a brief on thyroid gland covering following titles:
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of thyroid gland
Synthesis of thyroid hormones
Regulation
Mechanism of action
Biological function
Thyroid hormone,
structure of hormone,
synthesis of thyroid hormone,
mechanism of Thyroid hormone action,
Physiological effect of Hormone,
Disorders related with thyroid hormone,
drugs used in treatment for the thyroid disorders.
a brief on thyroid gland covering following titles:
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of thyroid gland
Synthesis of thyroid hormones
Regulation
Mechanism of action
Biological function
Thyroid hormone,
structure of hormone,
synthesis of thyroid hormone,
mechanism of Thyroid hormone action,
Physiological effect of Hormone,
Disorders related with thyroid hormone,
drugs used in treatment for the thyroid disorders.
Thyroid hormone (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
THYROID HORMONE
Location:
The thyroid gland located below the larynx on each side of and anterior to the trachea.
Largest Endocrine Hormone
Secretion:
secretes:
1. thyroxine (T4)
2. triiodothyronine (T3)
3. Also secretes calcitonin (an important hormone for calcium metabolism)
Cell: Thyrotopes
secretion is controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland.
93% T4 & 7% T3
T4→T3 in tissues
Qualitatively same
Differ in Rapidity & Intensity of action.
T3 is 4 times more potent than T4, but decrease conc. In blood & decrease half life.
T3 and T4 combine mainly with thyroxine-binding globulin.
More than 90% of Thyroid hormone that binds with cellular receptors is T3.
T4
No effect for 2-3 days after injection
Long Latent Period.
Activity peaks in 10-12 days & ↓↓ with a half life of 15 days.
In some cases it takes 6 weeks-2 months.
T3
4 times rapid
Latent Period 6-12 hours
Peak in 2-3 days
Composed of large numbers of closed follicles filled with colloid and lined with cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete into the interior of the follicles
The major component of colloid is the large glycoprotein Thyroglobulin contains the thyroid hormones within its molecule.
50mg/year, 1mg/week
Ingested iodine in the form of iodides
Iodides ingested orally are absorbed from GIT
⅕ removed from the blood by thyroid cells for synthesis of hormones; rest excreted through kidneys.
Basal membrane of thyroid cells has an active pump to push iodides to interior (Iodine Pump).
Normally 30% more conc. Inside
Max. active 250% more conc. Inside
The rate of Iodine trapping is influenced by conc. of TSH
TSH stimulates and hypophysectomy greatly diminishes the activity of the iodide pump in thyroid cells.
The content of presentation is as follows
- introduction to thyroid
- thyroid hormone synthesis
- type of thyroidism
- difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
-treatment of hypothyroidism
- anti thyroid drug classification
- mechanism of anti thyroid drugs
-
Thyroid function tests help to determine if your thyroid is not working correctly. If blood levels of thyroid hormone are high, the brain senses this and sends a message to stop producing TSH.
Thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs. Synthesis of thyroid hormoneAnkita
In this ppt we will get idea about thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs. how and where the thyroid hormone synthesis occur. regulation of thyroid hormone. get brief knowledge about anti-thyroid drugs, their action, MOA, adverse effect of anti-thyroid drugs and uses
Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are the most frequently ordered endocrine investigations in children and adolescents.
Abnormalities in TFTs can help in diagnosis of primary thyroid disorders (i.e. disorders in which the defect is at the thyroid level) as well as secondary or central thyroid disorders (in which defect is at the pituitary level).
Thyroid gland and Thyroid Hormones & InhibitorsSakshi Ghasle
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck, just below the Adam's apple. Despite its size, it plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions by producing hormones that help control metabolism, growth, and development.
Thyroid hormones are primarily composed of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are synthesized by the thyroid gland. These hormones are essential for the proper functioning of nearly every cell in the body. They regulate metabolism, affecting heart rate, body temperature, energy levels, and weight.
Here's a breakdown of the main thyroid hormones and their functions:
Thyroxine (T4): This is the primary hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It is converted into triiodothyronine (T3) in various tissues throughout the body. T4 plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism and energy production.
Triiodothyronine (T3): T3 is the more biologically active form of thyroid hormone. It is produced in smaller quantities by the thyroid gland but has a more potent effect on metabolism compared to T4.
Inhibitors of thyroid hormones are substances that interfere with the production or action of thyroid hormones. Some common inhibitors include:
Thiocyanates: Found in certain foods like cassava, cabbage, and soy, thiocyanates can inhibit the uptake of iodine by the thyroid gland, leading to decreased production of thyroid hormones.
Goitrogens: These are substances that interfere with the synthesis of thyroid hormones. They are found in certain foods like cruciferous vegetables (e.g., broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts) and soy products.
Medications: Some medications can interfere with thyroid hormone production or action. For example, lithium, used to treat bipolar disorder, can inhibit the release of thyroid hormones.
Iodine excess: While iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, excessive intake can actually inhibit thyroid function. This paradoxical effect is known as the Wolff-Chaikoff effect.
Anti-thyroid drugs: These medications are used to treat hyperthyroidism by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones. Examples include methimazole and propylthiouracil.
Understanding the role of the thyroid gland and its hormones, as well as inhibitors, is crucial for maintaining overall health and managing thyroid disorders.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
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3. Thyroid gland
• Largest gland in the body
• Location : in the neck inferior the larynx and
spanning over the ventral surface of trachea
• Function:
– Secretion of thyroxin and triiodothyronine
– Secretion of calcitonin
4. Fig 19-7
Thyroid Gland
Anterior surface of trachea just
inferior of thyroid cartilage (or
Adam’s apple)
Two lobes connected by isthmus
Microscopic thyroid follicles
produce thyroid hormone
C Cells - produce calcitonin
( Ca2+)
10. Synthesis of thyroid hormones
1. Iodide trapping
– By sodium iodide symporter
– Blocked by:
• Thiocyanate SCN-
• Perchlorate ClO4-
• Pertechnetate TcO4-
2. Oxidation of iodide
– By thyroid peroxidase
– Inhibited by:
1. large intake of iodide >150mcgday
2. Thioamides(refer to hyperthyroidism therapy)
11. Synthesis of thyroid hormones
3. Organification
– Tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin is iodinated
1. Inhibited by large intake of
iodide >150mcgday
2. Thioamides(refer to
hyperthyroidism therapy)
– Produce monoiodotyrosine residues MITnd
diiodotyrosine residues DIT
12. Thyroxine and its precursors: Structure &
Synthesis
Figure 1-1: Thyroid hormones are made from tyrosine and iodine
13.
14. Synthesis of thyroid hormones
4. Coupling
– DIT+MIT=T3
– DIT+MIT=T4
5. Storage :
– Along with thyroglobulin
6. Exocytosis and proteolysis
– Release of T4 & T3
7. Conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissue
20. Thyroid Gland
Thyroid hormones target almost every body cell
Can enter cells & bind to intracellular receptors on
mitochondria & in nucleus
Effects include:
increased ATP production
increased cellular metabolism, energy utilization &
oxygen consumption
increased body temperature
growth & development of skeletal, muscular &
nervous system in fetus & children
21. Effects Of Thyroid Hormones On The
Cardiovascular System
• Increase heart rate
• Increase force of cardiac contractions
• Increase stroke volume
• Increase Cardiac output
• Up-regulate catecholamine receptors
22. Effects Of Thyroid Hormones On The
Respiratory System
• Increase resting respiratory rate
• Increase minute ventilation
• Increase ventilatory response to hypercapnia
and hypoxia
23. Effects Of The Thyroid Hormones On
The Renal System
• Increase blood flow
• Increase glomerular filtration rate
24. Effects Of The Thyroid Hormones On
Oxygen Carrying Capacity
• Increase RBC mass
• Increase oxygen dissociation from
hemoglobin
26. Effects Of The Thyroid Hormones On
Intermediary Metabolism
• Increase glucose absorption from the GI
tract
• Increase carbohydrate,lipid and protein
turnover
• Down-regulate insulin receptors
• Increase substrate availability
27. Effects Of The Thyroid Hormones In
Growth And Tissue Development
• Increase growth and maturation of bone
• Increase tooth development and eruption
• Increase growth and maturation of epidermis,hair
follicles and nails
• Increase rate and force of skeletal muscle
contraction
• Inhibits synthesis and increases degradation of
mucopolysaccharides in subcutaneous tissue
28. Effects Of The Thyroid Hormones On
The Nervous System
• Critical for normal CNS neuronal
development
• Enhances wakefulness and alertness
• Enhances memory and learning capacity
• Required for normal emotional tone
• Increase speed and amplitude of peripheral
nerve reflexes
29. Effects Of The Thyroid Hormones On
The Reproductive System
• Required for normal follicular development
and ovulation in the female
• Required for the normal maintenance of
pregnancy
• Required for normal spermatogenesis in
the male
37. Apply Your Knowledge
True or False: ANSWER:
T Thyroid hormones stimulate protein synthesis.
__
Thyroid follicles store
F The thyroid gland does not store hormones. some hormones.
__
PTH activates osteoclasts.
__ PTH activates osteoblasts.
F
Thyroid hormone
F Calcitonin increases cellular energy production.
__ increases cellular
energy production.
T The four parathyroid glands are located on the thyroid gland.
__
T Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels.
__
34-37
