Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds. 95% of known compounds contain carbon. Organic compounds are essential to life and are found in our bodies, fuels, medicines, plastics, and more. Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds and bonds with many other elements, allowing for a huge diversity of organic compounds. Organic compounds are classified and studied based on their functional groups, which impart specific properties. Key functional groups include alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amines.
This is a report about Aldehydes. The content of this slideshow are as follows: What is an aldehyde, How to name aldehydes with IUPAC Nomenclature and Common Names, The Physical Properties of Aldehydes, and the examples of aldehyde and its uses. The main objective of this report is to widen the knowledge of the readers/learners concerning of the stated topic so that they can further understand the concept of aldehydes.
Report made by: Students of Sogod National High School STEM 9-Newton
Kyla Krystelle Salva
Krishia Belle Cambalon
Marycris Felicilda
In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond. The words alkene and olefin are often used interchangeably.
This is a report about Aldehydes. The content of this slideshow are as follows: What is an aldehyde, How to name aldehydes with IUPAC Nomenclature and Common Names, The Physical Properties of Aldehydes, and the examples of aldehyde and its uses. The main objective of this report is to widen the knowledge of the readers/learners concerning of the stated topic so that they can further understand the concept of aldehydes.
Report made by: Students of Sogod National High School STEM 9-Newton
Kyla Krystelle Salva
Krishia Belle Cambalon
Marycris Felicilda
In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond. The words alkene and olefin are often used interchangeably.
Preparation, reactions, Acidity, effect of substituents on acidity, structure and uses of carboxylic acid and identification tests for carboxylic acid, amide and ester
Preparation, reactions, Acidity, effect of substituents on acidity, structure and uses of carboxylic acid and identification tests for carboxylic acid, amide and ester
Organic chemistry involves the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.
This branch of chemistry was originally limited to compounds produced by living organisms but has been broadened to include human-made substances such as plastics. The range of application of organic compounds is enormous and also includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, food, explosives, paints, and cosmetics.
Organic chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
4. We study organic compounds
because they are very important
to our lives.
5. • Most of the energy to run autos, trains and aircrafts, to
heat our homes and offices, and to operate electrical
equipment come from organic comp’ds.
• Organic compd’s in naturally occurring and synthetic
medicines—aspirin, penicillin, anesthetics etc—relieve
pain and illness.
• The active ingredients in soaps, detergents, polishes,
cosmetics, deodorants, and shampoos are organic
comp’ds.
• Materials for manufacturing artificial body parts, such as
hip and knee prostheses, heart valves, and dentures, are
organic comp’ds
• Synthetic plastics, textiles, and rubber are organic
comp’ds. Our clothing are made from organic compd’s.
6. The Position of Carbon in the Periodic Table
C lies at top of Grp 4A and is relatively small
element.
7. Carbon
• Smallest member, and only nonmetal, of Group 4
• Forms 4 covalent bonds
• Forms single, double, and triple bonds
• Bonds to itself, forming rings
8. “I am Carbon and I am Special”
You can spend your whole life learning about me!
1. I can form strong and short C-C bonds.
2. I gladly form carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C), and I can
even form carbon-carbon triple bonds (C≡C).
3. I have no problem bonding to other elements (H, O, N, S,
etc.–I love them all). Given where I am in the periodic table,
I typically form four bonds, except in carbon monoxide (CO).
10. I Can Amaze You With Diversity
Consider the number of compounds possible (23) from just 4
single bonded C atoms, one O atom, the required H atoms
These are called structural isomers –compounds with the same
chemical formulas, but different
ways of connecting the atoms
together to form different
functional groups, or different
compounds with completely
different chemical and physical
properties.
15. Molecular & Structural Formulas
• Molecular Formula - formula of the comp’d
showing the number of atoms of each element in a
molecule of the compound.
Examples: CH3COOH, C2H4, etc.
• Structural Formula -- formula showing how
various atoms in molecule are bonded together.
Examples: See previous slide
16. Certain Parts of Me Make Me Behave in
Certain Predictable Ways
Functional Groups – atoms or specific groups of atoms in
a molecule that impart specific chemical
and physical properties to the molecule.
The secret to learning organic chemistry.
As the periodic table is to inorganic chemistry, functional
groups are the easy way to learn organic chemistry.
17.
18.
19. Four of the Functional Groups
Alcohol group - Hydroxyl group Ether group
.. ..
C
..
O H
C O C
..
Alcohol
Ether
Carboxylic acid group Ester group
.. ..
O O
..
.. .. ..
C
..
O H C
..
O C
Carboxyl Ester
23. There are four families of hydrocarbons:
alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics.
24. Saturation
• Alkanes are saturated; they contain the maximum
number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom.
• Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated. They
contain at least one double or triple bond,
respectively. They have fewer hydrogen atoms
per carbon atom than alkanes.
25. Hydrocarbons (HCs) C + H
Saturated hydrocarbons
Alkanes: general formula is CnH2n+2 (all C-C bonds)
Cycloalkanes: general formula is CnH2n
(n is a positive whole number for all HCs)
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Alkenes: general formula is CnH2n (C=C bonds)
Alkynes: general formula is CnH2n–2 (C≡C bonds)
Aromatics: usually contain one or more rings of six C
atoms called benzene rings
(n is a positive whole number for all HCs)
26.
27.
28. Naming
• Straight chain alkanes
are named with a base
name depending on
the number of atoms
in the carbon chain
and the suffix –ane.
29.
30. The most important property of the alkanes is
their flammability, the combustion reaction
between oxygen and the alkane producing
carbon dioxide and water.
32. Functionalized Hydrocarbons
• Basic hydrocarbon structures form a foundation for a
major grouping of organic compounds.
• Contain additional atoms or groups of atoms
• Insertion of functional groups to a hydrocarbon
dramatically alters its properties.
33. Representing Functionality
Compounds containing the same functional
group are called a family.
Generic symbolism is R-FG where R is the
hydrocarbon part of the molecule and FG is
the functional group.
R-OH symbolizes the alcohols.
Functional groups help organize and classify
organic compounds.
34. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
• Found in pesticides, solvents, refrigerant liquids
• One or more chlorine atoms substitute for one or
more hydrogen atoms
• Lower flammability and reactivity than hydrocarbons
35. CFCs
• Chlorofluorocarbons are a subfamily of
chlorinated hydrocarbons.
• Chemically stable . . .
• Until they reach the high-energy sunlight in
the upper atmosphere
• Ozone destruction led to bans.
36.
37. Alcohols
• General formula: R-OH
• Additional of the –OH makes alcohols
polar.
• Increased intermolecular attractive forces
makes alcohols liquids.
• Naming involves modifying the
hydrocarbon name with an ending of –ol.
39. Other Alcohols
• Isopropyl alcohol is
commonly known as
• Methanol is toxic to
rubbing alcohol.
the human liver.
• Ethanol is
administered as an
antidote.
40. Aldehydes and Ketones
• Commonly found in pleasant flavors and aromas
• Contain the carbonyl group: Carbon double
bonded to an oxygen atom
41. Formulas
• Aldehydes
– General formula:
RCHO, includes
carbonyl group
– Named according to
length carbon chain
with the ending of –al
or –aldehyde • Preservation of
– Methanal or
biological specimens
formaldehyde
42. Formulas
• Ketones
– Similar to aldehydes
but have two R groups
with the carbonyl
– Names end in –one
– Acetone is the simplest
ketone.
• Nail polish removal
43. Carboxylic Acids
• Commonly found in sour foods
• General formula: RCOOH
• One of these oxygen atoms is bonded as a
carbonyl group, as in aldehydes and
ketones.
44.
45. Esters
• Esters have pleasant odors.
• General formula: RCOOR
• Named according to the relevant R
groups and ending with –ate
46. Ethers
• Ethers contain the functional group –O-
• General formula: ROR
• Named according to the two R groups
and given the ending ether
• Formerly used as an
anesthetic
47. Amines
• Amines are organic compounds that
contain nitrogen.
• General formula: NR3
• Notable for disagreeable odors
• Named for R groups present and
ending in –amine