This document discusses hybridization and molecular orbital theory as it relates to bonding in molecules.
1. Atomic orbitals alone cannot explain molecular geometry, so hybridization blends atomic orbitals to form hybrid orbitals that can describe molecular shapes. Methane's tetrahedral shape requires carbon to have sp3 hybridization.
2. Hybridization types include sp3, sp2, and sp resulting in different geometries like tetrahedral, trigonal planar, and linear. Molecular orbital theory can also describe bonding patterns.
3. Molecular orbitals form from combinations of atomic orbitals and can be bonding or antibonding. Bond order is used to describe single, double, and triple bonds. Magnetism and
Basic concepts of organic chemistry such as structural formulas, different kinds of representation, types of isomerism, examples, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes etc.
Basic concepts of organic chemistry such as structural formulas, different kinds of representation, types of isomerism, examples, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes etc.
Organic Chemistry
1. History
2. Properties of Organic Chemistry
3. comparison of Compounds
4. Sources of Organic Compounds
5. Types of Organic Compounds
6.Types of Organic Formula
7. Carbon
8. Structural Formulas of Carbon
9. Isomerism
10 Classification of Organic Compounds
11. HydroCarbons
Hybridization is the idea that atomic orbitals fuse to form newly hybridized orbitals, which in turn, influences molecular geometry and bonding properties. Hybridization is also an expansion of the valence bond theory.
Presentation is for the first chapter of class 11th Chemistry CBSE board. Presentation is having detailed description for some of the basic concepts like mole concept, matter in our surrounding etc.
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
28. PCl 5 Can’t tell the hybridization of Cl Assume it’s sp 3 to minimize repulsion of electron pairs .
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31. p. 426 Figure 9.24 The Relationship of the Number of Effective Pairs, Their Spatial Arrangement, and the Hybrid Orbital Set Required (end 9.1) Effective pairs are also known as RHED (Regions of High Electron Density) - use for online HW
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34.
35.
36.
37. The H 2 Molecular Orbital Model Energy MO 2 MO 1 s s
Section 9.1 Hybridization and the Localized e- model Z5e 415
The 4 Hydrogen “s” orbital e- share with carbon’s 2s and its three 2p orbitals. The p orbitals are 90 degrees perpendicular in space along the x, y and z axis. So, would expect 90 degree bond angels. But, the bond angles are actually 109.5. So, the s and p orbitals must hybridize to something giving equal bond angles of 109.5 degrees.
Fig 9.3 Z5e 417; 1st half
Fig 9.3 Z5e 417; 2nd half
Fig 9.3 Z5e 417
Fig 9.5 Z5e 417 Hybridization is intermediate in energy
Fig 9.8 1st half Z5e 419
Fig 9.8 2nd half Z5e 419
Fig 9.8 Z5e 419
Fig 9.9 Z5e 419
Figs 9.10 & 9.11 Z5e 420
Fig. 9.13 Z5e 420 Note the sp 2 carbon orbitals with the 1s hydrogen orbitals
Fig. 9.16 Z5e 421
Z5e 420
Z5e 422
Z5e 423
Fig 9.21 Z5e 423
Although assume Cl is sp 3 , P is dsp 3
Z5e 424
Z5e 425
Fig 9.24 Z5e 426
Section 9.2 The Molecular Orbital Model; Z5e 428 Bond order is the important thing here for AP exam (a few MC questions)
Z5e 429 Fig. 9.25 The combination of hydrogen 1 s atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals.
Z5e 429
Z5e 430. The 1s on either side are the atomic orbitals in a free H atom.
Z5e 431 Fig. 9.29. The molecular orbital energy-level diagram for the H 2 1- ion.
Go to Web: http://learn.chem.vt.edu/tutorials/bonding/mo2.html (defunct?) Try http://www.wwnorton.com/chemistry/tutorials/ch6.htm
Z5e 431
Z5e 431
Z5e 431
Z5e section 9.3 Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
Z5e 438 Section 9.4 Bonding in Heternoculear Diatomic Molecules
Z5e 440. Section 9.5 Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular Orbital Models.
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