Biomolecules ; LIPIDS
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This document discusses lipids. It defines lipids as organic biomolecules composed mainly of long hydrocarbon chains formed by an ester linkage between alcohols and fatty acids. Lipids are classified as simple, complex, or derived. Simple lipids include fats and waxes, which are esters of fatty acids with glycerol or other alcohols. Complex lipids contain additional groups like phospholipids with phosphoric acid or glycolipids with carbohydrates. Derived lipids are hydrolysis products of simple and complex lipids. The document outlines the structure, properties, types and examples of lipids and discusses their roles in biological membranes and energy storage.
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Lipids are organic compounds formed mainly from alcohol and fatty acids combined together by ester
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Bioenergetics
This document discusses bioenergetics and biochemical thermodynamics. It begins with an introduction to bioenergetics as the study of energy transformations that take place in living organisms. Energy is present in different forms and can be interconverted, with some forms being used to do work. Key concepts discussed include ATP as the "energy currency" of cells, oxidative phosphorylation, and the laws of thermodynamics. The document also covers topics like exergonic and endergonic reactions, Gibbs free energy, redox potentials, and high-energy compounds that store and release chemical energy like ATP.
Biomolecules ; Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are organic biomolecules that contain heterocyclic rings. They are composed of nucleotides which contain a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group. Nucleotides polymerize to form long chains with phosphodiester bonds between the sugar and phosphate groups. There are four nucleotides in DNA: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. Nucleic acids function to store and transfer genetic information, with DNA controlling cellular functions and RNA involved in protein synthesis.
Biomolecules - Proteins & Amino acids
Proteins are macromolecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. They have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of structure which determine their function. Examples of different types of proteins include fibrous, globular, defense, contractile, and respiratory proteins. Insulin has an A chain and B chain linked together and derived from proinsulin. Myoglobin contains iron and captures oxygen in muscles. Hemoglobin transports oxygen in blood and is composed of four polypeptide subunits. Proteins serve important roles like structure, enzymes, antibodies, transport, and as a nutrient source. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and have both polar and nonpolar varieties with different structures and functions
Quality control of drugs and pharmaceuticals
This document discusses quality control of drugs and pharmaceuticals. It defines quality control as the inspection aspect of quality management that focuses on fulfilling quality requirements. Quality control ensures drugs are safe, effective, and consistent by testing raw materials, in-process materials, and finished products. It describes various analytical testing methods used in quality control like qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, dissolution testing, disintegration testing, hardness testing, friability testing, and content uniformity testing. Sources of errors in pharmaceutical analysis and sources of impurities in drugs are also discussed.
Skin and soft tissue infections
Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) range from mild to life-threatening and involve microbial invasion of the skin layers and soft tissues. SSTIs are commonly caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus or group A streptococci through direct trauma to the skin or hematogenous spread. SSTIs are classified and can present as impetigo, carbuncles, folliculitis, cellulitis, or erysipelas and are diagnosed clinically with management depending on the infection type and severity.
Sources of impurities
This document discusses pharmaceutical impurities. It defines impurity as unwanted foreign particles other than the active drug. Impurities can come from raw materials, reagents, manufacturing processes, storage conditions, or deliberate adulteration. The types and amounts of impurities depend on factors like purity of starting materials and purification methods. Limit tests are used to detect and limit specific impurities like chlorides, sulphates, and iron according to pharmacopeia limits. The tests use reactions like precipitation or color changes to compare a sample to a standard of a known impurity level. Maintaining low impurity levels is important for safety, efficacy, and stability of pharmaceutical products.
Limit test
Limit tests are quantitative or semi-quantitative tests used to detect and limit small amounts of impurities in substances. They involve comparing the color or turbidity produced by the sample to a standard with a known concentration of impurities. Common limit tests include those for chlorides, sulfates, iron, heavy metals, and arsenic. These tests use chemical reactions to form precipitates or colors whose intensity indicates the concentration of impurities, allowing comparison to a standardized level. Limit tests provide a simple way to check if levels of harmful impurities meet defined specifications.
Major extracellular and intracellular electrolytes
The document discusses electrolyte balance and acid-base balance in the body. It provides details on various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium salts and their role in maintaining balance. It also discusses the buffer systems and mechanisms involved in regulating pH of blood and treatment of acid-base imbalances. Specifically, it summarizes commonly used pharmaceutical compounds for correcting acid-base imbalances like sodium bicarbonate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate and their properties, methods of preparation, uses and official preparations.
Saline cathartics
This document provides information on saline cathartics, also known as osmotic laxatives. Saline cathartics work by drawing water from the circulation into the gastrointestinal tract through osmosis, which increases intestinal bulk and produces diarrhea. Two examples are discussed in detail: magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) and sodium potassium tartrate. Magnesium sulfate occurs as colorless needle-like crystals with a bitter taste. It is used to treat constipation and electrolyte deficiencies. Sodium potassium tartrate, also called Rochelle salt, is obtained by neutralizing sodium carbonate with potassium bitartrate and is used as a laxative and food additive.
Dental products
This document discusses various dental products used to treat dental issues and promote oral hygiene. It describes sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, dicalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, sodium metaphosphate, zinc chloride, and strontium chloride. Sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride help prevent dental caries by depositing on tooth surfaces and inhibiting acid production. Dicalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and sodium metaphosphate act as cleaning and polishing agents in toothpastes. Zinc chloride and strontium chloride are used as desensitizing agents to reduce tooth sensitivity. All products should be stored in airtight containers.
Inhalants pdf
1. The document discusses various gases used as inhalants including oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide. It describes their chemical and physical properties, methods of preparation, storage requirements, assays for testing purity, and pharmaceutical uses.
2. Key pharmaceutical uses include oxygen as an inhalant to support respiration, carbon dioxide as a respiratory stimulant and to promote absorption, and nitrous oxide as a general anesthetic along with oxygen, especially in dental procedures.
3. Proper storage of these gases requires metal cylinders painted in identifying colors and labeled with the gas name or formula for safety.
Astringent
It may provide some more valueable information about inorganic drugs used as astringents for the pharma students in various aspects
Sulphur & its compounds
Viewers can Able to know few more knowledge about Sulphur and its compounds used as Anti-microbial agents.
Antimicrobial agents
Viewers can acquire a maximum knowledge about the Inorganic compounds used as a antimicrobial agents.
Protectives & adsorbents
Protectives and adsorbents are drugs that adsorb intestinal toxins, bacteria, and form a protective coating on the inflamed gastrointestinal tract. They are chemically inert substances such as bismuth subcarbonate, kaolin, and activated charcoal that are used to treat diarrhea and dysentery by adsorbing gases, toxins, and bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract.
Hospital and clinical pharmacy - D.Pharm
Drug abuse and drug dependences for Diploma pharmacy - 2nd year in Hospital and clinical pharmacy.
Some more valuable information about the Drug Addiction and drug dependences which is in concise manner.
Heavy metal poisoning
This document discusses heavy metal poisoning and treatments for various types of drug overdoses. It covers the symptoms and treatments for arsenic, lead, mercury, barbiturate, opium, cannabis, and cocaine poisoning. The main points are that heavy metal poisoning occurs from the accumulation of toxic amounts of metals like arsenic, lead and mercury in the body. Symptoms depend on the metal and can include gastrointestinal issues, skin rashes, and neurological effects. Treatments involve removing the patient from exposure, chelating agents like EDTA to remove metals from the body, supportive care, and specific antidotes for certain drugs like naloxone for opiates.
Protectives
Topical agents such as talc, zinc oxide, calamine, zinc stearate, titanium dioxide, and silicone polymers are applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes to protect them from irritation, injury, or inflammation. Talc, zinc oxide, calamine, and zinc stearate are commonly used in dusting powders, ointments, and lotions as mild antiseptics and astringents to soothe skin conditions. Titanium dioxide and silicone polymers are also used as protective topical agents and in products as lubricants, sunscreens, or to prevent bedsores. These protective agents are finely powdered or viscous liquids that are generally inert, odorless, and tasteless when applied
Gastrointestinal agents
The document discusses various gastrointestinal agents used to treat disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. It describes acidifying agents and antacids which are used to alter gastric pH. Antacids work by neutralizing excess stomach acid through chemical reactions. Common antacids discussed include aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate. The document also examines how antacids are prepared, their properties, uses, and side effects.
More from Revathi Gnanavelou (19)
Major extracellular and intracellular electrolytes
Major extracellular and intracellular electrolytes
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DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
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Community pharmacy- Social and preventive pharmacy UNIT 5
Covered community pharmacy topic of the subject Social and preventive pharmacy for Diploma and Bachelor of pharmacy
PCOS corelations and management through Ayurveda.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.Recently uploaded (20)
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
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Biomolecules ; LIPIDS
- 1. LIPIDS
- 2. LIPIDS • Micromolecules & not a polymer • High energy content • Organic Biomolecules Composed Of Long Hydrocarbon Chains Formed Mainly By Ester Linkage Between Alcohol & Fatty Acids • Building Blocks Of Biological Membranes • Properties: ❑Water insoluble (hydrophobic nature) ❑Soluble in Organic solvents
- 3. Mostly Polar head and Non-Polar tail
- 4. Ester Linkage Between Alcohol & Fatty Acids
- 5. • Types of fatty acids 1. Saturated ➔ contain single bond 2. Unsaturated ➔ contain atleast one double bonds
- 7. lipids 3 TYPES Simple Esters of Fatty acid + Alcohol Complex Esters of Fatty acid + alcohol with other group also Derived Hydrolysis product of simple & complex FATS WAXES Esters of Fatty acid + Glycerol Esters of Fatty acid + other Alcohol
- 9. EXAMPLES HDL (high-density lipoprotein), or “good” cholesterol, absorbs cholesterol and carries it back to the liver. The liver then flushes it from the body. High levels of HDL cholesterol can lower your risk for heart disease and stroke. LDL stands for low-density lipoproteins. It is sometimes called the "bad" cholesterol because a high LDL level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries.
- 12. 1. Simple Lipids • Esters of fatty acid with Alcohol 1) FATS ❖Esters of fatty acid with glycerol ❖They are called Triglycerides ❖Composed of 3 fatty acids joined to glycerol ❖Saturated fatty acid + glycerol ➔ saturated fat ❖Unsaturated fatty acid + glycerol ➔ unsaturated fat
- 13. 2) WAXES • Esters of fatty acid with alcohol other than glycerol Eg; Plant wax and Bee wax
- 14. 2. Complex Lipids • Esters of fatty acids with alcohol but it contains extra groups in addition to alcohol and a fatty acid • Examples • Phospholipids ➔ Lipids with Phosphoric acid
- 16. 3. Derived Lipids • Hydrolysis product of simple & complex lipids • Includes; ❑ Fatty acid ❑ Glycerol ❑ Steroid or sterols ( derived from phenanthrene ring)- 3 fused 6 membered and 1 five membered ring ❑ Terpenes (derived from isoprene) – No fatty acids contains plant essential oils
- 18. FUNCTIONS
- 19. Chemical nature • Basic Unit Of Lipids → Triglyceride Synthesized From Glycerol (Propane-1,2,3-triol) And Fatty Acids • They Are Hydrophobic Hydrocarbon Chains • Soluble In Organic Solvents And Insoluble In Water • Hydrophobic Chains Are Saturated / Unsaturated Types • Composed Of A Glycerol Molecule Bonded To Long Hydrocarbon Chain • Structural Building Blocks For Phospholipids & Glycolipids • They Are Hydrolysed By Heat, Alkaline Or Acid Solutions ➔ Form Fatty Acids & Glycerol • No. of Mg Of KOH – Required To Saponify 1 Gm Of Fat ➔ Known As Saponification Value Of The Fat • Fatty Acids → Amphipathic In Nature, Composed With Hydrophobic Tail & Hydrophilic Head (-COOH) Turn (fat or oil) into soap by reaction with an alkali Convert (any ester) into an alcohol and a metal salt by alkaline hydrolysis.
- 20. Biological role ❖Necessary For Maintaining Healthy Hair & Skin ❖Fat Maintains Body Temperature ❖Cholesterol ➔ Maintains Fluidity Of Membrane By Interacting With Phospholipids Such As Phosphatidylcholine & Sphingomyelin ❖Cholesterol – Precursor Of Bile Acids, Vitamin D & Steroidal Hormones ❖Important Constituents Of Nervous System ❖Provide More Energy Than Carbohydrate & Protein ❖Acts As Insulators ❖Phospholipids - Key Role In Structure & Properties Of Cell Membrane
- 21. BIOCHEMISTRY BY SATYANARAYANA BIOCHEMISTRY BY KUNTAL DAS BIOCHEMISTRY BY PANKAJ NAYAK Reference book