The physical factors affects the growth of microorganism.
1) Temperature
Temperature is the most important factor that influences the rate of enzyme catalysed reactions and rate of growth.
For every organisms there is an optimum temperature for growth and minimum temperature for inhibiting the growth.
Most extreme the microbes need liquid water to grow.(330C).
some algae and fungi grow at 55-60 degreeC.
Prokaryotes are grow at 100 degreeC.
Based on temperature the microorganisms are classified into two 4.
The physical factors affects the growth of microorganism.
1) Temperature
Temperature is the most important factor that influences the rate of enzyme catalysed reactions and rate of growth.
For every organisms there is an optimum temperature for growth and minimum temperature for inhibiting the growth.
Most extreme the microbes need liquid water to grow.(330C).
some algae and fungi grow at 55-60 degreeC.
Prokaryotes are grow at 100 degreeC.
Based on temperature the microorganisms are classified into two 4.
Medical Microbiology begins with a review of the immune system, focusing on the body's response to invading microorganisms. Bacteria are then covered, first with a series of chapters presenting the general concepts of bacterial microbiology and then with chapters detailing the major bacterial pathogenes of humans. Similar sections cover virology, mycology, and parasitology. In each section, the introductory chapters stress the mechanisms of infection characteristic of that type of microorganism, thus providing the reader with a framework for understanding rather than memorizing the clinical behavior of the pathogens. The final section of the book Introduction to Infectious Diseases, is arranged by organ system and provides transition for clinical considerations.
Evolution of the Immune System
The immune system consists of factors that provide innate and acquired immunity, and has evolved to become more specific, complex, efficient, and regulated. One of the principal functions of the human immune system is to defend against infecting and other foreign agents by distinguishing self from non-self (foreign antigens) and to marshal other protective responses from leukocytes. The immune system, if dysregulated, can react to self antigens to cause autoimmune diseases or fail to defend against infections.
Organization/Components/Functions
The immune system is organized into discrete compartments to provide the milieu for the development and maintenance of effective immunity. Those two overlapping compartments: the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems (RES) house the principal immunologic cells, the leukocytes. Leukocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow during postnatal life include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T and B lymphocytes. Hematopoietic and lymphoid precursor cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells. Cells that are specifically committed to each type of leukocyte (colony-forming units) are consequently produced with the assistance of special stimulating factors (e.g. cytokines).
Cells of the immune system intercommunicate by ligand-receptor interactions between cells and/or via secreted molecules called cytokines. Cytokines produced by lymphocytes are termed lymphokines (i.e., interleukins and interferon-γ) and those produced by monocytes and macrophages are termed monokines.
Lymphoid System
Cells of the lymphoid system provide highly specific protection against foreign agents and also orchestrate the functions of other parts of the immune system by producing immunoregulatory cytokines. The lymphoid system is divided into 1) central lymphoid organs, the thymus and bone marrow, and 2) peripheral lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosal and submucosal tissues of the alimentary and respiratory tracts. The thymus instructs certain lymphocytes to differentiate into thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes and selects most of them to die in...
scope & history of microbiology an insight into how classification of microbes is done.
The information gathered here is from various search engines and research articles and the author thanks these sources for the provided information, the author does not claim any ownership towards the images and pictures used in this presentation and the ppt is intended for the purpose of education only
he culture media are classified in many different ways: Based on the physical state Liquid media Solid media Semisolid media Based on the presence or absence of oxygen Anaerobic media Aerobic media Based on nutritional factors Simple media Synthetic media Complex
![Introduction to Microbiology, History & scope ,[object Object],- In the broadest sense, microbiology is the study of all organisms that are invisible to the naked eye-that is the study of microorganisms . - Its subjects are viruses, bacteria, many algae and fungi, and protozoa. - The importance of microbiology and microorganisms can not be overemphasized. - Microorganisms are necessary for the production of bread, cheese, beer, antibiotics, vaccines, vitamins, enzymes, etc. - Modern biotechnology rests upon a microbiological foundation. ,[object Object],- Microorganisms are everywhere; almost every natural surface is colonized by microbes, from body to ocean. Some microorganisms can live hot springs, and others in frozen sea ice. - Most microorganisms are harmless to humans; You swallow millions of microbes every day with no ill effects. In fact, we are dependent on microbes to help us digest our food. - Microbes also keep the biosphere running by carrying out essential functions such as decomposition of dead animals and plants. They make possible the cycles of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur that take place in terrestrial and aquatic systems. - Microorganisms have also harmed humans and disrupted society over the millennia.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/scopeofmicrobiology-100906020425-phpapp01/85/Scope-of-microbiology-1-320.jpg)
![- They sometimes cause diseases in man, animals and plants. They are involved in food spoilage. - Infectious diseases have played major roles in shaping human history (decline of Roman Empire & conquest of the New World. - The "Great Plague", reduced population of western Europe by 25%. - Smallpox and other infectious diseases introduced by European explorers to the Americas in 1500's were responsible for decimating Native American populations. - Until late 1800's, no one had proved that infectious diseases were caused by specific microbes. ,[object Object],- Invisible creatures were thought to exist long before they were observed. - Antony van Leewenhoek (1632 – 1723) who invented the first microscope (50 – 300x), was the first to accurately observe and describe microorganisms.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)