in soil and dead and decay organic matters and spread by water, agricultural implements, propagating materials, insects and humans. Hence, management practices are designed accordingly. Crop rotation, field sanitation, disinfestation of agricultural implements, use of disease free or resistant varieties and use of antibiotics are few of them.
The document discusses the taxonomic classification of bacteria according to Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. It divides bacteria into four main phyla based on cell wall characteristics, and further subdivides them according to properties such as Gram stain reaction, cell shape, oxygen requirements, motility, and metabolism. Many medically important bacterial genera are described within these classifications, including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia, and others known to cause diseases in humans and animals.
The document provides an overview of bacteria and viruses. It discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, describing bacteria as the smallest living organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles. It also explains the diversity of bacteria and their classification, as well as how viruses infect host cells and replicate either through a lytic or lysogenic life cycle.
Viruses are the smallest infectious agents that can only replicate inside living host cells. They are metabolically inert and made up of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses have an outer envelope as well. Viruses come in different shapes, sizes and structures depending on the symmetry of their capsids. They infect plants, animals and bacteria. Viruses replicate through lytic and lysogenic cycles where they take over the host cell machinery to produce new virus particles. While they exhibit some living properties like mutation and existing in different strains, viruses still lack many cellular functions and rely entirely on host cells for reproduction.
The document provides information about viruses, including:
i. Viruses are genetic elements enclosed in protein that can only reproduce inside living host cells. They were first observed for their ability to cause disease in the late 19th century.
ii. Viruses are composed of a protein coat called a capsid that encloses their genetic material of either DNA or RNA. They vary greatly in size and shape.
iii. Viruses can only reproduce by taking over the cellular machinery of host cells and forcing the cells to produce new virus particles. Their replication cycles involve adsorption to host cells, penetration of the cells, synthesis of new viral components, assembly of new virus particles, and release of progeny viruses.
Micro-organisms can be divided into 4 main groups: bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. Bacteria are the smallest and most primitive of these microbes, lacking nuclei and existing as single cells or colonies. Viruses are even smaller and simpler, able to replicate only inside host cells. More complex microbes include protozoa, which have true nuclei, and fungi, which resemble primitive plants. An overview of bacterial structure, classification, and important pathogenic species is provided, highlighting bacteria's role in causing infectious disease. The document also discusses how bacteria can become pathogenic and how the human body defends against infection.
This document provides information on infectious organisms including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and their classification. It discusses the structure and characteristics of each type of infectious organism. For viruses, it describes their classification based on genome, capsid size and shape, and replication method. For bacteria, it outlines classification by gram stain and shape, and describes their cell wall, membrane, and other structures. For fungi, it distinguishes between molds and yeasts and discusses their structures. For parasites, it introduces protozoa and flagellates, giving examples of diseases caused like amebiasis, giardiasis, and trypanosomiasis.
A large group of bacteria cause disease in plants. they have specific characteristics and structure. There are different mechanism by which bacteria affect the plant and cause disease symptom. It is generally survive in soil and dead and decay organic matters and spread by water, agricultural implements, propagating materials, insects and humans. Hence, management practices are designed accordingly. Crop rotation, field sanitation, disinfestation of agricultural implements, use of disease free or resistant varieties and use of antibiotics are few of them.
The document discusses the taxonomic classification of bacteria according to Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. It divides bacteria into four main phyla based on cell wall characteristics, and further subdivides them according to properties such as Gram stain reaction, cell shape, oxygen requirements, motility, and metabolism. Many medically important bacterial genera are described within these classifications, including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia, and others known to cause diseases in humans and animals.
The document provides an overview of bacteria and viruses. It discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, describing bacteria as the smallest living organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles. It also explains the diversity of bacteria and their classification, as well as how viruses infect host cells and replicate either through a lytic or lysogenic life cycle.
Viruses are the smallest infectious agents that can only replicate inside living host cells. They are metabolically inert and made up of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses have an outer envelope as well. Viruses come in different shapes, sizes and structures depending on the symmetry of their capsids. They infect plants, animals and bacteria. Viruses replicate through lytic and lysogenic cycles where they take over the host cell machinery to produce new virus particles. While they exhibit some living properties like mutation and existing in different strains, viruses still lack many cellular functions and rely entirely on host cells for reproduction.
The document provides information about viruses, including:
i. Viruses are genetic elements enclosed in protein that can only reproduce inside living host cells. They were first observed for their ability to cause disease in the late 19th century.
ii. Viruses are composed of a protein coat called a capsid that encloses their genetic material of either DNA or RNA. They vary greatly in size and shape.
iii. Viruses can only reproduce by taking over the cellular machinery of host cells and forcing the cells to produce new virus particles. Their replication cycles involve adsorption to host cells, penetration of the cells, synthesis of new viral components, assembly of new virus particles, and release of progeny viruses.
Micro-organisms can be divided into 4 main groups: bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. Bacteria are the smallest and most primitive of these microbes, lacking nuclei and existing as single cells or colonies. Viruses are even smaller and simpler, able to replicate only inside host cells. More complex microbes include protozoa, which have true nuclei, and fungi, which resemble primitive plants. An overview of bacterial structure, classification, and important pathogenic species is provided, highlighting bacteria's role in causing infectious disease. The document also discusses how bacteria can become pathogenic and how the human body defends against infection.
Viruses are ultramicroscopic, acellular parasites that can only replicate inside host cells. They are much smaller than bacteria and can only be seen with electron microscopes. Viruses infect all forms of life from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea. They contain either DNA or RNA and have protein capsids that protect their genetic material. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites as they cannot carry out metabolism and require host cells to replicate. Examples of viral diseases include influenza, hepatitis, AIDS, and the common cold.
1.INTRODUCTION
2.HISTORY
3.MORPHOLOGY
4.STRUCTURE
5.CLASSIFICATION
6.CHARACTERSTICS
7.DISEASES
8.CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Mycoplasmas are prokaryotic , without cell wall & have been placed under the class Mollicutes & the order Mycoplasmatales.
Mycoplasma are the smallest microorganism which have been known to cause a number of disease in animals &human kind.
The cells are bounded by a soft trilamellar lipoproteinaceous unit membrane containing sterols. Because of their plasticity , they can pass through bacterial filters & have often been mistaken for viruses.
This document provides an overview of viruses and other acellular microbes. It begins by defining viruses as acellular microbes that rely on host cells for replication. Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acids, shape, size, and type of disease caused. The document then examines the structure of viruses and how bacteria viruses and animal viruses replicate through lytic and lysogenic cycles or budding. It also discusses latent virus infections, treatment of viral diseases, oncogenic viruses, HIV, and unusual viruses like Mimivirus. The document concludes with brief discussions of viroids, prions, and plant viruses.
The document discusses viruses, defining them as infectious agents that can only multiply within host cells and consist of nucleic acids and protein coats. It covers virus structure, classification, life cycles, methods of transmission between hosts, discovery, theories of origin, and techniques for studying and cultivating viruses. The document provides an overview of the key aspects of virology, including what viruses are, how they spread and reproduce, approaches to classifying them, and historical developments in the field.
The document discusses key characteristics and properties of viruses. It notes that viruses are microscopic particles that infect cells and often destroy them. Viruses are smaller than bacteria, change rapidly, and there are many unknown types. Their small size and rapid mutation make viruses difficult to treat. The document then describes viruses as obligate intracellular parasites that are non-cellular, replicate by taking over host cell machinery, and lack their own metabolism or protein synthesis abilities. Finally, it briefly discusses virus shapes, taxonomy, and references used.
The document discusses classification systems for viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi. It describes the current three domain system which classifies organisms into Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya domains based on rRNA structure. Viruses are described as non-living particles that invade and multiply within host cells. They have a protein coat, genetic material, and surface proteins. Bacteria are classified according to characteristics like shape, staining, metabolism. Gram staining distinguishes between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria based on cell wall thickness.
Viruses have a simple structure consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein capsid. They can only replicate inside living cells by using the host cell's machinery. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. They exhibit variability in size and structure, with T-even phages being the most complex. Bacteriophage infection involves adsorption to host cell receptors, penetration of the nucleic acid into the cytoplasm, replication of new viral components using the host cell, maturation of new viral particles, and release through lysis of the host cell.
Viruses are infectious agents that are too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are acellular and obligate intracellular parasites that cannot replicate without invading a host cell. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA and have a protein coat. Some viruses are additionally enclosed in an envelope. The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) causes characteristic symptoms in infected plants like mosaic patterns, mottling, necrosis, stunting and leaf curling. It is easily transmitted through physical contact and contaminated tools. In infected plants, TMV moves from cell to cell through plasmodesmata using its movement protein.
Topic 6 infection, immunity and forensics revisionjayarajgr
1. The document discusses microorganisms that cause disease, called pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, and worms.
2. It provides details on the structure and life cycle of viruses and bacteria, and explains how diseases like HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis are caused and spread.
3. Prevention methods for diseases are discussed, such as vaccinations, antibiotics, and improving living standards.
Morphology, Classification, Cultivation and Reproduction of FungiKrutika Pardeshi
This presentation is Useful for B. Pharmacy SEM III Students to study the Topic Fungi According to PCI Syllabus.
It Consist of Morpholoy of Fungi, Cultivation , Reproduction and Classification of Fungi.
Viruses are small infectious agents that can replicate only inside living cells. They are smaller than bacteria and contain genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses cannot reproduce on their own and must infect a host cell to replicate. Once inside the host cell, viruses take over the cell's genetic material and force it to produce more copies of the original virus. As more cells become infected, they are unable to function properly, which can lead to disease in the host organism. While viruses are not technically considered living, they have evolved to be highly effective at spreading from host to host.
This document provides an overview of general microbiology, including the structure and classification of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and phages. It discusses the basic morphology and types of bacteria, how they reproduce, and how they are classified. Key points covered include the basic structure of bacterial cells, different shapes and arrangements of bacteria, staining methods to identify bacteria, and the life cycles of phages.
This document discusses bacteria, including their definitions, structure, characteristics, classification, and pathogenesis. It describes bacteria as typically prokaryotic cells that contain both DNA and RNA. It outlines bacteria structure at the cell envelope, cellular elements within and external to the envelope. Bacteria are classified based on their morphology, arrangement, staining properties, and oxygen needs. Pathogenesis requires bacteria to obtain proper nutrition, oxygen levels, pH, and temperature to grow optimally in the body.
1) Viruses are non-living infectious particles that contain genetic material and a protein coat called a capsid. 2) Viruses can only replicate inside a host cell by injecting their genetic material and using the host cell's machinery. 3) Viruses exist in two states - as active viruses when infecting a host cell, or dormant virions when not in contact with a host.
The simplest virions consist of two basic components: nucleic acid (single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA) and a protein coat, the capsid, which functions as a shell to protect the viral genome from nucleases and which during infection attaches the virion to specific receptors exposed on the prospective host cell.
Virology is the scientific study of viruses and virus-like agents. It focuses on viruses' structure, classification, ways they infect and exploit host cells, interaction with host physiology and immunity, diseases they cause, techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy. Viruses are classified based on characteristics like morphology, nucleic acid type, replication method, host organisms, and diseases caused. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is responsible for the formal taxonomic classification of viruses. The Baltimore classification system categorizes viruses into groups based on their mRNA synthesis method. Plant viruses have rod-shaped or isometric structures and infect plant hosts, going through stages of transmission, infection, multiplication, and movement
Viruses contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses have an outer envelope as well. Viruses infect host cells and use the cell's machinery to replicate their nucleic acid and proteins, eventually causing the cell to burst and release new virus particles. Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid, replication strategy, and morphology. Common virus families include Herpesviridae, Retroviridae, and Adenoviridae. Viruses can cause disease through lytic infection cycles or establish latent or persistent infections. Some viruses are also associated with cancer development in hosts.
This document provides an overview of the objectives and content covered in the MICI 1100 Health Sciences Microbiology course at QE II HSC, including introductions to microbiology, bacterial structure and classification, growth and metabolism, pathogenicity, and control of microbial growth. Key topics covered include bacterial morphology, staining techniques, taxonomy, requirements for growth, phases of growth, and methods of sterilization and disinfection.
Virology. Structure of Viruses. Methods of cultivationEneutron
This document discusses viruses, including their classification, structure, and methods of cultivation. Viruses are the smallest infectious agents, ranging from 20-300nm in diameter. They contain nucleic acid enclosed in a protein shell called a capsid. Viruses can only replicate inside living cells. They are typically classified based on attributes like nucleic acid type, size, and morphology. Common methods of cultivating viruses involve inoculation into laboratory animals, embryonated eggs, or cell cultures. Within a host cell, viruses undergo replication cycles of attachment, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation, and release of progeny virions.
This document provides an introduction to microbiology, including the following key points:
1. Medical microbiology studies infectious diseases caused by microorganisms and the body's response and defense mechanisms. It encompasses bacteriology, virology, immunology, mycology, and protozoology.
2. Microorganisms are classified based on their structure as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, or multicellular parasites. Bacteria can further be classified by shape, staining properties, oxygen requirements, and biochemical reactions.
3. Common microorganisms that cause human disease include viruses like hepatitis and influenza viruses, bacteria like Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, protozoa that
Micro-organisms can be divided into 4 main groups: bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. Bacteria are the smallest and most primitive of these microbes, lacking nuclei and existing as single cells or colonies. Viruses are even smaller and simpler, able to replicate only inside host cells. More complex microbes include protozoa, which have true nuclei, and fungi, which resemble primitive plants. An overview of bacterial structure, classification, and important pathogenic species is provided, highlighting bacteria's role in causing infectious disease. The document also discusses how bacteria can become pathogenic and how the human body defends against infection.
Lecture-1 Introduction to microbiology updated.pptxRashaAlNagar
Microaspiration from nasopharynx: S. Pneumonia
Inhalation: TB, viruses, Legionella
Aspiration: anaerobes
Bloodborne: Staph endocarditis, septic emboli
Direct extension: trauma
Microaspiration from nasopharynx: S. Pneumonia
Inhalation: TB, viruses, Legionella
Aspiration: anaerobes
Bloodborne: Staph endocarditis, septic emboli
Direct extension: trauma
Microaspiration from nasopharynx: S. Pneumonia
Inhalation: TB, viruses, Legionella
Aspiration: anaerobes
Bloodborne: Staph endocarditis, septic emboli
Direct extension: trauma
Microaspiration from nasopharynx: S. Pneumonia
Inhalation: TB, viruses, Legionella
Aspiration: anaerobes
Bloodborne: Staph endocarditis, septic emboli
Direct extension: trauma
Microaspiration from nasopharynx: S. Pneumonia
Inhalation: TB, viruses, Legionella
Aspiration: anaerobes
Bloodborne: Staph endocarditis, septic emboli
Direct extension: trauma
CAP usually caused by a single organism
Even with extensive diagnostic testing, most investigators cannot identify a specific etiology for CAP in ≥ 50% of patients.
Caused by a variety of Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common pathogen 60-70% of the time
Viruses are ultramicroscopic, acellular parasites that can only replicate inside host cells. They are much smaller than bacteria and can only be seen with electron microscopes. Viruses infect all forms of life from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea. They contain either DNA or RNA and have protein capsids that protect their genetic material. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites as they cannot carry out metabolism and require host cells to replicate. Examples of viral diseases include influenza, hepatitis, AIDS, and the common cold.
1.INTRODUCTION
2.HISTORY
3.MORPHOLOGY
4.STRUCTURE
5.CLASSIFICATION
6.CHARACTERSTICS
7.DISEASES
8.CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Mycoplasmas are prokaryotic , without cell wall & have been placed under the class Mollicutes & the order Mycoplasmatales.
Mycoplasma are the smallest microorganism which have been known to cause a number of disease in animals &human kind.
The cells are bounded by a soft trilamellar lipoproteinaceous unit membrane containing sterols. Because of their plasticity , they can pass through bacterial filters & have often been mistaken for viruses.
This document provides an overview of viruses and other acellular microbes. It begins by defining viruses as acellular microbes that rely on host cells for replication. Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acids, shape, size, and type of disease caused. The document then examines the structure of viruses and how bacteria viruses and animal viruses replicate through lytic and lysogenic cycles or budding. It also discusses latent virus infections, treatment of viral diseases, oncogenic viruses, HIV, and unusual viruses like Mimivirus. The document concludes with brief discussions of viroids, prions, and plant viruses.
The document discusses viruses, defining them as infectious agents that can only multiply within host cells and consist of nucleic acids and protein coats. It covers virus structure, classification, life cycles, methods of transmission between hosts, discovery, theories of origin, and techniques for studying and cultivating viruses. The document provides an overview of the key aspects of virology, including what viruses are, how they spread and reproduce, approaches to classifying them, and historical developments in the field.
The document discusses key characteristics and properties of viruses. It notes that viruses are microscopic particles that infect cells and often destroy them. Viruses are smaller than bacteria, change rapidly, and there are many unknown types. Their small size and rapid mutation make viruses difficult to treat. The document then describes viruses as obligate intracellular parasites that are non-cellular, replicate by taking over host cell machinery, and lack their own metabolism or protein synthesis abilities. Finally, it briefly discusses virus shapes, taxonomy, and references used.
The document discusses classification systems for viruses, bacteria, protists, and fungi. It describes the current three domain system which classifies organisms into Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya domains based on rRNA structure. Viruses are described as non-living particles that invade and multiply within host cells. They have a protein coat, genetic material, and surface proteins. Bacteria are classified according to characteristics like shape, staining, metabolism. Gram staining distinguishes between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria based on cell wall thickness.
Viruses have a simple structure consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein capsid. They can only replicate inside living cells by using the host cell's machinery. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. They exhibit variability in size and structure, with T-even phages being the most complex. Bacteriophage infection involves adsorption to host cell receptors, penetration of the nucleic acid into the cytoplasm, replication of new viral components using the host cell, maturation of new viral particles, and release through lysis of the host cell.
Viruses are infectious agents that are too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are acellular and obligate intracellular parasites that cannot replicate without invading a host cell. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA and have a protein coat. Some viruses are additionally enclosed in an envelope. The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) causes characteristic symptoms in infected plants like mosaic patterns, mottling, necrosis, stunting and leaf curling. It is easily transmitted through physical contact and contaminated tools. In infected plants, TMV moves from cell to cell through plasmodesmata using its movement protein.
Topic 6 infection, immunity and forensics revisionjayarajgr
1. The document discusses microorganisms that cause disease, called pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, and worms.
2. It provides details on the structure and life cycle of viruses and bacteria, and explains how diseases like HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis are caused and spread.
3. Prevention methods for diseases are discussed, such as vaccinations, antibiotics, and improving living standards.
Morphology, Classification, Cultivation and Reproduction of FungiKrutika Pardeshi
This presentation is Useful for B. Pharmacy SEM III Students to study the Topic Fungi According to PCI Syllabus.
It Consist of Morpholoy of Fungi, Cultivation , Reproduction and Classification of Fungi.
Viruses are small infectious agents that can replicate only inside living cells. They are smaller than bacteria and contain genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses cannot reproduce on their own and must infect a host cell to replicate. Once inside the host cell, viruses take over the cell's genetic material and force it to produce more copies of the original virus. As more cells become infected, they are unable to function properly, which can lead to disease in the host organism. While viruses are not technically considered living, they have evolved to be highly effective at spreading from host to host.
This document provides an overview of general microbiology, including the structure and classification of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and phages. It discusses the basic morphology and types of bacteria, how they reproduce, and how they are classified. Key points covered include the basic structure of bacterial cells, different shapes and arrangements of bacteria, staining methods to identify bacteria, and the life cycles of phages.
This document discusses bacteria, including their definitions, structure, characteristics, classification, and pathogenesis. It describes bacteria as typically prokaryotic cells that contain both DNA and RNA. It outlines bacteria structure at the cell envelope, cellular elements within and external to the envelope. Bacteria are classified based on their morphology, arrangement, staining properties, and oxygen needs. Pathogenesis requires bacteria to obtain proper nutrition, oxygen levels, pH, and temperature to grow optimally in the body.
1) Viruses are non-living infectious particles that contain genetic material and a protein coat called a capsid. 2) Viruses can only replicate inside a host cell by injecting their genetic material and using the host cell's machinery. 3) Viruses exist in two states - as active viruses when infecting a host cell, or dormant virions when not in contact with a host.
The simplest virions consist of two basic components: nucleic acid (single- or double-stranded RNA or DNA) and a protein coat, the capsid, which functions as a shell to protect the viral genome from nucleases and which during infection attaches the virion to specific receptors exposed on the prospective host cell.
Virology is the scientific study of viruses and virus-like agents. It focuses on viruses' structure, classification, ways they infect and exploit host cells, interaction with host physiology and immunity, diseases they cause, techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy. Viruses are classified based on characteristics like morphology, nucleic acid type, replication method, host organisms, and diseases caused. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is responsible for the formal taxonomic classification of viruses. The Baltimore classification system categorizes viruses into groups based on their mRNA synthesis method. Plant viruses have rod-shaped or isometric structures and infect plant hosts, going through stages of transmission, infection, multiplication, and movement
Viruses contain either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses have an outer envelope as well. Viruses infect host cells and use the cell's machinery to replicate their nucleic acid and proteins, eventually causing the cell to burst and release new virus particles. Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid, replication strategy, and morphology. Common virus families include Herpesviridae, Retroviridae, and Adenoviridae. Viruses can cause disease through lytic infection cycles or establish latent or persistent infections. Some viruses are also associated with cancer development in hosts.
This document provides an overview of the objectives and content covered in the MICI 1100 Health Sciences Microbiology course at QE II HSC, including introductions to microbiology, bacterial structure and classification, growth and metabolism, pathogenicity, and control of microbial growth. Key topics covered include bacterial morphology, staining techniques, taxonomy, requirements for growth, phases of growth, and methods of sterilization and disinfection.
Virology. Structure of Viruses. Methods of cultivationEneutron
This document discusses viruses, including their classification, structure, and methods of cultivation. Viruses are the smallest infectious agents, ranging from 20-300nm in diameter. They contain nucleic acid enclosed in a protein shell called a capsid. Viruses can only replicate inside living cells. They are typically classified based on attributes like nucleic acid type, size, and morphology. Common methods of cultivating viruses involve inoculation into laboratory animals, embryonated eggs, or cell cultures. Within a host cell, viruses undergo replication cycles of attachment, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation, and release of progeny virions.
This document provides an introduction to microbiology, including the following key points:
1. Medical microbiology studies infectious diseases caused by microorganisms and the body's response and defense mechanisms. It encompasses bacteriology, virology, immunology, mycology, and protozoology.
2. Microorganisms are classified based on their structure as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, or multicellular parasites. Bacteria can further be classified by shape, staining properties, oxygen requirements, and biochemical reactions.
3. Common microorganisms that cause human disease include viruses like hepatitis and influenza viruses, bacteria like Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, protozoa that
Micro-organisms can be divided into 4 main groups: bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. Bacteria are the smallest and most primitive of these microbes, lacking nuclei and existing as single cells or colonies. Viruses are even smaller and simpler, able to replicate only inside host cells. More complex microbes include protozoa, which have true nuclei, and fungi, which resemble primitive plants. An overview of bacterial structure, classification, and important pathogenic species is provided, highlighting bacteria's role in causing infectious disease. The document also discusses how bacteria can become pathogenic and how the human body defends against infection.
Lecture-1 Introduction to microbiology updated.pptxRashaAlNagar
Microaspiration from nasopharynx: S. Pneumonia
Inhalation: TB, viruses, Legionella
Aspiration: anaerobes
Bloodborne: Staph endocarditis, septic emboli
Direct extension: trauma
Microaspiration from nasopharynx: S. Pneumonia
Inhalation: TB, viruses, Legionella
Aspiration: anaerobes
Bloodborne: Staph endocarditis, septic emboli
Direct extension: trauma
Microaspiration from nasopharynx: S. Pneumonia
Inhalation: TB, viruses, Legionella
Aspiration: anaerobes
Bloodborne: Staph endocarditis, septic emboli
Direct extension: trauma
Microaspiration from nasopharynx: S. Pneumonia
Inhalation: TB, viruses, Legionella
Aspiration: anaerobes
Bloodborne: Staph endocarditis, septic emboli
Direct extension: trauma
Microaspiration from nasopharynx: S. Pneumonia
Inhalation: TB, viruses, Legionella
Aspiration: anaerobes
Bloodborne: Staph endocarditis, septic emboli
Direct extension: trauma
CAP usually caused by a single organism
Even with extensive diagnostic testing, most investigators cannot identify a specific etiology for CAP in ≥ 50% of patients.
Caused by a variety of Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common pathogen 60-70% of the time
This document describes the classification of microorganisms into four major groups: protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. It provides details on the structure and types of bacteria, including that bacteria can be classified based on their morphology, arrangement, and staining characteristics into cocci, rods, vibrios, spirilla, and spirochetes. Key characteristics and examples are given for each group of microorganisms.
This document discusses microbiology and provides information on:
- The definition and branches of microbiology including bacteriology, virology, mycology, and parasitology.
- The classification of microorganisms as prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
- Characteristics of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
- Methods used to classify bacteria including shape, gram stain, oxygen requirements, pH tolerance, pathogenicity and drug susceptibility.
This document provides an introduction to microbiology and common microorganisms. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. Most microorganisms are too small to be seen without a microscope. The document classifies microorganisms and describes some of the most common types like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. It provides details on the structure and characteristics of different microorganisms and how they are identified.
This document provides information on fundamental principles of microbiology. It discusses that microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms and medical microbiology focuses on pathogens that infect humans. The main types of microorganisms covered are bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and more. It provides details on the classification, structure, growth and diseases caused by different bacteria and fungi.
Food Microorganisms Food microbiology encompasses the stu.docxAKHIL969626
Food microbiology studies microorganisms that affect food quality and safety, both beneficially and harmfully. It focuses on microbial growth, identification, and prevention. The microbiological world includes bacteria, yeasts, molds, viruses, parasites, algae, and prions. Bacteria, yeasts, molds, viruses, and parasites can impact foods, while algae are not typically food microorganisms. Food microbiology examines the characteristics and functions of these microbes and their effects on foods and human health.
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.Archana Shaw
This document provides an overview of the ultrastructure and characteristic features of bacteria. It discusses the general morphology of bacteria and describes several key structures. Bacteria have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may contain structures like flagella, pili, capsules, and plasmids. The document contrasts gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell walls. It provides details on the components and functions of bacterial cell membranes, peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, and lipopolysaccharides. Reproduction, nutrition, distribution, resistance and size of bacterial cells are also summarized.
The document discusses microbiology concepts including bacteria, fungi, helminths, and viruses. It covers their basic structures and characteristics, how they cause disease, and modes of transmission. Key objectives are to describe how microbes penetrate host defenses, cause illness, and are diagnosed and treated. The document provides overviews of microbial cell structures, staining techniques to identify microbes, and the differences between bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. It also outlines the basic stages of infection and methods of disease transmission between individuals and populations.
Bacteria can be classified in several ways based on their morphological, anatomical, staining, pathogenic, nutritional, and environmental characteristics. The main classifications are:
1) Shape - cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirilla, etc.
2) Arrangement - singles, pairs, chains, clusters
3) Cell wall structure - Gram positive, Gram negative
4) Disease-causing ability - pathogens, non-pathogens, commensals
5) Metabolism - autotrophs, heterotrophs
Bacteria are also classified by other factors like temperature ranges, oxygen requirements, pH tolerance, and motility. Proper classification helps determine pathogenic potential and identify
Introduction to microbiology, Bacterial Cell wall, Difference between Gram p...Zunaira Gillani
Introduction to microbiology, Brief History of Microbiology, Structure of Bacteria, Size and Shape of Bacteria,Bacterial Cell wall, Difference between Gram positive and Gram negative, Fungi , Classification of fungi, Structure and Characteristics of fungi, , Algae, Types of Algae, Protozoan, Virus, virion, Examples of virus
virology level 3 taiz lecture university 1 .pptxssuser9976be
This document provides an introduction to medical virology. It discusses the basic properties of viruses, including their small size, obligate intracellular nature, and reliance on host cell machinery. Various methods of virus discovery, structure, classification, cultivation and detection are described. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA and replicate within host cells through a multi-step process including attachment, penetration, uncoating, synthesis of viral components, assembly, and release of new virus particles. Proper conditions are required for virus growth in cell culture, embryonated eggs, or living animals.
This document provides information about microbiology from a seminar presented by Mr. Ramavatar Sharma. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms including unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Microorganisms are found everywhere and live in all environments. The document then discusses the characteristics of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and algae. It explains that viruses are unable to reproduce outside of host cells, bacteria are larger than viruses but still microscopic, fungi have thread-like hyphae and reproduce sexually or asexually, and algae are mostly aquatic photosynthetic organisms.
This document provides an overview of microorganisms and their classification. It discusses viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists and how they are classified. Key points include:
- Microorganisms are very small life forms that are studied in microbiology. They include viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists.
- Viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein capsid, with some having an envelope. They replicate through lytic and lysogenic cycles.
- Bacteria are classified by shape and reproduction. They have important roles in industry, disease and ecology.
- Fungi absorb nutrients and can reproduce sexually or asexually. Examples include yeasts, molds and mushrooms.
This document provides an overview of microorganisms and their classification. It discusses viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists and how they are classified. Key points include:
- Microorganisms are very small life forms that are studied in microbiology. They include viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists.
- Viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein capsid, with some having an envelope. They replicate through lytic and lysogenic cycles.
- Bacteria are classified by shape and reproduction. They have important roles in industry, disease and ecology.
- Fungi absorb nutrients and can reproduce sexually or asexually. Examples include yeasts, molds and mushrooms.
The document provides a brief history of smallpox and the development of vaccination. It describes how Edward Jenner used cowpox pus to inoculate and prevent smallpox in the 18th century. It then summarizes the World Health Organization's smallpox eradication program from 1967 to 1979 and contemporary concerns about smallpox being used for bioterrorism.
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This document provides an overview of microorganisms and their classification. It discusses viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists and how they are classified. Key points include:
- Microorganisms are very small life forms that are studied in microbiology. They include viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists.
- Viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein capsid, with some having an envelope. They replicate through lytic and lysogenic cycles.
- Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that can be aerobic, facultative, or anaerobic. They reproduce through binary fission and have importance as pathogens, industrially, and ecologically.
- Fung
2. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell structure.pptxhabtamu biazin
Prokaryotic cells, which include bacteria, lack membrane-bound organelles and have no nucleus. They contain a single, circular chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, while eukaryotes use mitosis or meiosis. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane and contain DNA.
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Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
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Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
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2. The study of living organisms which are very small and
simple in structure (microorganisms)
There are 4 kinds of microorganisms of medical
importance :
Bacteria , Protozoa , Fungi, and viruses.
3. Unicellular microorganism.
1/100 to 1/1000 mm in diameter ,
Has a very primitive cell with primitive
nuclear material
Cytoplasm containing ribosomes and cell
wall.
4. Unicellular,
1/10 to 1/100 mm in diameter(larger than bacteria)
More complicated than bacteria , with well defined
nucleus ,
Cytoplasm containing ribosomes and mitochondria.
Some protozoa can cause diseases such as
toxoplasmosis , malaria, and amoebic dysentery.
5. Resemble primitive plants ,
They have a structure which is
basically similar to protozoa
Some fungi can cause diseases
such as candidasis
6. The smallest and simplest of all microorganisms
1/100,000 of mm in diameter only can be seen by
electron microscopy.
Viruses are not proper cells ,they consists of strands of
nucleic acid surrounded by a a protective protein coating.
Viruses cannot multiply by themselves , they reproduce
by invading a living cell and facing it to manufacture new
virus particles.
Some viruses can cause diseases such as influenza
,common cold , herps ,and poliomyelitis.
7. Bacteria Protozoa Fungi viruses
Structure Unicellular Unicellular Resemble
primitive
plants
are not
proper
cells
Size 1/100to 1/1000
mm
1/10to 1/100
mm
1/100000
mm
classificati
on
Primitive cell
(prokaryotic(
Eukarytic eukaryotik
Nucleus Primitive
nuclear
material
Well defined Well defined No
cytoplasm Containing
ribosomes and
cell wall
Containing
ribosomes and
mitochondria
Ribosomes
and
mitochondria
no
9. Structure of bacterial cell
Cell wall :
It is the outermost layer of the bacterial cell.
it is rigid to protect the bacterial cell from the environment , the
rigidity is due to the presence of chemical substance called
Peptidoglycan and this substance determine whether the
bacteria will be stain or not by Gram stain
Cell membrane (cytoplasmic membrane ):
It is located directly under the cell wall
It is permeable to allow nutrients to enter and wastes to leave
the bacterial cell , and to maintain water balance of the cell
10. Cytoplasm :
it is the soft gel that contain the different organs of the bacterial cell
Nuclear material :
it is formed of DNA which is responsible for carrying the genetic
information of the bacterial cell
Ribosome:
They contain RNA
They are responsible for manufacturing proteins and enzymes which
are essential for cell growth and reproduction
Plasmid :
They are formed of DNA and play an imporant role in transferring the
resistance ability from one bacterium to another
Structure of bacterial cell
11. Other structure
Pili:
Delicate projection help the bacterial cell to attach to another living
cell and transfer of genetic material from one cell to the other
Flagella
long thread help the bacterial cell to propel with whipping
movement
Fimbriae
Shorter thinner and more numerous than flagella , they help the
cell to attach to surface
Capsules :
Protective coating around the cell wall
Spores :
Version of cell which are highly resistant to atmospheric
12. Bacterial Reproduction:
There are 2 method of bacterial reproduction :
1- Asexual reproduction (simple binnary fission)
more common
2- Seuxal reproduction (conjugation ) via plasmid
transfer less common
13. Bacterial resistance:
There are 2 types of bacterial resistance to
antibacterial agents :
A-A- natural resistance :natural resistance :
some bacteria are naturally resistant to particular
antibiotics irrespective of previous contact with that
antibiotic .
This is a result of specific biochemistry or anatomy
of the cell which renders it insensitive to that
antibiotic
(e.g most of gram –ve bacteria are resistant to
penicillin –G)
14. Bacterial resistance:
Acquired resistance :
This arises when bacteria were susceptible to an antibiotic
and after exposure to that antibiotic become unsusceptible
may develop by one of the following ways :
1- general mutation :
Occasionally during bacterial reproduction ,DNA
May by imperfectly replaced “mutation “ . Mutant daughter
cell become more resistant to some types of antibiotics
2- Transfer of resistance by plasmid :
plasmid is a fragment of DNA which float in the cytoplasm
Plasmid can carry various kind of genetic information
including information of antibiotic resistance (R-plasmid )
15. R-plasmid can be transmitted from one
cell to another by one of 2 methods:
A- Conjugation:
Transfer of R-plasmid
During conjugation
between cells
B-Bacteriophage
It is a virus which parasites on
bacteria and during its reproduction it
makes use of bacterial cell
components including R-plasmid .
When the offspring bacteriphages
attack other bacterial cell , they
transfer R-plasmid to their new host
which they become resistance
16. Mechanism of resistant to Antibiotics:
1- production of inhibiting enzymes
2- changing metabolic pathways:
Some bacteria develop resistance to sulphonamides by
increasing their production
of PABA so much that the antibiotic by
fail to compete for the enzyme which
utilize this substance
3- Altering cell membrane permeability :
antibiotic will be unable to introduce into the cell to
exert its function (e.g. pseudomonas )
17. Bacterial classificationBacterial classification
I-According to habitat:
1- Saprophytes: they are harmless , they live in water
2-Parasites :they live only in living bodies (host), they may be
harmless (commensals) or harmful (pathogens )
II-According to shape:
1- Cocci: rounded in shape , they are arranged in pairs
(diplococci), chains (streptococci) or clusters (staphylococci)
2-Bacilli: Rod in shape , they are arranged in pairs or chain
3-spirochaetes : Spiral in shape
4- Vibrio: Comma- shaped .
18. III-According to Gram stain:
Gram stain is to used stain bacteria and according to their
ability to retain the stain , bacteria are classified into
gram +ve and gram –ve .
The thickness of the peptidoglycan layer is determining
whether bacteria are gm +ve or gm –ve (gm +ve
bacteria have a thicker layer than gm –ve ones )
IV- According to oxygen requirement:
-Aerobic: survive only in presence of oxygen
-Anaerobic: survive only in absence of oxygen
-Facultative: can survive in presence or absence of
oxygen
Bacterial classificationBacterial classification
19. Some pathogenic 0rganisms which
resemble bacteria
Chlamydia : organisms which have similarities to both bacteria and
viruses.
► like bacteria :
they contain both DNA and RNA and can be seen through an
optical microscope .
► like viruses :
They do not have well defined cell walls
Chlamydia can only mulitiply inside living cells (obligatory intracellular
parasites)
Traditional methods for culturing bacteria are not successful with
chlamydia but like viruses ,they can be cultured on special disk.
Species : chlamydia ( trachomatis – genitalis – pneumonia )
Diseases : non specific urethritis – eye infections – pneumonia
20. Some pathogenic 0rganisms which
resemble bacteria
Mycoplasmas :
Very small microorganisms , smaller than
bacteria , they don’t have a rigid cell wall and
can therefore exhibit a variety of shapes and
sizes .unlike chlamydia , mycoplasmas can
be cultured on artificial media enriched with
serum.
Species : M.( pneumoniae – hominis )
Diseases : mycoplasmal pneumonia – UTI –
peritonities – infections following abortion.
21. Some pathogenic 0rganisms which
resemble bacteria
Acid fast bacilli :
Mycobacteria
Are slender rods which may be slightly curved .
They have waxy capsule which makes them
very resistant to physical and chemical attack
and prevents them taking up the gram stain.
Species : Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Diseases : Tuberculosis
22. Some pathogens of medical importance
The classification of the following pathogens of
medical importance is based on their morphology,
staining characters, and oxygen tolerance
1-COCCi
Gram +ve cocci
Streptococcus spp(facultative)
Staphylococcus spp (Aerobic)
Gram –ve cocci
Nesseria spp (Aerobic)
Branhmella (Moraxella)spp
(Aerobic)
23. Gram + ve CocciGram + ve Cocci
SpeciesSpecies HabitatHabitat DiseasesDiseases
Streptococcus pyogens
)Beta –hemolytic streptococci(
Mucous membrane of nose
and throat of infected person
•URT
•Scarlet fever
•Skin and wound infection
Streptococcus pneumoniae
)Pneumococci(
Common in URT •Pneumonia-Otitis media
•Meningitis -Endocarditis
Streptococcus viridans
)Alfa-hamaemolytic streptococci(
Commensal in mouth •Dental abscess
•Subacute bacterial
endocarditis
Streptococcus faecalis
)Enterococci(
Common in large intestine •Urinary tract infection
•Cholecystitis –Peritioitis
Staphococcous aureus Common skin and URT •Skin &wound infection
•Pneumonia-otitia media
•Osteomyelitis
Staphococcous albus
)S.epidermidis(
Common in skin )grows in
sweet gland(
•Skin &wound infection
•Catheter infection
24. Gram – ve cocci
•
•Neissria
Gonorrhoea
)Gonococci(
Mucous membrane
of genito –urinary
tract
•Gonorrhoea –
PIDs
•Eye infection
•Neissria
meningitides
)meningococci(
Common in nose &
throatURTI & LRT
Meningitis &
septicemia
Branhamella
catarrhalis
Upper respiratory
tract
URTI
LRTI
31. Some pathogenic organisms which resemble bacteriaSome pathogenic organisms which resemble bacteria::
Chlamydia:
They are organisms which have similarities to both bacteria
&viruses
Like bacteria they contain both DNA &RNA
However, like viruses they don’t have well –defined cell wall .
Chlamydia can only multiply inside living cell and therfore
sometimes described as obligatory intracellular parasites
Chlamydia , like viruses can be cultured on special disk
SpeciesSpecies NotableNotable
featuresfeatures
HabitatHabitat DiseasesDiseases
Caused in manCaused in man
Chlamydia
)Trachomatis(
Genitalis(
Pneumonia(
Can only
Multiply
Inside living cells
Gential tract
of infected
person
Non-specific urethritis
Lymphogranuloma
venereum , eye
infections, pneumonia
especially in neonates
32. MycoplasmasMycoplasmas
Are very small Microorganism than bacteria ,they pass through
filters which retain bacteria they do not have a rigid cell wall and can
therefore , exhibit a variety of shapes and sizes
Mycoplasm can be cultured on artificial media enriched with serum
speciesspecies Notable featuresNotable features habitathabitat Disease caused inDisease caused in
manman
Mycoplasm
pneumoniae
Able to survive and
multiply inside human
cell
Commensal in the
genitourinary tract
Mycoplasmal
pneumonia tonsllitis
Ureaplasm
urealyticum
Able to survive and
multiply inside human
cell
COMMENSAL IN
THE
GENITOURINARY
tract
Pelvic inflammatory
diseases
MYCOPLASMA
HOMINIS
Able to survive and
multiply inside human
cell
GENITOURINARY
tract
Urinary tract
infection,bartholinitis,
salpingitis ,
peritonitis< infection
33. Acid fast bacilliAcid fast bacilli::
Mycobacterium are slender rods which may be slightly curved , they
have waxy capsule which makes them very resistant to physical and
chemical attack and prevent them taking up gram stain
SpeciesSpecies Notable featuresNotable features HabitatHabitat Diseases caused inDiseases caused in
manman
Mycobacteriu
m tubercluosis
Also know as the
tubercle bacillus
Human
lungs
tuberculosis
Mycobacteriu
m avium
Mycobacteriu
m
Intracellulare
These two species
are so similar that
they are often
referred to as the
mycobacterium
avium –intracelluare
complex
Widely
distributed
in soil
water ,
dust, etc
Produce
diseases in
birds and
animals
Infection of the lung,
lymph nodes , skin,
bones , soft tissue
and geiti-urinary tract
Seer and widespread
infection may occur in
immunocompromised
patient as AIDS
39. Urinary tract infectionsUrinary tract infections
Definition :
It’s a common infection that usually occures when
bacteria enter the opening of the urethra and multiply
in the urinary tract.
Classification of UTI anatomical :
Lower Upper
Cystitis acute or chronic pyelonephritis
Urithritis renal or perirenal abscess
prostatitis
40. Etiologic agents of UTIsEtiologic agents of UTIs
Uncomplicated : usually gm -ve bacteria that
are part of the intestinal flora .
80 – 90 % due to E.coli
10 – 20 % due to Proteus , Klebsiella , Enterococcus
, staph.saprophyticus.
Complicated :mostly gm –ve but gm +ve and
fungi also.
10 – 20 % Due to E.coli
80 – 90 % due to Proteus , Klebsiella , Enterococcus
, Serratia , Pseudomonas , enterobacter ,
Staph.aureeus , and candidia
41. Signs and symptoms of UTIsSigns and symptoms of UTIs
Dysuria ( burning pain upon urination)
Frequency
Urgency
Voiding in small amounts
Inability to void
Incomplete emptying of bladder
Low back suprapubic pain
42. Treatment of UTIs
Antibiotics
Analgesics
Increase fluids
Repeat urine culture and sensitivity after
antibiotics are finished.
43. Chemotherapy of UT infections
Sulfonamides :
In combinations with trimethoprim often used in
UTIs , Otitis , Bronchitis , Sinusitis
Several drug resistance cases have restricted
their use
The Quinolone antibiotics :
Wide spectrum antimicrobial agents
Successfully used in the treatment of UTI ,
prostatitis , STDs , bacterial diarrhea .
Not recommended in children or pregnancy.