A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between atoms with opposite charges, or through the sharing of electrons as in the covalent bonds.
Molecular Orbital Theory For Diatomic Species Yogesh Mhadgut
The Molecular orbital theory was put forward by Hund and Mulliken in 1930 and was later develop further by I. E-Lennard-Jones and Charles Coulson.
On the basis of valance bond theory in molecule atomic orbitals retain their identity but according to molecular orbital theory atomic orbitals combine and form new molecular orbitals
It is about molecular orbital theory specially mo diagram of diatomic atoms,their bond orders,bond lengths and stability and experimental evidences of ionisation energy from PES.
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between atoms with opposite charges, or through the sharing of electrons as in the covalent bonds.
Molecular Orbital Theory For Diatomic Species Yogesh Mhadgut
The Molecular orbital theory was put forward by Hund and Mulliken in 1930 and was later develop further by I. E-Lennard-Jones and Charles Coulson.
On the basis of valance bond theory in molecule atomic orbitals retain their identity but according to molecular orbital theory atomic orbitals combine and form new molecular orbitals
It is about molecular orbital theory specially mo diagram of diatomic atoms,their bond orders,bond lengths and stability and experimental evidences of ionisation energy from PES.
Lecture 3 Facial cosmetic surgery
Maxillofacial Surgery
Dental Students Fifth Year second semester
Al Azhar University Gaza Palestine
Dr. Lama El Banna
https://twitter.com/lama_k_banna
Lecture 1 Facial cosmetic surgery
Maxillofacial Surgery
Dental Students Fifth Year second semester
Al Azhar University Gaza Palestine
Dr. Lama El Banna
https://twitter.com/lama_k_banna
Facial neuropathology Maxillofacial SurgeryLama K Banna
Lecture 4 facial neuropathology
Maxillofacial Surgery
Dental Students Fifth Year second semester
Al Azhar University Gaza Palestine
Dr. Lama El Banna
https://twitter.com/lama_k_banna
Lecture 2 Facial cosmetic surgery
Maxillofacial Surgery
Dental Students Fifth Year second semester
Al Azhar University Gaza Palestine
Dr. Lama El Banna
https://twitter.com/lama_k_banna
Lecture 12 general considerations in treatment of tmdLama K Banna
Maxillofacial Surgery
Dental Students Fifth Year First semester
Lecture Name 12 general considerations in the treatment of TMJ
Al Azhar University Gaza Palestine
Dr. Lama El Banna
Maxillofacial Surgery
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Lecture Name TMJ temporomandibular joint
Lecture 10
Al Azhar University Gaza Palestine
Dr. Lama El Banna
https://twitter.com/lama_k_banna
Lecture 11 temporomandibular joint Part 3Lama K Banna
Maxillofacial Surgery
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Lecture Name TMJ temporomandibular joint Part 3
Lecture 11
Al Azhar University Gaza Palestine
Dr. Lama El Banna
Maxillofacial Surgery
Dental Students Fifth Year First semester
Lecture Name TMJ anatomy examination 2
Lecture 9
Al Azhar University Gaza Palestine
Dr. Lama El Banna
Lecture 7 correction of dentofacial deformities Part 2Lama K Banna
Maxillofacial Surgery
Dental Students Fifth Year First semester
Lecture Name Correction of dentofacial deformities Part 2
Lecture 7
Al Azhar University Gaza Palestine
Dr. Lama El Banna
Lecture 8 management of patients with orofacial cleftsLama K Banna
Maxillofacial Surgery
Dental Students Fifth Year First semester
Lecture Name management of patients with orofacial clefts
Lecture 8
Al Azhar University Gaza Palestine
Dr. Lama El Banna
Lecture 5 Diagnosis and management of salivary gland disorders Part 2Lama K Banna
Maxillofacial Surgery
Dental Students Fifth Year First semester
Lecture Name Salivary gland 2
Diagnosis and management of salivary gland disorders Part 2
Al Azhar University Gaza Palestine
Dr. Lama El Banna
Lecture 6 correction of dentofacial deformitiesLama K Banna
Maxillofacial Surgery
Dental Students Fifth Year First semester
Lecture Name Correction of dentofacial deformities
Lecture 6
Al Azhar University Gaza Palestine
Dr. Lama El Banna
lecture 4 Diagnosis and management of salivary gland disordersLama K Banna
Maxillofacial Surgery
Dental Students Fifth Year First semester
Lecture Name Salivary gland
Diagnosis and management of salivary gland disorders
Al Azhar University Gaza Palestine
Dr. Lama El Banna
Maxillofacial Surgery 1
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Lecture Name maxillofacial trauma Part 3
Al Azhar University Gaza Palestine
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Maxillofacial Surgery
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Lecture Name maxillofacial trauma part 2
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Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. • Lewis structures give atomic connectivity: they tell us which atoms are
physically connected to which. However, do not show their overall
shape)
• A molecule’s shape is determined by its bond angles.
• Consider CCl4: experimentally we find all Cl-C-Cl bond angles are
109.5°.
• Therefore, the molecule cannot be planar.
• All Cl atoms are located at the vertices of a tetrahedron with the C at
its center.
Molecular ShapesMolecular Shapes
Molecular Shape of CCl4Molecular Shape of CCl4
3. • In order to predict
molecular shape, we
assume the valence
electrons repel each other.
Therefore, the molecule
adopts which ever 3D
geometry minimized this
repulsion.
• We call this process
Valence Shell Electron
Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)
theory.
• There are simple shapes
for AB2 and AB3
molecules.
VSEPR TheoryVSEPR Theory
4. • When considering the geometry about the central atom, we consider all
electrons (lone pairs and bonding pairs).
• When naming the molecular geometry, we focus only on the positions of
the atoms.
Naming Molecular Geometry
7. To determine the electron pair geometry:
• draw the Lewis structure,
• count the total number of electron pairs around the central atom,
• arrange the electron pairs in one of the above geometries to minimize e−
-e−
repulsion, and count multiple bonds as one bonding pair.
VSEPR ModelVSEPR Model
8.
9.
10.
11. • We determine the electron pair geometry only looking at electrons.
• We name the molecular geometry by the positions of atoms.
• We ignore lone pairs in the molecular geometry.
• All the atoms that obey the octet rule have tetrahedral electron pair
geometries.
The Effect of Nonbonding Electrons and
multiple bonds on angles
104.5O
107O
N
HH
H
C
H
HH
H
109.5O
O
HH
By experiment, the H-X-H bond angle
decreases on moving from C to N to O:
Since electrons in a bond are
attracted by two nuclei, they do not
repel as much as lone pairs.
Therefore, the bond angle decreases
as the number of lone pairs increase.
•Similarly, electrons in multiple bonds
repel more than electrons in single
bonds.
C O
Cl
Cl
111.4o
124.3o
12. • Atoms that have expanded octets have
AB5 (trigonal bipyramidal) or AB6
(octahedral) electron pair geometries.
• For trigonal bipyramidal structures there
is a plane containing three electrons
pairs. The fourth and fifth electron pairs
are located above and below this plane.
• For octahedral structures, there is a plane
containing four electron pairs. Similarly,
the fifth and sixth electron pairs are
located above and below this plane.
• To minimize e--e- repulsion, lone pairs
are always placed in equatorial positions.
Molecules with Expanded Valence Shells
13. • In acetic acid, CH3COOH, there are three central atoms.
• We assign the geometry about each central atom
separately.
Shapes of Larger Molecules
14. • When there is a difference in electronegativity between two atoms,
then the bond between them is polar.
• It is possible for a molecule to contain polar bonds, but not be
polar.
• For example, the bond dipoles in CO2 cancel each other because
CO2 is linear.
Molecular Shape and Molecular PolarityMolecular Shape and Molecular Polarity
15. Molecular Polarity of HMolecular Polarity of H22OO
• In water, the molecule is not linear and the bond dipoles do not cancel
each other.
• Therefore, water is a polar molecule.
• The overall polarity of a molecule depends on its molecular geometry
17. • Lewis structures and VSEPR do not explain why a bond forms.
• How do we account for shape in terms of quantum mechanics?
• What are the orbitals that are involved in bonding?
• We use Valence Bond Theory:
• Bonds form when orbitals on atoms overlap.
• There are two electrons of opposite spin in the orbital overlap.
Covalent Bonding and Orbital OverlapCovalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap
18. Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap MechanismCovalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap Mechanism
• As two nuclei approach each other their atomic orbitals overlap.
• As the amount of overlap increases, the energy of the interaction decreases.
• At some distance the minimum energy is reached.
• The minimum energy corresponds to the bonding distance (or bond length).
• As the two atoms get closer, their nuclei begin to repel and the energy
increases.
• At the bonding distance, the attractive forces between nuclei and electrons just
balance the repulsive forces (nucleus-nucleus, electron-electron).
19. • Atomic orbitals can mix or hybridize in order to adopt an appropriate
geometry for bonding.
• Hybridization is determined by the electron domain geometry.
sp Hybrid Orbitals
• Consider the BeF2 molecule (experimentally known to exist):
• Be has a 1s2
2s2
electron configuration.
• There is no unpaired electron available for bonding.
• We conclude that the atomic orbitals are not adequate to
describe orbitals in molecules.
• We know that the F-Be-F bond angle is 180° (VSEPR theory).
• We also know that one electron from Be is shared with each one
of the unpaired electrons from F.
We assume that the Be orbitals in the Be-F bond are 180° apart.
We could promote and electron from the 2s orbital on Be to the 2p
orbital to get two unpaired electrons for bonding.
BUT the geometry is still not explained
Hybrid OrbitalsHybrid Orbitals
20. sp Hybrid Orbitals
• We can solve the problem
by allowing the 2s and one
2p orbital on Be to mix or
form a hybrid orbital..
• The hybrid orbital comes
from an s and a p orbital
and is called an sp hybrid
orbital.
• The lobes of sp hybrid
orbitals are 180º apart.
• Since only one of the Be 2p
orbitals has been used in
hybridization, there are two
unhybridized p orbitals
remaining on Be.
21. • Important: when we
mix n atomic orbitals
we must get n hybrid
orbitals.
• sp2
hybrid orbitals are
formed with one s and
two p orbitals.
(Therefore, there is one
unhybridized p orbital
remaining.)
• The large lobes of sp2
hybrids lie in a trigonal
plane.
• All molecules with
trigonal planar electron
pair geometries have
sp2
orbitals on the
central atom.
sp2
Hybrid Orbitals
22.
23. • sp3
Hybrid orbitals are
formed from one s and
three p orbitals.
Therefore, there are
four large lobes.
• Each lobe points
towards the vertex of a
tetrahedron.
• The angle between the
large lobs is 109.5°.
• All molecules with
tetrahedral electron pair
geometries are sp3
hybridized.
sp3
Hybrid Orbitals
24.
25. • Since there are only three p-orbitals, trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral
electron domain geometries must involve d-orbitals.
• Trigonal bipyramidal electron domain geometries require sp3
d
hybridization.
• Octahedral electron domain geometries require sp3
d2
hybridization.
• Note the electron domain geometry from VSEPR theory determines the
hybridization.
Hybridization Involving d Orbitals
26.
27.
28. ∀ σ-Bonds: electron density lies
on the axis between the nuclei.
• All single bonds are σ-bonds.
∀ π-Bonds: electron density lies
above and below the plane of
the nuclei.
• A double bond consists of one
σ-bond and one π-bond.
• A triple bond has one σ-bond
and two π-bonds.
• Often, the p-orbitals involved
in π-bonding come from
unhybridized orbitals.
Multiple BondsMultiple Bonds
29. • Ethylene, C2H4, has:
• one σ- and one π-bond;
• both C atoms sp2
hybridized;
• both C atoms with
trigonal planar electron
pair and molecular
geometries.
Multiple BondsMultiple Bonds
EthyleneEthylene
30. Multiple BondsMultiple Bonds
• Consider acetylene, C2H2
– the electron pair geometry
of each C is linear;
– therefore, the C atoms are sp
hybridized;
– the sp hybrid orbitals form
the C-C and C-H σ-bonds;
– there are two unhybridized
p-orbitals;
– both unhybridized p-orbitals
form the two π-bonds;
– one π-bond is above and
below the plane of the
nuclei;
– one π-bond is in front and
behind the plane of the
nuclei.
• When triple bonds form (e.g.
N2) one π-bond is always above
and below and the other is in
front and behind the plane of the
nuclei.
AcetyleneAcetylene
31. • Every two atoms share at least 2 electrons.
• Two electrons between atoms on the same axis as the
nuclei are σ bonds.
∀ σ-Bonds are always localized.
• If two atoms share more than one pair of electrons, the
second and third pair form π-bonds.
• When resonance structures are possible, delocalization is
also possible.
Multiple Bonds-Multiple Bonds- General Conclusions