This document discusses molecular geometry and polarity using valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory and hybridization theory. It begins by explaining the objectives and defining molecular polarity in terms of bond polarity and molecular geometry. It then applies VSEPR theory to predict the shapes of different molecules and polyatomic ions. The document continues by introducing hybridization theory to explain bonding orbitals and different hybridizations like sp3, sp2, and sp. It concludes by describing various intermolecular forces like dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, London dispersion forces, and how they relate to boiling points.

1. Molecular geometryChapter 6.5

2. ObjectivesExplain VSEPR theoryPredict the shapes of molecules or polyatomic ions using VSEPR theoryExplain how the shapes of molecules are accounted for by the hybridization theoryDescribe dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, induced dipoles, and London dispersion forcesExplain what determines molecular polarity

3. Molecular PolarityUneven distribution of molecular chargeDetermined by:Polarity of each bondAs well as, molecular geometryReview: Polarity of each bondFind the difference in electronegativityUse 0 – 0.3 nonpolar-covalent 0.3 – 1.7 polar-covalent 1.7 – 3.3 IonicH – O 2.1 3.54. Difference is 1.4, so its polar-covalent_H – O H +

4. VSEPR TheoryValence-Shell Electron-Pair RepulsionStates that repulsion between the sets of valence-level electrons surrounding an atom causes these sets to be oriented as far apart as possibleMolecules with no unshared pairs

5. Only two atoms, always linear shape

6. BeF2, Beryllium does NOT follow octet rule Hydrogen, H2Hydrogen Chloride, HCl180 No lone pairs

7. No repulsion

8. LinearAB2F Be F

9. BF3, Boron also does NOT follow the octet rule F F B F No lone pairs

10. No repulsion

11. Trigonal Planar120AB3CF4, Each fluorine is exactly the same distance from each other F F C F F109.5 No lone pairs

12. Equal distance

13. TetrahedralAB4

14. Molecules with unshared pairs of electrons

15. NH3, Unshared pair pushes down on the three HydrogensH N H HAB3E ONE lone pairs

16. Repulsion