This document provides information on basic bacterial classification. It discusses how bacteria can be classified based on their cell structure (gram-positive vs gram-negative cell walls), morphology (coccus, bacillus, vibrio, spirilla shapes), mode of nutrition (phototrophs, chemotrophs, autotrophs, heterotrophs), temperature requirements (psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles), and oxygen requirements (aerobes and anaerobes). The gram stain technique allows classification of many clinically important bacteria as either gram-positive or gram-negative. Classification serves to distinguish and group similar bacteria for study by microbiologists.
General Characteristics of microbes.pptxRomy Markose
General Characteristics of Microbes is the 2nd unit of Microbiology subject for Nursing students. Students are able to understand the classification, morphology, structure, growth & nutrition, laboratory methods for the identification of bacteria.
General Characteristics of microbes.pptxRomy Markose
General Characteristics of Microbes is the 2nd unit of Microbiology subject for Nursing students. Students are able to understand the classification, morphology, structure, growth & nutrition, laboratory methods for the identification of bacteria.
This document provides an overview of bacterial cell structure. It defines bacteria and lists their key characteristics, including being unicellular, prokaryotic, and reproducing through binary fission. It describes the three main shapes of bacteria and classifies them based on morphology, nutrition, temperature tolerance, and pH tolerance. The structure of bacterial cells is explained, including cellular components like the cell wall, flagella, pili, and endospores. Examples of medically important gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are also provided.
This document provides an overview of bacterial cell structure. It defines bacteria and lists their key characteristics, including being unicellular, prokaryotic, and reproducing through binary fission. It describes the three main shapes of bacteria and classifies them based on morphology, nutrition, temperature tolerance, and pH tolerance. The structure of bacterial cells is explained, including cellular components like the cell wall, flagella, pili, and endospores. Examples of medically important gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are also provided.
Bacteria are microbes with a cell structure simpler than that of many other organisms. Their control centre, containing the genetic information, is contained in a single loop of DNA. Some bacteria have an extra circle of genetic material called a plasmid rather than a nucleus. The plasmid often contains genes that give the bacterium some advantage over other bacteria. For example it may contain a gene that makes the bacterium resistant to a certain antibiotic.
Bacteria are classified into five groups according to their basic shapes: spherical (cocci), rod (bacilli), spiral (spirilla), comma (vibrios) or corkscrew (spirochaetes). They can exist as single cells, in pairs, chains or clusters.
Bacteria are microbes with a cell structure simpler than that of many other organisms. Their control centre, containing the genetic information, is contained in a single loop of DNA. Some bacteria have an extra circle of genetic material called a plasmid rather than a nucleus. The plasmid often contains genes that give the bacterium some advantage over other bacteria. For example it may contain a gene that makes the bacterium resistant to a certain antibiotic.
Bacteria are classified into five groups according to their basic shapes: spherical (cocci), rod (bacilli), spiral (spirilla), comma (vibrios) or corkscrew (spirochaetes). They can exist as single cells, in pairs, chains or clusters.
Classification of Microorganisms 2019.pptxssuser504dda
1. Microorganisms are classified through taxonomy, which involves identification, classification, and nomenclature of organisms.
2. Taxonomic classification categories arrange species in a hierarchical order from domain to genus. Identification techniques include microscopy, culture characteristics, biochemical tests, and nucleic acid analysis.
3. Bacteria can be classified by morphology, staining, culture characteristics, oxygen requirements, metabolism, and environmental tolerances. Cocci, bacilli, vibrios, spirochetes, and spirilla are morphological groups.
Classification of Microorganisms 2019.pptxssuser504dda
1. Microorganisms are classified through taxonomy, which involves identification, classification, and nomenclature of organisms.
2. Taxonomic classification categories arrange species in a hierarchical order from domain to genus. Identification techniques include microscopy, culture characteristics, biochemical tests, and nucleic acid analysis.
3. Bacteria can be classified by morphology, staining, culture characteristics, oxygen requirements, metabolism, and environmental tolerances. Cocci, bacilli, vibrios, spirochetes, and spirilla are morphological groups.
General Characteristics of microbes.pptxRomy Markose
General Characteristics of Microbes is the 2nd unit of Microbiology subject for Nursing students. Students are able to understand the classification, morphology, structure, growth & nutrition, laboratory methods for the identification of bacteria.
General Characteristics of microbes.pptxRomy Markose
General Characteristics of Microbes is the 2nd unit of Microbiology subject for Nursing students. Students are able to understand the classification, morphology, structure, growth & nutrition, laboratory methods for the identification of bacteria.
This document provides an overview of bacterial cell structure. It defines bacteria and lists their key characteristics, including being unicellular, prokaryotic, and reproducing through binary fission. It describes the three main shapes of bacteria and classifies them based on morphology, nutrition, temperature tolerance, and pH tolerance. The structure of bacterial cells is explained, including cellular components like the cell wall, flagella, pili, and endospores. Examples of medically important gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are also provided.
This document provides an overview of bacterial cell structure. It defines bacteria and lists their key characteristics, including being unicellular, prokaryotic, and reproducing through binary fission. It describes the three main shapes of bacteria and classifies them based on morphology, nutrition, temperature tolerance, and pH tolerance. The structure of bacterial cells is explained, including cellular components like the cell wall, flagella, pili, and endospores. Examples of medically important gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are also provided.
Bacteria are microbes with a cell structure simpler than that of many other organisms. Their control centre, containing the genetic information, is contained in a single loop of DNA. Some bacteria have an extra circle of genetic material called a plasmid rather than a nucleus. The plasmid often contains genes that give the bacterium some advantage over other bacteria. For example it may contain a gene that makes the bacterium resistant to a certain antibiotic.
Bacteria are classified into five groups according to their basic shapes: spherical (cocci), rod (bacilli), spiral (spirilla), comma (vibrios) or corkscrew (spirochaetes). They can exist as single cells, in pairs, chains or clusters.
Bacteria are microbes with a cell structure simpler than that of many other organisms. Their control centre, containing the genetic information, is contained in a single loop of DNA. Some bacteria have an extra circle of genetic material called a plasmid rather than a nucleus. The plasmid often contains genes that give the bacterium some advantage over other bacteria. For example it may contain a gene that makes the bacterium resistant to a certain antibiotic.
Bacteria are classified into five groups according to their basic shapes: spherical (cocci), rod (bacilli), spiral (spirilla), comma (vibrios) or corkscrew (spirochaetes). They can exist as single cells, in pairs, chains or clusters.
Classification of Microorganisms 2019.pptxssuser504dda
1. Microorganisms are classified through taxonomy, which involves identification, classification, and nomenclature of organisms.
2. Taxonomic classification categories arrange species in a hierarchical order from domain to genus. Identification techniques include microscopy, culture characteristics, biochemical tests, and nucleic acid analysis.
3. Bacteria can be classified by morphology, staining, culture characteristics, oxygen requirements, metabolism, and environmental tolerances. Cocci, bacilli, vibrios, spirochetes, and spirilla are morphological groups.
Classification of Microorganisms 2019.pptxssuser504dda
1. Microorganisms are classified through taxonomy, which involves identification, classification, and nomenclature of organisms.
2. Taxonomic classification categories arrange species in a hierarchical order from domain to genus. Identification techniques include microscopy, culture characteristics, biochemical tests, and nucleic acid analysis.
3. Bacteria can be classified by morphology, staining, culture characteristics, oxygen requirements, metabolism, and environmental tolerances. Cocci, bacilli, vibrios, spirochetes, and spirilla are morphological groups.
Bacteria are classified in several ways:
1. By staining (Gram positive/negative, acid-fast), shape (cocci, bacilli), motility, environment (aerobic/anaerobic).
2. The bacterial cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, flagella/fimbriae and cytoplasm. The cell wall provides structure and protection through its peptidoglycan layer.
3. Bacteria are further classified based on nutrition sources, temperature, pH and salt tolerance ranges they thrive in. Most bacteria serve important ecological roles while some can cause disease.
Bacteria are classified in several ways:
1. By staining (Gram positive/negative, acid-fast), shape (cocci, bacilli), motility, environment (aerobic/anaerobic).
2. The bacterial cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, flagella/fimbriae and cytoplasm. The cell wall provides structure and protection through its peptidoglycan layer.
3. Bacteria are further classified based on nutrition sources, temperature, pH and salt tolerance ranges they thrive in. Most bacteria serve important ecological roles while some can cause disease.
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic organisms that are found everywhere and are very abundant. They can thrive in extreme conditions where other organisms cannot live. Bacterial cells are typically much smaller than human cells. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes including spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), spiral, and comma-shaped. The shape of a bacterial cell is an important characteristic that is specific to its species and can affect its pathogenicity, motility, and other traits. Common bacterial shapes include cocci arranged in pairs, chains, and clusters, as well as rod-shaped bacilli arranged singly or attached in pairs or chains.
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic organisms that are found everywhere and are very abundant. They can thrive in extreme conditions where other organisms cannot live. Bacterial cells are typically much smaller than human cells. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes including spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), spiral, and comma-shaped. The shape of a bacterial cell is an important characteristic that is specific to its species and can affect its pathogenicity, motility, and other traits. Common bacterial shapes include cocci arranged in pairs, chains, and clusters, as well as rod-shaped bacilli arranged singly or attached in pairs or chains.
Bacteria have a variety of shapes and structures. They are generally between 0.1 to 50 micrometers in size and can take the form of spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), spirals, coils or filaments. The basic structures of bacterial cells include a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a single circular chromosome. Some bacteria also have additional structures like flagella, pili, endospores or a capsule. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall while gram-negative bacteria have a thinner cell wall and an additional outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides. These structures allow bacteria to maintain their shape, protect the cell, and move.
Bacteria have a variety of shapes and structures. They are generally between 0.1 to 50 micrometers in size and can take the form of spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), spirals, coils or filaments. The basic structures of bacterial cells include a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a single circular chromosome. Some bacteria also have additional structures like flagella, pili, endospores or a capsule. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall while gram-negative bacteria have a thinner cell wall and an additional outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides. These structures allow bacteria to maintain their shape, protect the cell, and move.
1. Microbes are tiny living organisms that can only be seen with a microscope and include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae.
2. Microbes are classified into different kingdoms such as bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes based on their cellular structure and characteristics.
3. Bacteria are further classified based on their shape, staining, biochemical traits, temperature preferences, and antigenic properties to help identify different species such as E. coli.
1. Microbes are tiny living organisms that can only be seen with a microscope and include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae.
2. Microbes are classified into different kingdoms based on their structure and characteristics, with the main divisions being prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
3. Bacteria are single-celled microbes that come in different shapes and sizes and are further classified based on their morphology, biochemical traits, staining properties, and antigens.
1. Microbes are tiny living organisms that can only be seen with a microscope and include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae.
2. Microbes are classified into different kingdoms such as bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes based on their cellular structure and characteristics.
3. Bacteria are further classified based on their shape, staining, biochemical traits, temperature preferences, and antigenic properties to help identify different species such as E. coli.
1. Microbes are tiny living organisms that can only be seen with a microscope and include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae.
2. Microbes are classified into different kingdoms based on their structure and characteristics, with the main divisions being prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
3. Bacteria are single-celled microbes that come in different shapes and sizes and are further classified based on their morphology, biochemical traits, staining properties, and antigens.
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.Archana Shaw
This document provides an overview of the ultrastructure and characteristic features of bacteria. It discusses the general morphology of bacteria and describes several key structures. Bacteria have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may contain structures like flagella, pili, capsules, and plasmids. The document contrasts gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell walls. It provides details on the components and functions of bacterial cell membranes, peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, and lipopolysaccharides. Reproduction, nutrition, distribution, resistance and size of bacterial cells are also summarized.
The document discusses the classification of bacteria. It explains that reliable classification is important for scientists to track the tremendous variety of microorganisms. Historically, classification has changed as new techniques became available, moving from morphology-based to genetics-based approaches. Modern classification is based on phenotypic characteristics like Gram staining and biochemical reactions as well as genotypic analysis including rRNA sequencing, DNA-DNA hybridization, and G+C content. Bacteria can be classified by their morphology, staining, culture characteristics, environmental requirements, and pathogenicity.
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.Archana Shaw
This document provides an overview of the ultrastructure and characteristic features of bacteria. It discusses the general morphology of bacteria and describes several key structures. Bacteria have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may contain structures like flagella, pili, capsules, and plasmids. The document contrasts gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell walls. It provides details on the components and functions of bacterial cell membranes, peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, and lipopolysaccharides. Reproduction, nutrition, distribution, resistance and size of bacterial cells are also summarized.
The document discusses the classification of bacteria. It explains that reliable classification is important for scientists to track the tremendous variety of microorganisms. Historically, classification has changed as new techniques became available, moving from morphology-based to genetics-based approaches. Modern classification is based on phenotypic characteristics like Gram staining and biochemical reactions as well as genotypic analysis including rRNA sequencing, DNA-DNA hybridization, and G+C content. Bacteria can be classified by their morphology, staining, culture characteristics, environmental requirements, and pathogenicity.
This is presentation about classification and nutrition of bacteria. Bacteria are classified depending on various parameters viz. cell wall, temperature, air, salt concentration, Pressure, presence of flagella, pH etc.
This document discusses the classification and growth requirements of bacteria. It begins by outlining Bergey's four divisions of bacteria based on cell wall structure: Gracilicutes, Firmicutes, Tenericutes, and Mendosicutes. It then describes how bacteria are classified according to their Gram staining, shape, temperature and pH requirements, oxygen needs, flagella presence, and ability to form spores. The document also differentiates between autotrophs and heterotrophs, and outlines various bacterial growth media including natural, synthetic, basal, enriched, and enrichment media.
Bacteria are classified in several ways:
1. By staining (Gram positive/negative, acid-fast), shape (cocci, bacilli), motility, environment (aerobic/anaerobic).
2. The bacterial cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, flagella/fimbriae and cytoplasm. The cell wall provides structure and protection through its peptidoglycan layer.
3. Bacteria are further classified based on nutrition sources, temperature, pH and salt tolerance ranges they thrive in. Most bacteria serve important ecological roles while some can cause disease.
Bacteria are classified in several ways:
1. By staining (Gram positive/negative, acid-fast), shape (cocci, bacilli), motility, environment (aerobic/anaerobic).
2. The bacterial cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, flagella/fimbriae and cytoplasm. The cell wall provides structure and protection through its peptidoglycan layer.
3. Bacteria are further classified based on nutrition sources, temperature, pH and salt tolerance ranges they thrive in. Most bacteria serve important ecological roles while some can cause disease.
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic organisms that are found everywhere and are very abundant. They can thrive in extreme conditions where other organisms cannot live. Bacterial cells are typically much smaller than human cells. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes including spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), spiral, and comma-shaped. The shape of a bacterial cell is an important characteristic that is specific to its species and can affect its pathogenicity, motility, and other traits. Common bacterial shapes include cocci arranged in pairs, chains, and clusters, as well as rod-shaped bacilli arranged singly or attached in pairs or chains.
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic organisms that are found everywhere and are very abundant. They can thrive in extreme conditions where other organisms cannot live. Bacterial cells are typically much smaller than human cells. Bacteria come in a variety of shapes including spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), spiral, and comma-shaped. The shape of a bacterial cell is an important characteristic that is specific to its species and can affect its pathogenicity, motility, and other traits. Common bacterial shapes include cocci arranged in pairs, chains, and clusters, as well as rod-shaped bacilli arranged singly or attached in pairs or chains.
Bacteria have a variety of shapes and structures. They are generally between 0.1 to 50 micrometers in size and can take the form of spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), spirals, coils or filaments. The basic structures of bacterial cells include a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a single circular chromosome. Some bacteria also have additional structures like flagella, pili, endospores or a capsule. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall while gram-negative bacteria have a thinner cell wall and an additional outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides. These structures allow bacteria to maintain their shape, protect the cell, and move.
Bacteria have a variety of shapes and structures. They are generally between 0.1 to 50 micrometers in size and can take the form of spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), spirals, coils or filaments. The basic structures of bacterial cells include a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a single circular chromosome. Some bacteria also have additional structures like flagella, pili, endospores or a capsule. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall while gram-negative bacteria have a thinner cell wall and an additional outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides. These structures allow bacteria to maintain their shape, protect the cell, and move.
1. Microbes are tiny living organisms that can only be seen with a microscope and include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae.
2. Microbes are classified into different kingdoms such as bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes based on their cellular structure and characteristics.
3. Bacteria are further classified based on their shape, staining, biochemical traits, temperature preferences, and antigenic properties to help identify different species such as E. coli.
1. Microbes are tiny living organisms that can only be seen with a microscope and include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae.
2. Microbes are classified into different kingdoms based on their structure and characteristics, with the main divisions being prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
3. Bacteria are single-celled microbes that come in different shapes and sizes and are further classified based on their morphology, biochemical traits, staining properties, and antigens.
1. Microbes are tiny living organisms that can only be seen with a microscope and include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae.
2. Microbes are classified into different kingdoms such as bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes based on their cellular structure and characteristics.
3. Bacteria are further classified based on their shape, staining, biochemical traits, temperature preferences, and antigenic properties to help identify different species such as E. coli.
1. Microbes are tiny living organisms that can only be seen with a microscope and include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae.
2. Microbes are classified into different kingdoms based on their structure and characteristics, with the main divisions being prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
3. Bacteria are single-celled microbes that come in different shapes and sizes and are further classified based on their morphology, biochemical traits, staining properties, and antigens.
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.Archana Shaw
This document provides an overview of the ultrastructure and characteristic features of bacteria. It discusses the general morphology of bacteria and describes several key structures. Bacteria have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may contain structures like flagella, pili, capsules, and plasmids. The document contrasts gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell walls. It provides details on the components and functions of bacterial cell membranes, peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, and lipopolysaccharides. Reproduction, nutrition, distribution, resistance and size of bacterial cells are also summarized.
The document discusses the classification of bacteria. It explains that reliable classification is important for scientists to track the tremendous variety of microorganisms. Historically, classification has changed as new techniques became available, moving from morphology-based to genetics-based approaches. Modern classification is based on phenotypic characteristics like Gram staining and biochemical reactions as well as genotypic analysis including rRNA sequencing, DNA-DNA hybridization, and G+C content. Bacteria can be classified by their morphology, staining, culture characteristics, environmental requirements, and pathogenicity.
Ultrastructure and characterstic features of bacteria.Archana Shaw
This document provides an overview of the ultrastructure and characteristic features of bacteria. It discusses the general morphology of bacteria and describes several key structures. Bacteria have a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and may contain structures like flagella, pili, capsules, and plasmids. The document contrasts gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell walls. It provides details on the components and functions of bacterial cell membranes, peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, and lipopolysaccharides. Reproduction, nutrition, distribution, resistance and size of bacterial cells are also summarized.
The document discusses the classification of bacteria. It explains that reliable classification is important for scientists to track the tremendous variety of microorganisms. Historically, classification has changed as new techniques became available, moving from morphology-based to genetics-based approaches. Modern classification is based on phenotypic characteristics like Gram staining and biochemical reactions as well as genotypic analysis including rRNA sequencing, DNA-DNA hybridization, and G+C content. Bacteria can be classified by their morphology, staining, culture characteristics, environmental requirements, and pathogenicity.
This is presentation about classification and nutrition of bacteria. Bacteria are classified depending on various parameters viz. cell wall, temperature, air, salt concentration, Pressure, presence of flagella, pH etc.
This document discusses the classification and growth requirements of bacteria. It begins by outlining Bergey's four divisions of bacteria based on cell wall structure: Gracilicutes, Firmicutes, Tenericutes, and Mendosicutes. It then describes how bacteria are classified according to their Gram staining, shape, temperature and pH requirements, oxygen needs, flagella presence, and ability to form spores. The document also differentiates between autotrophs and heterotrophs, and outlines various bacterial growth media including natural, synthetic, basal, enriched, and enrichment media.
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2. Learning Objective
At the end of this session participants should be
able to understand the principle of pathogen
classification
3. Baterial
• They are prokaryotic organisms-simple
unicellular organisms with no nuclear membrane,
mitochondria, Golgi bodies, or endoplasmic
reticulum-that reproduce by asexual division.
• The bacterial cell wall is complex, consisting of
one of two basic forms: a gram-positive cell wall
with a thick peptidoglycan layer, and a gram-
negative cell wall with a thin peptidoglycan layer
and an overlying outer membrane
5. Morphologic Characteristics
Both wet-mounted and properly stained bacterial cell
suspensions can yield a great deal of information.
These simple tests can indicate the Gram reaction of
the organism; whether it is acid-fast; its motility; the
arrangement of its flagella; the presence of spores,
capsules, and inclusion bodies; and, of course, its
shape.
This information often can allow identification of an
organism to the genus level, or can minimize the
possibility that it belongs to one or another group
6. Growth Characteristics
A primary distinguishing characteristic is whether an organism
grows aerobically, anaerobically, facultatively (i.e., in either the
presence or absence of oxygen), or microaerobically (i.e., in the
presence of a less than atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen).
The proper atmospheric conditions are essential for isolating and
identifying bacteria.
Other important growth assessments include the incubation
temperature, pH, nutrients required, and resistance to antibiotics.
For example, one diarrheal disease agent, Campylobacter jejuni,
grows well at 42° C in the presence of several antibiotics; another, Y.
enterocolitica, grows better than most other bacteria at 4°
C. Legionella, Haemophilus, and some other pathogens require
specific growth factors, whereas E. coli and most other
Enterobacteriaceae can grow on minimal media.
7. Bacterial Classification
Bacteria are classified and identified to distinguish one
organism from another and to group similar organisms
by criteria of interest to microbiologists or other
scientists.
The classification of bacteria serves a variety of
different functions. Because of this variety, bacteria
may be grouped using many different typing schemes.
The grounds for the classification commonly used may
be the following: Cell Wall, shape, Nutrition,
Temperature requirement, oxygen requirement,
Growth Requirement, number of flagella and spore
formation
8. 1. Classification on the basis of Gram
Stain and Bacterial Cell Wall
• Of all the different classification systems, the Gram
stain has withstood the test of time.
• Discovered by H.C. Gram in 1884 it remains an
important and useful technique to this day.
• It allows a large proportion of clinically important
bacteria to be classified as either Gram positive or
negative based on their morphology and differential
staining properties.
• Slides are sequentially stained with crystal violet,
iodine, then destained with alcohol and counter-
stained with safranin. Gram positive bacteria stain
blue-purple and Gram negative bacteria stain red.
9. • The difference between the two groups is believed to
be due to a much larger peptidoglycan (cell wall) in
Gram positives.
• As a result the iodine and crystal violet precipitate in
the thickened cell wall and are not eluted by alcohol in
contrast with the Gram negatives where the crystal
violet is readily eluted from the bacteria.
• As a result bacteria can be distinguished based on their
morphology and staining properties.
• Some bacteria such as mycobacteria are not reliably
stained due to the large lipid content of the
peptidoglycan.
• Alternative staining techniques (Kinyoun or acid fast
stain) are therefore used that take advantage of the
resistance to destaining after lengthier initial staining
12. In the year 1872 scientist Cohn classified bacteria to 4
major types depending on their shapes are as follows:
1. Cocci:These types of bacteria are unicellular, spherical
or elliptical shape. Either they may remain as a single
cell or may aggregate together for various
configurations. They are as follows:
– Monococcus:– they are also called micrococcus and
represented by single, discrete
round Example: Micrococcus flavus.
– Diplococcus:– the cell of the Diplococcus divides ones in a
particular plane and after division, the cells remain
attached to each other. Example: Diplococcus pneumonia.
13. – Streptococcus: – here the cells divide repeatedly in
one plane to form chain of cells. Example: –
Streptococcus pyogenes.
– Tetracoccus: – this consists of four round cells, which
defied in two planes at a right angles to one another.
Example: – Gaffkya tetragena. Staphylococcus: – here
the cells divided into three planes forming a
structured like bunches of grapes giving and irregular
configuration. Example: – Staphylococcus aureus.
– Sarcina: -in this case the cells divide in three planes
but they form a cube like configuration consisting of
eight or sixteen cells but they have a regular shape.
Example: –Sarcina lutea.
14. 2. Bacilli: – These are rod shaped or cylindrical
bacteria which either remain singly or in pairs.
Example: –Bacillus cereus.
3. Vibro: – The vibro are the curved, comma
shaped bacteria and represented by a single
genus. Example: – Vibro cholerae.
4. Spirilla: – These type of bacteria are spiral or
spring like with multiple curvature and terminal
flagella. Example: –Spirillum volutans.
15. Others
• Actinomycetes are branching filamentous
bacteria, so called because of a fancied
resemblance to the radiating rays of the sun
when seen in tissue lesions (from actis
meaning ray and mykes meaning fungus).
• Mycoplasmas are bacteria that are cell wall
deficient and hence do not possess a stable
morphology. They occur as round or oval
bodies and as interlacing filaments.
16. 3. Classification of Bacteria on the
Basis of Mode of Nutrition
1. Phototrophs:
– Those bacteria which gain energy from light.
– Phototrops are further divided into two groups on
the basis of source of electron.
– Photolithotrophs: these bacteria gain energy from
light and uses reduced inorganic compounds such
as H2S as electron source. Eg. Chromatium okenii.
– Photoorganotrophs: these bacteria gain energy
from light and uses organic compounds such as
succinate as electron source.
17. 2. Chemotrophs
– Those bacteria gain energy from chemical
compounds.
– They cannot carry out photosynthesis.
– Chemotrops are further divided into two groups on
the basis of source of electron.
– Chemolithotrophs: they gain energy from oxidation of
chemical compound and reduces inorganic
compounds such as NH3 as electron source.
Eg. Nitrosomonas.
– Chemoorganotrophs: they gain energy from chemical
compounds and uses organic compound such as
glucose and amino acids as source of electron.
eg. Pseudomonas pseudoflava
18. 3. Autotrophs:
– Those bacteria which uses carbondioxide as sole
source of carbon to prepare its own food.
– Autotrophs are divided into two types on the basis
of energy utilized to assimilate carbondioxide. ie.
Photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.
– Photoautotrophs: they utilized light to assimilate
CO2. They are further divided into two group on
the basis of electron sources. Ie. Photolithotropic
autotrophs and Photoorganotropic autotrophs
– Chemoautotrophs: They utilize chemical energy
for assimilation of CO2
19. Heterotrophs
– Those bacteria which uses organic compound as
carbon source.
– They lack the ability to fix CO2.
– Most of the human pathogenic bacteria are
heterotropic in nature.
– Some heterotrops are simple, because they have
simple nutritional requirement. However there
are some bacteria that require special nutrients
for their growth; known as fastidious
heterotrophs.
20. 4. Classification of Bacteria on the
Basis of Temperature Requirement
Bacteria can be classified into the following major
types on the basis of their temperatures response as
indicated below:
1.Psychrophiles:
– Bacteria that can grow at 0°C or below but the optimum
temperature of growth is 15 °C or below and maximum
temperature is 20°C are called psychrophiles
– Psychrophiles have polyunsaturated fatty acids in their cell
membrane which gives fluid nature to the cell membrane
even at lower temperature.
– Examples: Vibrio psychroerythrus, vibrio marinus,
Polaromonas vaculata, Psychroflexus
21. 2. Psychrotrops (facultative psychrophiles):
– Those bacteria that can grow even at 0°C but
optimum temperature for growth is (20-30)°C
3. Mesophiles:
– Those bacteria that can grow best between (25-
40)o C but optimum temperature for growth is
37C.
– Most of the human pathogens are mesophilic in
nature. Examples: E. coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella,
Staphylococci
22. 4. Thermophiles:
– Those bacteria that can best grow above 45C.
– Thermophiles capable of growing in mesophilic
range are called facultative thermophiles.
– True thermophiles are called as
Stenothermophiles, they are obligate
thermophiles,
– Thermophils contains saturated fattyacids in their
cell membrane so their cell membrane does not
become too fluid even at higher temperature.
– Examples: Streptococcus thermophiles, Bacillus
stearothermophilus, Thermus aquaticus
23. 5. Hypethermophiles:
– Those bacteria that have optimum temperature of
growth above 80C.
– Mostly Archeobacteria are hyperthermophiles.
– Monolayer cell membrane of Archeobacteria is
more resistant to heat and they adopt to grow in
higher remperature.
– Examples: Thermodesulfobacterium, Aquifex,
Pyrolobus fumari, Thermotoga
24. Classification of Bacteria on the Basis
of Oxygen Requirement
1. Obligate Aerobes:
– Require oxygen to live.
– Example: Pseudomonas, common nosocomial pathogen.
2. Facultative Anaerobes:
– Can use oxygen, but can grow in its absence.
– They have complex set of enzymes.
– Examples: E. coli, Staphylococcus, yeasts, and many intestinal
bacteria.
3. Obligate Anaerobes:
– Cannot use oxygen and are harmed by the presence of toxic
forms of oxygen.
– Examples: Clostridium bacteria that cause tetanus and botulism
25. 4. Aerotolerant Anaerobes:
– Cannot use oxygen, but tolerate its presence.
– Can break down toxic forms of oxygen.
– Example: Lactobacillus carries out fermentation
regardless of oxygen presence.
5. Microaerophiles:
– Require oxygen, but at low concentrations.
– Sensitive to toxic forms of oxygen.
– Example: Campylobacter
26. Classification of Bacteria on the Basis
of pH of Growth
1. Acidophiles:
– These bacteria grow best at an acidic pH. The cytoplasm of these
bacteria are acidic in nature.
– Some acidopiles are thermophilic in nature, such bacteria are called
Thermoacidophiles.
– Examples: Thiobacillus thioxidans, Thiobacillus, ferroxidans,
Thermoplasma, Sulfolobus
2. Alkaliphiles:
– These bacteria grow best at an alkaline pH.
– Example: Vibrio cholerae optimum ph of growth is 8.2.
3. Neutrophiles:
– These bacteria grow best at neutral pH (6.5-7.5).
– Most of the bacteria grow at neutral pH.
– Example: E. col
27. Classification of Bacteria on the Basis
of Osmotic Pressure Requirement
1. Halophiles:
– Require moderate to large salt concentrations.
– Cell membrane of halophilic bacteria is made up of
glycoprotein with high content of negatively charged
glutamic acid and aspartic acids. So high concentration of
Na+ ion concentration is required to shield the –ve charge.
– Ocean water contains 3.5% salt. Most such bacteria are
present in the oceans.
– Archeobacteria, Halobacterium, Halococcu
2. Extreme or Obligate Halophiles
– Require a very high salt concentrations (20 to 30%).
– Bacteria in Dead Sea, brine vats
28. 2. Extreme or Obligate Halophiles
– Require a very high salt concentrations (20 to
30%).
– Bacteria in Dead Sea, brine vats
3. Facultative Halophiles:
– Do not require high salt concentrations for
growth, but tolerate upto 2% salt or more
29. Classification of Bacteria on the Basis
of Number of Flagella
On the basis of flagella the bacteria can be classified as:
1. Atrichos: – These bacteria has no flagella.
Example: Corynebacterium diptherae.
2. Monotrichous: – One flagellum is attached to one
end of the bacteria cell. Example: – Vibro cholerae.
3. Lophotrichous: – Bunch of flagella is attached to one
end of the bacteria cell. Example: Pseudomonas.
4. Amphitrichous: – Bunch of flagella arising from both
end of the bacteria cell. Example: Rhodospirillum
rubrum.
5. Peritrichous : – The flagella are evenly distributed
surrounding the entire bacterial cell. Example: Bacillus
30. Classification of Bacteria on the basis
of Spore Formation
1. Spore forming bacteria:
Those bacteria that produce spore during unfavorable
condition.These are further divided into two groups:
i) Endospore forming bacteria: Spore is produced within the
bacterial cell.
– Examples. Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporosarcina etc
ii) Exospore forming bacteria: Spore is produced outside the
cell.
– Example. Methylosinu
2. Non sporing bacteria:
Those bacteria which do not produce spores.
– Eg. E. coli, Salmonella