The document discusses acid-base balance in the body. It begins by explaining that acid-base balance refers to the mechanisms that keep body fluids close to a neutral pH between 7.35-7.45. This is regulated by buffer systems like bicarbonate and processes like respiration and renal function. Deviations outside this range can affect membrane and protein function. The major buffer system is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system regulated by the lungs and kidneys to determine plasma pH. Respiratory and renal systems also help regulate pH through expelling carbon dioxide and secreting/reabsorbing bicarbonate and ions. Imbalances can cause metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis, metabolic alkalosis
Acid base balance
Acid base disorder in body
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Patterns Associated with AB Disorders
"The body maintains a balance of acids and bases in order to constantly maintain blood pH within a narrow range, despite the continuous generation of metabolic products. In turn, this allows the body to maintain cell enzyme systems in good operation conditions, together with the proper concentration of ionized (active) forms of various electrolytes such as Ca and Mg . This influences the speed of metabolic reactions and trans-membrane transportation systems (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics)." - Luis Núñez Ochoa, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Unam, Mexico
Buffer is a mixture of weak acid and salt of conjugate base that resist the change in pH upon the addition of acid or base. BUFFER + H+ H+ BUFFER.
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL BUFFER 1. Bicarbonate Buffer 2. Phosphate Buffer 3.Protein Buffer 4. Haemoglobin
Acid base balance
Acid base disorder in body
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Patterns Associated with AB Disorders
"The body maintains a balance of acids and bases in order to constantly maintain blood pH within a narrow range, despite the continuous generation of metabolic products. In turn, this allows the body to maintain cell enzyme systems in good operation conditions, together with the proper concentration of ionized (active) forms of various electrolytes such as Ca and Mg . This influences the speed of metabolic reactions and trans-membrane transportation systems (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics)." - Luis Núñez Ochoa, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Unam, Mexico
Buffer is a mixture of weak acid and salt of conjugate base that resist the change in pH upon the addition of acid or base. BUFFER + H+ H+ BUFFER.
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL BUFFER 1. Bicarbonate Buffer 2. Phosphate Buffer 3.Protein Buffer 4. Haemoglobin
Concepts of acid base balance and its disorders are very important for practice of medicine.It is for the benefit of medical and students of allied fields.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Acid Base balance
Acid-base balance refers to the mechanisms the
body uses to keep its fluids close to neutral pH (that
is, neither basic nor acidic) so that the body can
function normally.
Arterial blood pH is normally closely regulated
to between 7.35 and 7.45.
3. acids ？ Any ionic or molecular substance
that can act as a proton donor.
Strong acid ： HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4.
Weak acid ： H2CO3, CH3COOH.
bases ？ Any ionic or molecular substance
that can act as a proton acceptor.
Strong alkali ： NaOH, KOH.
Weak alkali ： NaHCO3, NH3,
CH3COONa.
4. Origin of acids Much more
Intracellular metabolism
Volatile CO2+H2O=H2CO3 300~400L CO2 (15mol
acids H+)
Lactic acid
Fixed Ketone bodies 50~100 mmol H+
acids Sulfuric acid
Phosphoric acid
Origin of bases less NH3 , sodium citrate, sodium lactate
5. pH
- pH of ECF is between 7.35 and 7.45.
Deviations, outside this range affect
membrane function, alter protein function,
etc.
- You cannot survive with a pH <6.8 or >7.7
- Acidosis- below 7.35
Alkalosis- above 7.45
CNS function deteriorates, coma, cardiac
irregularities, heart failure, peripheral
vasodilation, drop in Bp.
6. Given that normal body pH is slightly alkaline and that
normal metabolism produces acidic waste products
such as carbonic acid (carbon dioxide reacted with
water) and lactic acid, body pH is constantly
threatened with shifts toward acidity.
In normal individuals, pH is controlled by two major
and related processes; pH regulation and pH
compensation. Regulation is a function of the buffer
systems of the body in combination with the
respiratory and renal systems, whereas compensation
requires further intervention of the respiratory and/or
renal systems to restore normalcy.
9. Major buffer system in the body
Carbonic acid/Bicarbonate(HCO3-/H2CO3) :
The major extracellular buffer ， regulated by lungs
and kidneys ， effective ， determining the pH of
plasma.
Phosphate (HPO42-/H2PO4- ) : Intracellular
Protein (Pr-/HPr) : Plasma/Intracellular
Hemoglobin (Hb-/HHb and HbO2-/HHbO2 ) : RBC
*A buffer system cannot buffer itself.
fast / no permanence
10. 2) Respiratory control:
Expelling more CO2 through respiration→to
exclude volatile acid.
H+→chemoreceptor → excite respiratory
centre → hyperventilation → exclude volatile acid
Fast / effectively / only excludes
volatile acid
11. PaCO2↑ (40-80 mmHg)→ Blood-brain barrier
permeable to CO2: CO2+H2O↔ H2CO3 ↔ H++HCO3-(in
cerebrospinal fluid, CSF)→ [H+] ↑ → Central
chemoreceptor(beneath the ventral surface of the
medulla oblongata) → Respiratory center ↑ →
Ventilation↑ (Main)
12. 3) Role of kidney (exclusion of
acid with conservation of base)
hydrogen ion secreted
ammonium excreted by renal tubular
cell
bicarbonate reabsorbed
Effectively ( fixed acid may be
excluded ) / slowly
14. Definition of acid-base disorders
An acid base disorder is a change in the
normal value of extracellular pH that may result
when renal or respiratory function is abnormal
or when an acid or base load overwhelms
excretory capacity.
15. PLAY Animation: Relationship Between PCO2 and Plasma pH
Figure 27.6
16. Simple acid-base disorder
1. Metabolic acidosis
1) concept:
primary disturbance [HCO3-] ↓ ; PH .
PaCO2 ↓
2) clasification:
Normal AG
High AG
3) pathogenesis and mechnisms:
(1) lose of bases
(2) gaining acids
17. Metabolic acidosis
Causes:
(1) lose of bases (bicarbonate decreased)
Gastrointestinal losses: diarrhea
Renal losses: proximal renal tubular acidosis and distal
renal tubular acidosis
(2) gaining acids (bicarbonate consumed in buffering)
Lactic acidosis: tissue hypoxia, impaired oxygen utilization, severe liver
dysfunction, and shock
Ketoacidosis: diabetic,hepatic cirrhosis, alcoholic poisoning, or starvation
Renal failure: conservation of acids
Exogenous acid intake: ammonium chloride, salicylate, ethylene
glycol(commonly used in antifreeze), or methanol intoxication
18. 4) Compensation:all regulation system take part in
Compensation
5) Effects:
Effects
(1) Depression of central neural system
a Elevated activities of glutamate decarboxylase
→GABA ↑
b.ATP ↓
(2) Depression of heart and vessel(Ca2+ transport
disorder; hyperkalemia;ATP↓):
cardiac output ↓ ;
cardiac arrhythmias;
peripheral vasodilation.
(3) Skin: warm and flashed
(4) Alteration of skeleton:
decacification, retarding growth and
osteodystrophy
27. 3) Causes and mechanism:
mechanism
Mechanism:
Mechanism
a. Excessive gain of alkali (bicarbonate)
b. Excessive loss of hydrogen ions,
chloride or potassium ions
28. Causes:
a.Excessive gain of alkali (bicarbonate)
Bicarbonate intake:treatment of MAC
citrate-containing blood transfusions
Parenteral solution containing lactate
b.Excessive loss of hydrogen ions, chloride or
potassium ions
Gastrointestinal H+ loss:vomiting,gastric suction
Renal H+ loss:Aldosteronism,cushing’s syndrome
thiazide
c.Volume contraction
Dehydration
Diuretic therapy
29. 4) Compensation:
Compensation
Blood buffer role
limitation
Respiratory regulation
Ion exchange and H+ out cell to titrate bicarbonate
Renal role: excluding bicarbonate and conserving H +
5) Effects:
Effects
(1) Hypoventilation→ PaCO2 ↑, PaO2 ↓
(2) Agitation of central neural system: GABA↓ → seizures
(3) Increase excitability of the neuromuscle: free [Ca2+] decrease
→ muscle tremors
(4) Mental dysfunction: O2 dissociated curve leftshift → impairing
O2 release → ATP ↓. At 6-8 hs, 2,3-DPG↑ and curve shifts back
towards the right.
(5) Hypokalemia → reduced fibrillation threshold
30. 6) Principle of treatment:
treatment
a. Etiology treatment
b. Administration of KCl. or spironolactone if
K+ and Cl- deficits are present
c, Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor:
acetazolamide
31. Respiratory alkalosis
1) Concept:
Concept
Primary change : H2CO3 ↓ or PaCO2 ↓ ; pH
2) Classification:
Classification
a. Acute RAL
b. Chronic RAL
32. 3) Causes and mechanisms:
mechanisms
Mechanisms: Hyperventilation
Causes:
a. Psychogenic hyperventilation:Hysteria
b. Stimulation of respiratory center:
High altitude hypooxia
Salicylate toxication
Blood ammonia↑(Hepatic
encephalopathy)
Encephalitis
Brain injury
Fever
33. 4) Compensation:
Compensation
In acute RAC:
Ion exchange, H+ out of cell to titrate base in ECF
In chronic RAC:
Decreased excretion of H+ and NH4+
Decreased reabeorption of HCO3-
5) Effects:
Effects
(1) Increased excitability of the nerve and muscle
(2) Mental dysfunction
(3) Hypokalemia,hypochloridemia
6) Principle of treatment:
treatment
a. Decreased ventilation by administration of
sedative.
b. Application of a plastic bag to inspire more
34. The Central Role of the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer
System in the Regulation of Plasma pH
Figure 27.11b
