This chapter discusses the concepts of spontaneity, entropy, and free energy in chemical reactions. It introduces three methods to determine the standard free energy change (ΔG°) of a reaction: 1) Using ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°, 2) Applying Hess' law, and 3) Summing the standard free energy of formation values. It also describes how free energy depends on temperature, pressure, and can be used to predict spontaneity and equilibrium. Calculating thermodynamic quantities allows prediction of reaction spontaneity based on the signs of ΔH and ΔS.
Phase is a form of matter that is uniform with respect to chemical composition and the state of aggregation on both microscopic and macroscopic length scales.
Determination of Hess’s Law (Direct or Indirect)
Chemical equilibrium is briefly discussed with following topics:
Free energy change in a chemical reaction. Thermodynamic derivation of the law of chemical equilibrium.
Definition of ΔG and ΔG◦
Le Chatelier’s principle.
Relationships between Kp, Kc and Kx
Introduction
Concepts of Fugacity
Effect of Temperature & pressure on Fugacity
Important relation of Fugacity Coefficient
Vapour Liquid Equilibrium for pure species
Fugacity & Fugacity coefficient: Species in solution
Reference
Presentation given by Dr David Vega-Maza from University of Aberdeen on "Vapour-Liquid and Solid-Vapour-Liquid Equilibria of the System (CO2 + H2) at Temperatures Between (218 and 303) K and at Pressures up to 15 MPa" in the Effects of Impurities Technical Session at the UKCCSRC Biannual Meeting - CCS in the Bigger Picture - held in Cambridge on 2-3 April 2014
NEED FOR THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS - STATEMENT - CARNOT CYCLE - REFRIGERATOR CONCEPT - CONCEPT OF ENTROPY - FREE ENERGY FUNCTIONS - GIBB'S HELMHOLTZ EQUATIONS - MAXEWELL'S RELATIONS - THERMODYNAMICS EQUATION OF STATE - CRITERIA OF SPONTANITY - CHEMICAL POTENTIAL - GIBB'S DUHEM EQUATION
The Triple Effect is a project initiated by Takatof Foundation, the corporate responsibility arm of PwC Egypt.
At the Triple Effect, we believe that the key to sufficient safe blood is via the empowerment of donors in promoting regular voluntary non-remunerated blood donation.
Phase is a form of matter that is uniform with respect to chemical composition and the state of aggregation on both microscopic and macroscopic length scales.
Determination of Hess’s Law (Direct or Indirect)
Chemical equilibrium is briefly discussed with following topics:
Free energy change in a chemical reaction. Thermodynamic derivation of the law of chemical equilibrium.
Definition of ΔG and ΔG◦
Le Chatelier’s principle.
Relationships between Kp, Kc and Kx
Introduction
Concepts of Fugacity
Effect of Temperature & pressure on Fugacity
Important relation of Fugacity Coefficient
Vapour Liquid Equilibrium for pure species
Fugacity & Fugacity coefficient: Species in solution
Reference
Presentation given by Dr David Vega-Maza from University of Aberdeen on "Vapour-Liquid and Solid-Vapour-Liquid Equilibria of the System (CO2 + H2) at Temperatures Between (218 and 303) K and at Pressures up to 15 MPa" in the Effects of Impurities Technical Session at the UKCCSRC Biannual Meeting - CCS in the Bigger Picture - held in Cambridge on 2-3 April 2014
NEED FOR THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS - STATEMENT - CARNOT CYCLE - REFRIGERATOR CONCEPT - CONCEPT OF ENTROPY - FREE ENERGY FUNCTIONS - GIBB'S HELMHOLTZ EQUATIONS - MAXEWELL'S RELATIONS - THERMODYNAMICS EQUATION OF STATE - CRITERIA OF SPONTANITY - CHEMICAL POTENTIAL - GIBB'S DUHEM EQUATION
The Triple Effect is a project initiated by Takatof Foundation, the corporate responsibility arm of PwC Egypt.
At the Triple Effect, we believe that the key to sufficient safe blood is via the empowerment of donors in promoting regular voluntary non-remunerated blood donation.
SOLAR POWER VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMaj12345ay
USE OF SOLAR POWER IN REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
The power incident from the sun to the earth has very much amount of energy that the present consumption rate of all the commercial and general uses. We utilize only 0.1% of total incident sun energy on the surface of earth. Thus solar energy can fulfill our present as well as future needs of energy. That is a reason it called renewable sources of energy. It is also environmental clean source of energy and available at whole part of world where people live. Using of solar energy in the field of refrigeration and air conditioning system it become very economical.
In our project we provide solar heat in generator for heating purpose of vapor compression refrigeration system.
For past few decades, energy has played a prominent role in the development of technology and economy. Energy has now become inevitable factor for production as well. The objective of this project is to develop an environment friendly vapour absorption system. Vapour absorption system uses heat energy, instead of mechanical energy as in vapour compression system, in order to change the condition of refrigerant required for the operation of the cycle. R 717(NH3) and water are used as working fluids in this system. The basic idea of this project is derived from the solar heating panel to obtain heat energy, instead of using any conventional source of heat energy. In this project various observations are done by varying operating conditions related to heat source, condenser, absorber and evaporator temperatures. The drawback of this system is that, it remains idle in the cloudy weather conditions.
COMPONENTS USED IN SOLAR POWERED AQUA-AMMONIA VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM
• ABSORBER
• PUMP
• HEAT EXCHANGER
• GENERATOR
• SOLAR PANEL
• CONDENSER
• EXPANSION VALVE
• EVAPORATOR
• DC BATTERY
• FAN
Second law of thermodynamics (and third law of thermodynamics) as taught in introductory physical chemistry (including general chemistry). Covers concepts such as entropy, Gibbs free energy, and phase equilibrium.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Basic phrases for greeting and assisting costumers
Ch16 z5e free energy
1. Chapter 16 pp Spontaneity, entropy and free energy Note: For online HW, you might need to use the thermodynamic data sheet posted on my downloads website in the “helps” section if the values are not already in the problem. You need to use ∆G values that have at least one decimal place and your textbook only goes to the “one’s” place.
2. Z5e 791 16.1 Methane and Oxygen React The products have lower potential energy than the reactants, resulting in energy flow (heat) to the surroundings.
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4. Z5e 792 Figure 16.2 Rate of Reaction Rate is a function of the pathway (kinetics) Spontaneity is a function of the potential energies (thermodynamics)
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9. Figure 16.4 Three Possible Arrangements (states) of Four Molecules in a Two-Bulbed Flask (Each arrangement has several microstates as seen in next slide)
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17. S sys S surr S univ Spontaneous? - - - + + + + - ? Yes No, Reverse At low temp ( s surr magnitude > S sys At high temp ( s sys magnitude > S surr Z5e 803 Table 16.3 pp + - ?
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22. G = H - T S pp + - At all Temp & exotherm + + At high temp & endoth., “ entropy driven” - - At low temperatures, “ enthalpy driven” + - Not at any temperature, Reverse is spontaneous H S Spontaneous?
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27. Calculations Involving Energy If 2 mol reactants 4 mol product + 500 kJ, is the rxn likely spontaneous? Yes What is the sign of ∆S rxn when molten wax hardens? (-) How would your calculations change if the coefficients were not 1? ∆ H f and S values in Gº = Hº - T Sº multiplied by the coefficients.
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43. Figure 16.9 Free Energy and Equilibrium a. Gº to reach =m, beginning with 1.0 mol A (g ) & P A = 2.0 atm b. Gº to reach =m, beginning with 1.0 mol B (g) & P B = 2.0 atm c. G profile for A (g) B (g) with 1.0 mole of each at P total = 2.0 atm. Each point on the curve corresponds to the total free energy of the system for a given combination of A and B.
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53. Figure 16.10 A Battery A battery can do work by sending current to a starter motor. It can be recharged by forcing current through it in the opposite direction.
54. Figure 16.10 A Battery If the current flow in both processes is infinitesimally small, w1 = w2 and the process is reversible
55. Figure 16.10 A Battery But, in real world, current flow is finite , so w2 > w1 and process is irreversible ; that is, the universe is different after the process occurs.
56. Figure 16.10 A Battery All real processes are irreversible.