The document discusses lipids, detailing their characteristics, occurrence, classification, and types such as triglycerides and waxes. Lipids are described as hydrophobic compounds that function as energy sources, signaling molecules, and membrane components in both plants and animals. The document also covers the structural differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and the roles of triglycerides and waxes in biological systems.

1. LIPIDS
Presented by….
Patel Hasti G.
M.Sc. sem 2
CBO 406
Department of Life Sciences
H.N.G.U. Patan

2. CONTENT:
 Introduction
 Occurrence of Lipids
 Characteristic of Lipids
 Classification of lipids
 Types of simple lipids
 Structure and function of simple lipids
(triglycerides and waxes)

3. INTRODUCTION
 The word lipid is derived from a greek word “Lipos”
means Fat.
 These are heterogenous group of compounds
 Unlike Protein, Nucleic acid, Polysaccherides, Lipid
not polymer rather they are small molecules.
 They are water insoluble but soluble in organic solvent
such as Ether, Benzene, chloroform etc.
 lipids serve as fuel molecule, signal molecule and
component of membranes hormons and intracellular
messengers.
 Most lipids are non-polar and are hydrophobic
because they contain hydrocarbon chains.

4. OCCURRENCE OF LIPID
 Lipids are present in all animal and plant tissues.
 In plants lipids are found in both vegetative and
reproductive parts.
 In reproductive structure like seed they are present in
higher amount whilst in vegetative structure in only
small amounts.
 In animals, they are found in blood muscles brain skin
membrane and other part of body.

5. CHARACTERISTIC OF LIPIDS
 Lipids are insoluble in water and soluble in organic
compound.
 Lipid have high energy content and are metabolized to
release calories.
 Lipids also acts as electrical insulator they insulate
nerve axons.
 Fat contain saturated fatty acid they are solid at room
temperatures. e.g animal fat
 Plant fats are unsaturated and are liquid at room
temperature.
 Emulsification is the process by which a lipid mass is
converted to a number of small lipid droplets The
process of emulsification happens before the fats can be
absorbed by the intestinal walls.

6. CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS
 Based on the chemical compound classification of
lipids are bellow :
1]saturated
2] unsaturated
3] branched chain
4] cyclic
A] phospholipids
i) glycerophospholipid
ii) phosphoinositides
iii) phosphosphingosides
B] glycolipids
C] lipoprotien

7. TYPES OF SIMPLE LIPIDS
1] Saturated fatty acids :
 Contain only single bond in their hydrocarbon chain
 The general formula for saturated fatty acid
R-COOH
where R is CH3(CH2)n, n is varies
from 0 to 24
 Example: Butaric acid :- CH3(CH2)2COOH
cerotic acid :- CH3(CH2)24COOH

8. 2] Unsaturated fatty acid :
 Contain one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon
chain
 The general formula is follows:
R-CH=CH(CH2)n-COOH
 These acids are also characterized by the presences of
cis-trans isomerism at there double bonds.
 Example:- palmitoleic acid :
CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Archidonicacid :
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2
CH=CH(CH2)3COOH

9. 3] Branched chain fatty acids
 Contain odd number of carbon atoms
 The general formula is as follows:
CH3-CH2-CH-(CH2)n-COOH
CH3
4] Cyclic fatty acid:
 Reported from plants and bacteria and rare in higher
animal
 Example: chaulmoogic
CH=CH
CH(CH2)12COOH
CH2-CH2

10. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SIMPLE
LIPIDS
1] Triglycerides:
 Structure :-

11.  Function:
 One of the very important functions of triglycerides
and even more so the related phospholipides is that
they contribute to the structure of membrane by the
formation of lipid bilayer.
 Triglycerides provide some shock.
 They also provide thermal insulation.
 In food they provide flavor and palability they are used
as a source of energy.

12. 2] Waxes :
 Structure :-
Example: Carnuba wax, Beeswax etc.

13. Function:
 The wax prevents the plants from losing excessive
amount of water.
 Caenuba wax if found on the leaves of brazilian palm
trees and is used in floor and automobile waxes.
 Paraffin wax used in some candles is not based upon
the ester functional group, but is a mixture of high
molecule weight alkanes.
 The waxes provides protection from uv light, diseases
and insects and helps the plants resist drought and
other environmental stresses.

14. References :
 Fundamental of Biochemistry
By A C Deb
 Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology
By Varma S K and Varma Mohit
 www. Slideshare.com
 www. Lipidsimeges.com