Classifications of Fungi Characteristics of all Fungi Structure of Fungi Reproduction Classification of Fungi Basidiomycota sexual reproduction occur by basidium , will be present spore is called basidiospore . Asexual by budding ,fragementation, conidiospores. Ascomycota microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores. Mostly the ascomycota is sexual but some asexual it lacks the ascospore. Zygomycota Two spore mitospores ( or) sporangiospore chlamitospore (or) zygospore Deuteromycota Imperfect Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles. sexual life cycle that is either unknown or absent. Asexual reproduction is by means of conidia or may be lacking. culture media SDA medium – sabouraud dextrose agar

1. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
BY ALEXOPOLUS
By
S.SwethaMohan,
I-MSc Microbiology

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL FUNGI
 Eukaryotic
 Most are multicellular &
filamentous
 A few are single celled
(yeasts)
 Heterotrophic – do not
make their own food
 Absorb nutrients through
the cell wall
 Do not move
Mushrooms help digest dead,
decaying matter

3. STRUCTURE OF FUNGI
 Each cell has a cell
wall made of chitin
 Hyphae are hair-like
filamentous chains of
cells.
 Structure consists of:
 Mycelium (mass of
hyphae)
 Fruiting body (the
reproductive structure)
 Fungi come in many
sizes, shapes, and
colors.

4. REPRODUCTION
 Fungi can reproduce asexually by budding and
by asexual spore production.
 The hyphae and sexual spores are haploid
(1N) like the gametes of higher organisms
(eggs and sperm).
 Under certain conditions a fruiting body is
formed.
 It is the product of two opposite mating “types”
combining to form a diploid (2N) cell.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
Fungi are classified into 4 phyla
(divisions) depending on the type of
fruiting body they produce.
 Basidiomycota
 Ascomycota
 Zygomycota
 Deuteromycota

6. Fungi
Dicarya
ascomycota Basidiomycota
zycomycota Deuteromycota

7. ASCOMYCOTA
 Ascomycota is a division of the
kingdom Fungi that, together with
the Basidiomycota, form the
subkingdom Dikarya.
 Sac fungi or ascomycetes .
 Largest gr:64,000 sp..,
 It have a septate hypea

8. REPRODUCTION
 microscopic sexual
structure in which
nonmotile spores,
called ascospores.
 Mostly the ascomycota
is sexual but some
asexual it lacks the
ascospore.

9. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 is responsible for the rapid spread of these fungi
into new areas.
 It occurs through vegetative reproductive spores,
the conidia.
 The conidiospores commonly contain one nucleus
and are products of mitotic cell divisions and thus
are sometimes called mitospores and the budding.

10.  Mostly yeast reproducing the asexual by the
budding.

11. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 To form a ascospore
 It will be doing in two hypea is mate
 Homothallic- hypea mate in same fungal
ex: aspergillus
 Heterothallic- hypea mate in different sp
Ex: Penicillium marneffei

12. Sac fungi
Morchella_conica
Black knot
Xylaria_hypoxylon

13. BASIDIOMYCOTA
 Also called as club fungi and basodiomycetes.
 fungi composed of hyphae (except for
basidiomycota-yeast)
 It contain 31,515 species
 Basidiomycota were divided into two classes,
now obsolete:
 Homobasidiomycetes (alternatively called
holobasidiomycetes), including
true mushrooms
 Heterobasidiomycetes, including
the jelly, rust and smut fungi
 name coined in 1959.
 It have a septate hypea
Clathrus crispus

14. REPRODUCTION
 Mostly in sexual reproduction
in some sp asexual
reproduction will be follow.
 In sexual reproduction occur
by basidium , will be present
spore is called basidiospore
.
 Asexual by budding
,fragementation,
conidiospores.

15. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 basidia is itself formed by plasmogamy between
mycelia from two different spores. Plasmogamy
results in binucleate hyphae
 Mycelia have 2 type nuclei one from each parent
 Then form a new fungi by hypea union
 Then occur meiosis

16. Sexual reproduction in basidiomycota

17. Jelly fungi
Cantharellus
Earth star

18. ZYCOMYCOTA
 1050 species are known.
 Zygote fungi
 living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material
 Zygos is Greek for "joining" or "a yoke", referring to
the fusion of two hyphal strands which produces
these spores, and -mycota is a suffix referring to a
division of fungi
 It have a aseptate hypea

19. SPORES
 Two spore
mitospores ( or) sporangiospore
chlamitospore (or) zygospore
-asexual spore
-sporangia – several 1000s of spores
-easy to destroy
- eg., fall in rain drops, passing animals
- walls contains sporopollenin
- sporopollenin contain beta carotein

20.  sexual spores
 two types of hypae
-positive and negative

21. REPRODUCTION
 Like all fungi, Basidiomycota can undergo both
asexual and sexual reproduction.
 Asexual reproduction in Zygomycota is similar to
that in other types of fungi, while sexual
reproduction bears some similarity to that in
Ascomycota.
 Reproduction takes place in
-sexual reproduction and
-asexual reproduction

22. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 Asexual reproduction in
Zygomycota varies greatly
among orders and species.
 Spores may be formed by the
separation and thickening of
hyphal cells.
 They may also be produced
in specialized organs, whose
structure is also widely varied.

23. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

24. CONTINUE…
1. The two types of hypae should be mate.
2. To form a progametangia. ( dense and multinuclete).
3. progametangia to gametangia.
4. plasmogamy then occurs between the two
gametangia to form a zygote.
5. karyogamy take place within zygote. ( the cell wall of
zygospore thin at first, but later thicken into a
zygospore.
6. Germination begins when the diploid nucleus
undergoes meiosis.
7. Sporengium developes at the end of a germ tube.
8. Spores are produced within sporangium.

25. CULTURE MEDIA
 SDA medium – sabouraud dextrose agar
Solid media - SDA Liquid media - SDA

26. CONTINUE…
 mostly they are mesophillic in nature
 They are able to grow in 22- 35˚C.
 But some, like Mucormiehei or Mucorpusillus, are
thermophilic
- minimum growth temperature of about 20 °C and
maximum extending up to 60 °C.
 Others like Mucorhiemalis can grow at
temperatures below 0 °C.
 Order Mucorales are able to grow under anaerobic
conditions, while most of them require aerobic
conditions.

27. CONTINUE…
 zygomycetes only grow at high water activities.
 some of them are able to grow in salt
concentrations of at least 15%.
 Most species of Mucor grow rapidly on agar at
room temperature filling the petri dish in 2–3 days
with their coarse aerial mycelium.
 Zygospore formation may be stimulated at higher
temperatures of incubation (30–40 °C).
 In liquid culture, Zygomycota usually form a bland
mass and do not produce spores.

28. Bread mold fungi Rhizobium stolonifer

29. DEUTEROMYCOTA OR FUNGI IMPERFECTI
 Imperfect Fungi referring to our
"imperfect" knowledge of their
complete life cycles.
 sexual life cycle that is either
unknown or absent.
 Asexual reproduction is by means
of conidia or may be lacking.
- A conidium may be defined
as an asexual spore that is not
produced in a sporangium.
 These fungi may have lost their
sexual phase through the course
of evolution.

30. MAIN REASONS..
 The Deuteromycota are classified as fungi for
two main reasons.
 First, their multicellular tissue is similar to the
hyphae of sac fungi and club fungi.
 Second, they have erect hyphae with asexual
spores, called conidiophores, which are similar
to those of the sac fungi and club fungi.
 Its reproduction similar to Ascomycota.

31. EXAMPLE FOR DEUTEROMYCOTA
 Order: Moniliales
 Conidia and conidiophore
produced on mycelium
 figure represented
-Conidiophores
of Ulocladium and a single
conidium. Conidia in this order
are produced directly on
hyphal cell or specialized
hyphal cells called
conidiophores.