Biochemistry- Glucose transporters
•
4 likes•711 views
Biochemistry gLUCOSE TRANSPORTERS sODIUM DEPENDENT AND independent transporters GluT-1,2,3,4,5 Insulin-dependent GluT-4
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Glucose Transporters.pptx
Glucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane, a process known as facilitated diffusion. Because glucose is a vital source of energy for all life, these transporters are present in all phyla.
Glucose transport
Glucose transport into cells is mediated by glucose transporter (GLUT) proteins. [1] There are five main GLUT transporters that are involved in glucose transport and each has a distinct tissue distribution and function. [2] GLUT transporters use a flip-flop mechanism to transport glucose across the cell membrane according to the concentration gradient. [3] Insulin regulates glucose transport by stimulating the translocation of GLUT4 and GLUT1 transporters from intracellular vesicles to the cell membrane, increasing the influx of glucose into cells.
Lipoprotein metabolism - (transport of lipids in the Blood)
This presentation explains metabolism of lipoproteins (Chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL) in very simple way. The presentation contains lots of animation to explain metabolism of individual lipoproteins.
PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM & GLYCOLIPID METABOLISM
This document summarizes the structure and function of phospholipids and glycolipids. It describes that phospholipids are composed of a phosphate group attached to diacylglycerol or sphingosine, making them amphipathic. There are two main classes - phosphoglycerides which use glycerol as a backbone, and sphingomyelin which uses sphingosine. Phospholipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and degraded by phospholipases. Glycolipids are composed of carbohydrates attached to ceramides via glycosidic bonds. They include neutral cerebrosides and acidic gangliosides and sulfatides.
Lipoproteins: Structure, classification, metabolism and significance
This document discusses lipoproteins and their role in transporting lipids like triglycerides and cholesterol in the body. It describes the different types of lipoproteins, including chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL. Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids from the intestine to tissues, while VLDL transports endogenous lipids from the liver. VLDL is converted to LDL as it delivers lipids to tissues. HDL transports cholesterol from tissues back to the liver in a process called reverse cholesterol transport. The document provides details on the composition and metabolism of each lipoprotein class and their role in lipid transport.
Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is controlled by enzymes and hormones. Key enzymes in glycolysis like phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase are regulated by allosteric effectors like ATP, AMP, and citrate to control the pathway. The opposing pathway of gluconeogenesis is regulated by enzymes like fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and pyruvate carboxylase which have opposite regulation to their glycolytic counterparts. Hormones like insulin promote glycolysis while glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis to regulate blood glucose levels.
GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in the human body, primarily in the liver and muscle. The liver stores glycogen to provide glucose to maintain blood sugar levels during periods of starvation. Muscle stores glycogen to act as a fuel reserve for muscle contraction, becoming depleted during prolonged exercise.
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASES
This document summarizes several glycogen storage diseases caused by deficiencies in enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis and breakdown. Key points include: glycogen storage diseases are inherited disorders characterized by abnormal glycogen deposition; deficiencies in enzymes like glucose-6-phosphatase and acid maltase can cause hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperlipidemia, and other issues; the organs and severity of symptoms vary depending on the specific enzyme deficiency.
Recommended
Glucose Transporters.pptx
Glucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane, a process known as facilitated diffusion. Because glucose is a vital source of energy for all life, these transporters are present in all phyla.
Glucose transport
Glucose transport into cells is mediated by glucose transporter (GLUT) proteins. [1] There are five main GLUT transporters that are involved in glucose transport and each has a distinct tissue distribution and function. [2] GLUT transporters use a flip-flop mechanism to transport glucose across the cell membrane according to the concentration gradient. [3] Insulin regulates glucose transport by stimulating the translocation of GLUT4 and GLUT1 transporters from intracellular vesicles to the cell membrane, increasing the influx of glucose into cells.
Lipoprotein metabolism - (transport of lipids in the Blood)
This presentation explains metabolism of lipoproteins (Chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL) in very simple way. The presentation contains lots of animation to explain metabolism of individual lipoproteins.
PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM & GLYCOLIPID METABOLISM
This document summarizes the structure and function of phospholipids and glycolipids. It describes that phospholipids are composed of a phosphate group attached to diacylglycerol or sphingosine, making them amphipathic. There are two main classes - phosphoglycerides which use glycerol as a backbone, and sphingomyelin which uses sphingosine. Phospholipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and degraded by phospholipases. Glycolipids are composed of carbohydrates attached to ceramides via glycosidic bonds. They include neutral cerebrosides and acidic gangliosides and sulfatides.
Lipoproteins: Structure, classification, metabolism and significance
This document discusses lipoproteins and their role in transporting lipids like triglycerides and cholesterol in the body. It describes the different types of lipoproteins, including chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL. Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids from the intestine to tissues, while VLDL transports endogenous lipids from the liver. VLDL is converted to LDL as it delivers lipids to tissues. HDL transports cholesterol from tissues back to the liver in a process called reverse cholesterol transport. The document provides details on the composition and metabolism of each lipoprotein class and their role in lipid transport.
Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
Regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is controlled by enzymes and hormones. Key enzymes in glycolysis like phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase are regulated by allosteric effectors like ATP, AMP, and citrate to control the pathway. The opposing pathway of gluconeogenesis is regulated by enzymes like fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and pyruvate carboxylase which have opposite regulation to their glycolytic counterparts. Hormones like insulin promote glycolysis while glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis to regulate blood glucose levels.
GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in the human body, primarily in the liver and muscle. The liver stores glycogen to provide glucose to maintain blood sugar levels during periods of starvation. Muscle stores glycogen to act as a fuel reserve for muscle contraction, becoming depleted during prolonged exercise.
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASES
This document summarizes several glycogen storage diseases caused by deficiencies in enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis and breakdown. Key points include: glycogen storage diseases are inherited disorders characterized by abnormal glycogen deposition; deficiencies in enzymes like glucose-6-phosphatase and acid maltase can cause hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperlipidemia, and other issues; the organs and severity of symptoms vary depending on the specific enzyme deficiency.
GLYCOGENOLYSIS & REGULATION OF GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
- Glycogenolysis is the degradation of glycogen stores in the liver and muscle into glucose. It is carried out by independent cytosolic enzymes.
- Glycogen phosphorylase breaks alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds in glycogen, producing glucose-1-phosphate. A debranching enzyme then breaks alpha-1,6 bonds to fully degrade glycogen.
- Glucose-1-phosphate is converted to glucose-6-phosphate which can be further converted to glucose by glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver, releasing it into circulation. Muscle lacks this enzyme and uses its glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis.
- Glycogen metabolism is regulated by hormones like
Regulation of glycogen metabolism
The document summarizes the regulation of glycogen metabolism. Key points include:
- Glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) and breakdown (glycogenolysis) are reciprocally regulated through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase enzymes by hormones like insulin and glucagon.
- Insulin promotes glycogenesis by stimulating dephosphorylation while glucagon promotes glycogenolysis by stimulating phosphorylation via the cAMP pathway.
- Regulation allows the storage of glucose as glycogen when blood glucose is high and the release of glucose from glycogen when blood glucose is low to maintain homeostasis.
Triglyceride metabolism
The document discusses lipids and triglycerides, explaining that triglycerides are composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids and serve as the main form of energy storage. It describes the processes of lipogenesis where triglycerides are synthesized from glucose, and lipolysis where triglycerides are broken down by hormones to release fatty acids. The summary also notes that triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue and mobilized from there to meet energy needs or deposited in the liver in conditions like fatty liver disease.
Integration of metabolism
This document summarizes key aspects of metabolism integration. It discusses the major macronutrients and their roles in energy production and storage. The major metabolic pathways are described, including their junction points and regulatory enzymes. Specific pathways for glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are explained. The roles of the liver in metabolic integration and regulation by hormones like insulin and glucagon are highlighted.
Glycolipid ppt
Glycolipids Presented by students of BS Microbiology Batch 1st Indus International Institute D.G.Khan (Punjab) Pakistan.
INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM
This document summarizes various metabolic pathways including glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid degradation, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, the hexose monophosphate shunt, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism. It also describes how these pathways are regulated and integrated in the liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and brain in both the fed and starved states to meet energy demands and fuel needs of the body.
Lipoprotein metabolism, Shariq
This document discusses lipoprotein metabolism and structure. It describes the different lipoproteins including chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL. It outlines the roles of apoproteins and how lipoproteins transport triglycerides and cholesterol through the body. The pathways of exogenous and endogenous cholesterol are summarized along with lipoprotein processing and targets for treating dyslipidemia.
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like lactate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids, and pyruvate. It mainly occurs in the liver and kidney cytosol. The key steps involve converting pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate and overcoming the regulation of two irreversible glycolysis reactions through four unique gluconeogenic enzymes. Gluconeogenesis is regulated by hormones like insulin and glucagon that control the activity of the rate-limiting enzymes: glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and pyruvate carboxylase.
Lipoprotein Metabolism.pptx
lipoproteins transfer lipids such as triacylglycerol, cholestryl ester, fat soluble vitamins in the body. there are 5 categories of lipoproteins which includes chylomicrone, VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL. LDL-cholesterol is called bad cholestrol while HDL-cholesterol is called good cholesterol.
Metabolism of lipoproteins
This document summarizes the metabolism of lipoproteins in the human body. It discusses how lipids are transported in the blood using lipoproteins, which are classified based on their density. The main lipoproteins are chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL. Each carries out specific functions to transport lipids between the intestines, liver, and peripheral tissues. The document outlines the synthesis and catabolism of each lipoprotein class and their roles in cholesterol transport. It also discusses inherited disorders that can disrupt lipoprotein metabolism.
Eicosanoids
This document discusses eicosanoids, which are signaling molecules derived from fatty acids. Eicosanoids are classified into two main groups - prostanoids and leukotrienes/lipoxins. They are produced through the oxidation of fatty acids like arachidonic acid by enzymes like cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. Eicosanoids play important roles in inflammation and other bodily processes through their effects on systems like the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
Lipoprotein metabolism
This document discusses lipoprotein metabolism and summarizes the key points. It notes that plasma consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and other components. There are four major classes of lipoproteins that transport lipids in plasma: chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL. The document outlines the formation and catabolism of chylomicrons and VLDL, which involves lipoprotein lipase, and the metabolism of LDL and HDL. Abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism can lead to hypo- or hyperlipoproteinemia and diseases like atherosclerosis.
Glycolysis- An over view
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in two phases, with the first phase priming the pathway by producing intermediate molecules and consuming 2 ATP per glucose. The second phase yields a net production of 2 ATP per glucose by oxidizing intermediate molecules and harnessing the energy to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. A key regulatory step is the initial phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase, which traps glucose inside cells. Glycolysis is versatile in that it can function aerobically or anaerobically depending on oxygen availability.
Glycogen Metabolism
Glycogen Metabolism , synthesis , degradation ....
References : " Lippincott's Biochemistry " book. and of curse "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"
Glycogen metabolism- revision
Glycogen is a readily available storage form of glucose found mainly in the liver and muscle. It is synthesized through glycogenesis, which involves four steps - activation of glucose to UDP-glucose, initiation using the primer glycogenin, elongation by glycogen synthase adding glucose units via alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds, and branching every 7-10 units via alpha-1,6 bonds by branching enzyme. Glycogen synthesis requires two enzymes - glycogen synthase which elongates the chain and branching enzyme which introduces branches, and continues till sufficient glycogen is synthesized or glucose is no longer available.
Biochemistry of hormones
This document provides an overview of hormones and their biochemistry. It begins with definitions of hormones and the endocrine system. It then discusses the general functions of hormones and classifications of hormones based on their chemical composition and mechanisms of action. The document explores the mechanisms of action of different hormone groups, including those that act through intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors using various second messengers like cAMP, cGMP, calcium, and phospholipids. It also examines hormones with unknown second messengers that can act through pathways like tyrosine kinase, JAK/STAT, protein tyrosine phosphatases, and NF-kB. Insulin is highlighted as a major hormone with no known second messenger.
8 Glucose-alanine cycle
The glucose-alanine cycle involves the breakdown of muscle protein during periods of fasting or starvation. In muscle, pyruvate is converted to alanine through transamination. Alanine is then transported to the liver where it is converted back to pyruvate. The pyruvate in the liver can then be used to produce glucose through gluconeogenesis. This cycle allows nitrogen and carbon skeletons from degraded muscle proteins to be recycled to produce glucose as an energy source for other tissues when food intake is low.
Carbohydrate metabolism
This document summarizes several pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism. It describes the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP pathway), which provides an alternative route for glucose metabolism and is significant for biosynthesis of NADPH and pentose sugars. It does not consume or produce ATP. The document also summarizes the gamma amino butyrate (GABA) shunt, which converts glutamate to succinate via GABA. Finally, it provides an overview of glycogen metabolism, describing glycogen synthesis from glucose and glycogen breakdown into glucose.
Fructose metabolism
- Fructose metabolism occurs primarily in the liver, intestine and kidney. Fructose is converted to fructose-1-phosphate by fructokinase and can then enter the glycolysis or gluconeogenesis pathways.
- Defects in fructose metabolism can cause disorders like essential fructosuria (deficiency of fructokinase) or hereditary fructose intolerance (deficiency of aldolase B). Patients with these defects need to restrict dietary fructose intake.
- The polyol pathway converts glucose to fructose via sorbitol and is related to complications of diabetes like cataracts due to sorbitol accumulation inside cells. Inhibitors
triacylglycerol metabolism
This document discusses lipid metabolism and fatty liver. It defines triacylglycerol synthesis and describes the pathways and tissues involved, including the dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glycerol, and 2-monoacylglycerol pathways. It then covers the metabolism of adipose tissue in well-fed and fasting conditions, and the role of adipose tissue in diabetes mellitus. Finally, it discusses fatty liver and the causes of fat deposition in the liver.
GLUT.pptx
- Glucose transporters (GLUTs) facilitate the movement of glucose across cellular membranes into tissues and organs. The main GLUTs are GLUT1-5 which have tissue-specific expression and functions.
- GLUT1 transports glucose into tissues like red blood cells and brain. GLUT2 transports glucose bidirectionally between blood and liver/kidney/pancreas cells. GLUT3 specifically transports glucose into neurons. GLUT4 is responsible for insulin-dependent glucose uptake into adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. GLUT5 transports fructose in the small intestine and testes.
- Insulin signaling stimulates the translocation of intracellular GLUT4 vesicles to the cell surface membrane, increasing glucose uptake into muscles and fat
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates- Biochemistry
The document summarizes digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides like glucose in the mouth by saliva and in the small intestine by pancreatic enzymes. Glucose is then absorbed into the bloodstream through active transport using sodium-glucose transporters in the intestine or facilitative transport depending on concentration gradients across the intestinal wall. Different glucose transporters (GLUTs) are responsible for transporting glucose and other sugars into tissues throughout the body.
More Related Content
What's hot
GLYCOGENOLYSIS & REGULATION OF GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
- Glycogenolysis is the degradation of glycogen stores in the liver and muscle into glucose. It is carried out by independent cytosolic enzymes.
- Glycogen phosphorylase breaks alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds in glycogen, producing glucose-1-phosphate. A debranching enzyme then breaks alpha-1,6 bonds to fully degrade glycogen.
- Glucose-1-phosphate is converted to glucose-6-phosphate which can be further converted to glucose by glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver, releasing it into circulation. Muscle lacks this enzyme and uses its glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis.
- Glycogen metabolism is regulated by hormones like
Regulation of glycogen metabolism
The document summarizes the regulation of glycogen metabolism. Key points include:
- Glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) and breakdown (glycogenolysis) are reciprocally regulated through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase enzymes by hormones like insulin and glucagon.
- Insulin promotes glycogenesis by stimulating dephosphorylation while glucagon promotes glycogenolysis by stimulating phosphorylation via the cAMP pathway.
- Regulation allows the storage of glucose as glycogen when blood glucose is high and the release of glucose from glycogen when blood glucose is low to maintain homeostasis.
Triglyceride metabolism
The document discusses lipids and triglycerides, explaining that triglycerides are composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids and serve as the main form of energy storage. It describes the processes of lipogenesis where triglycerides are synthesized from glucose, and lipolysis where triglycerides are broken down by hormones to release fatty acids. The summary also notes that triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue and mobilized from there to meet energy needs or deposited in the liver in conditions like fatty liver disease.
Integration of metabolism
This document summarizes key aspects of metabolism integration. It discusses the major macronutrients and their roles in energy production and storage. The major metabolic pathways are described, including their junction points and regulatory enzymes. Specific pathways for glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are explained. The roles of the liver in metabolic integration and regulation by hormones like insulin and glucagon are highlighted.
Glycolipid ppt
Glycolipids Presented by students of BS Microbiology Batch 1st Indus International Institute D.G.Khan (Punjab) Pakistan.
INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM
This document summarizes various metabolic pathways including glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid degradation, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, the hexose monophosphate shunt, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism. It also describes how these pathways are regulated and integrated in the liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and brain in both the fed and starved states to meet energy demands and fuel needs of the body.
Lipoprotein metabolism, Shariq
This document discusses lipoprotein metabolism and structure. It describes the different lipoproteins including chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL. It outlines the roles of apoproteins and how lipoproteins transport triglycerides and cholesterol through the body. The pathways of exogenous and endogenous cholesterol are summarized along with lipoprotein processing and targets for treating dyslipidemia.
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors like lactate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids, and pyruvate. It mainly occurs in the liver and kidney cytosol. The key steps involve converting pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate and overcoming the regulation of two irreversible glycolysis reactions through four unique gluconeogenic enzymes. Gluconeogenesis is regulated by hormones like insulin and glucagon that control the activity of the rate-limiting enzymes: glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and pyruvate carboxylase.
Lipoprotein Metabolism.pptx
lipoproteins transfer lipids such as triacylglycerol, cholestryl ester, fat soluble vitamins in the body. there are 5 categories of lipoproteins which includes chylomicrone, VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL. LDL-cholesterol is called bad cholestrol while HDL-cholesterol is called good cholesterol.
Metabolism of lipoproteins
This document summarizes the metabolism of lipoproteins in the human body. It discusses how lipids are transported in the blood using lipoproteins, which are classified based on their density. The main lipoproteins are chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL. Each carries out specific functions to transport lipids between the intestines, liver, and peripheral tissues. The document outlines the synthesis and catabolism of each lipoprotein class and their roles in cholesterol transport. It also discusses inherited disorders that can disrupt lipoprotein metabolism.
Eicosanoids
This document discusses eicosanoids, which are signaling molecules derived from fatty acids. Eicosanoids are classified into two main groups - prostanoids and leukotrienes/lipoxins. They are produced through the oxidation of fatty acids like arachidonic acid by enzymes like cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. Eicosanoids play important roles in inflammation and other bodily processes through their effects on systems like the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
Lipoprotein metabolism
This document discusses lipoprotein metabolism and summarizes the key points. It notes that plasma consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and other components. There are four major classes of lipoproteins that transport lipids in plasma: chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL. The document outlines the formation and catabolism of chylomicrons and VLDL, which involves lipoprotein lipase, and the metabolism of LDL and HDL. Abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism can lead to hypo- or hyperlipoproteinemia and diseases like atherosclerosis.
Glycolysis- An over view
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in two phases, with the first phase priming the pathway by producing intermediate molecules and consuming 2 ATP per glucose. The second phase yields a net production of 2 ATP per glucose by oxidizing intermediate molecules and harnessing the energy to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. A key regulatory step is the initial phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase, which traps glucose inside cells. Glycolysis is versatile in that it can function aerobically or anaerobically depending on oxygen availability.
Glycogen Metabolism
Glycogen Metabolism , synthesis , degradation ....
References : " Lippincott's Biochemistry " book. and of curse "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"
Glycogen metabolism- revision
Glycogen is a readily available storage form of glucose found mainly in the liver and muscle. It is synthesized through glycogenesis, which involves four steps - activation of glucose to UDP-glucose, initiation using the primer glycogenin, elongation by glycogen synthase adding glucose units via alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds, and branching every 7-10 units via alpha-1,6 bonds by branching enzyme. Glycogen synthesis requires two enzymes - glycogen synthase which elongates the chain and branching enzyme which introduces branches, and continues till sufficient glycogen is synthesized or glucose is no longer available.
Biochemistry of hormones
This document provides an overview of hormones and their biochemistry. It begins with definitions of hormones and the endocrine system. It then discusses the general functions of hormones and classifications of hormones based on their chemical composition and mechanisms of action. The document explores the mechanisms of action of different hormone groups, including those that act through intracellular receptors and cell surface receptors using various second messengers like cAMP, cGMP, calcium, and phospholipids. It also examines hormones with unknown second messengers that can act through pathways like tyrosine kinase, JAK/STAT, protein tyrosine phosphatases, and NF-kB. Insulin is highlighted as a major hormone with no known second messenger.
8 Glucose-alanine cycle
The glucose-alanine cycle involves the breakdown of muscle protein during periods of fasting or starvation. In muscle, pyruvate is converted to alanine through transamination. Alanine is then transported to the liver where it is converted back to pyruvate. The pyruvate in the liver can then be used to produce glucose through gluconeogenesis. This cycle allows nitrogen and carbon skeletons from degraded muscle proteins to be recycled to produce glucose as an energy source for other tissues when food intake is low.
Carbohydrate metabolism
This document summarizes several pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism. It describes the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP pathway), which provides an alternative route for glucose metabolism and is significant for biosynthesis of NADPH and pentose sugars. It does not consume or produce ATP. The document also summarizes the gamma amino butyrate (GABA) shunt, which converts glutamate to succinate via GABA. Finally, it provides an overview of glycogen metabolism, describing glycogen synthesis from glucose and glycogen breakdown into glucose.
Fructose metabolism
- Fructose metabolism occurs primarily in the liver, intestine and kidney. Fructose is converted to fructose-1-phosphate by fructokinase and can then enter the glycolysis or gluconeogenesis pathways.
- Defects in fructose metabolism can cause disorders like essential fructosuria (deficiency of fructokinase) or hereditary fructose intolerance (deficiency of aldolase B). Patients with these defects need to restrict dietary fructose intake.
- The polyol pathway converts glucose to fructose via sorbitol and is related to complications of diabetes like cataracts due to sorbitol accumulation inside cells. Inhibitors
triacylglycerol metabolism
This document discusses lipid metabolism and fatty liver. It defines triacylglycerol synthesis and describes the pathways and tissues involved, including the dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glycerol, and 2-monoacylglycerol pathways. It then covers the metabolism of adipose tissue in well-fed and fasting conditions, and the role of adipose tissue in diabetes mellitus. Finally, it discusses fatty liver and the causes of fat deposition in the liver.
What's hot (20)
GLYCOGENOLYSIS & REGULATION OF GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
GLYCOGENOLYSIS & REGULATION OF GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
Similar to Biochemistry- Glucose transporters
GLUT.pptx
- Glucose transporters (GLUTs) facilitate the movement of glucose across cellular membranes into tissues and organs. The main GLUTs are GLUT1-5 which have tissue-specific expression and functions.
- GLUT1 transports glucose into tissues like red blood cells and brain. GLUT2 transports glucose bidirectionally between blood and liver/kidney/pancreas cells. GLUT3 specifically transports glucose into neurons. GLUT4 is responsible for insulin-dependent glucose uptake into adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. GLUT5 transports fructose in the small intestine and testes.
- Insulin signaling stimulates the translocation of intracellular GLUT4 vesicles to the cell surface membrane, increasing glucose uptake into muscles and fat
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates- Biochemistry
The document summarizes digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides like glucose in the mouth by saliva and in the small intestine by pancreatic enzymes. Glucose is then absorbed into the bloodstream through active transport using sodium-glucose transporters in the intestine or facilitative transport depending on concentration gradients across the intestinal wall. Different glucose transporters (GLUTs) are responsible for transporting glucose and other sugars into tissues throughout the body.
Glucose receptors1
There are 13 glucose transporter proteins (GLUTs) that transport glucose across cell membranes. They are divided into 3 classes. Class I includes GLUT1-4, the most well studied of which are GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3 and GLUT4. GLUT1 transports glucose across the blood-brain barrier. GLUT2 acts as a bidirectional transporter in the liver and pancreas. GLUT3 transports glucose into neurons. GLUT4 is the insulin-regulated transporter that transports glucose into muscle and fat cells for storage. Defects in these transporters can lead to diseases like diabetes.
Carbohydrate.ppt
1. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth and small intestine through enzymes like amylase and disaccharidases.
2. Further digestion by pancreatic enzymes occurs in the small intestine through enzymes like pancreatic amylase.
3. Final digestion is carried out by enzymes in the intestinal mucosal cells, breaking down sugars into monosaccharides that can be absorbed.
002 carbohydrate Metabolism 1.ppt
The document summarizes carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the digestion, absorption, and utilization of carbohydrates. Carbohydrate digestion occurs via salivary and pancreatic amylases in the mouth and small intestine, breaking down starches and glycogen into disaccharides and trisaccharides that are then further broken down by intestinal enzymes. Absorption occurs mainly in the jejunum via both active and facilitated transport. Glucose is then distributed to tissues via the bloodstream and undergoes glycolysis and other pathways to produce energy or be used for biosynthesis. Glycolysis is discussed in detail, including its regulation by key enzymes and hormones.
Glycogen Metabolism Pathways.pptx
This document summarizes glycogen metabolism. Glycogen is a storage form of glucose that is mainly stored in the liver and muscle. It is broken down through glycogenolysis by enzymes like glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen debranching enzyme, and phosphoglucomutase to release glucose-1-phosphate which is converted to glucose-6-phosphate. Glycogenolysis leads to glucose formation in the liver and lactate formation in muscle. Cyclic AMP and insulin regulate glycogenolysis and glycogenesis respectively. Deficiencies in enzymes of glycogen metabolism cause glycogen storage diseases.
Glutes for glucose transporters
Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across plasma membranes and are present in all life forms. The GLUT family of transporter proteins are found in most mammalian cells and help with basal glucose uptake in tissues like brain and muscle in an insulin-independent manner. Specific GLUT transporters are located in tissues including liver, muscle and fat, and their activity levels are regulated by insulin to control glucose uptake and transport following a meal.
glycogenesis
The document discusses glycogenesis, which is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose. It takes place in the cytosol and requires ATP and UTP. Glycogen is mainly stored in the liver and muscle, functioning as the body's secondary long-term energy storage. Glycogen synthesis occurs through a series of enzymatic reactions that activate glucose and add it in chain form to glycogen polymers, using UDP-glucose as the donor. Deficiencies in glycogenesis can cause diseases like von Gierke disease and Pompe disease.
Carbohydrate metabolism and glycolysis.pptx
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the major pathways involved including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the citric acid cycle. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, occurring in the cytosol of cells. Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, primarily occurring in the liver and kidneys. Glucose transport into cells is regulated by insulin-dependent and independent mechanisms. The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, where acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide. Carbohydrates provide a major source of energy for cells through these metabolic pathways.
Glycoproteins
Glycoproteins are proteins that contain carbohydrate chains covalently attached. They can be O-linked, N-linked or GPI-anchored. Glycoproteins play important structural and functional roles like cell adhesion and acting as receptors. They are synthesized through a complex process in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Congenital disorders of glycosylation can occur from mutations affecting glycoprotein synthesis. Blood groups are also determined by glycoproteins on red blood cell surfaces.
Gluts transporters
There are various conditions that are related glucose transporters. rach category treated differently and the side effects thus, varies. In this section, glucose 1 transporters and various condition related to it have been discussed.
Uniporter catalyzed transport
Uniporter proteins transport molecules like amino acids and sugars across cell membranes. GLUT1 is a specific uniporter protein that transports glucose. It is encoded by the SLC2A1 gene and belongs to the major facilitator super family. GLUT1 is expressed in fetal tissues, erythrocytes, and the endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier where it regulates glucose uptake. It undergoes conformational changes to alternately expose its glucose binding site inside and outside the cell to transport glucose across the membrane. GLUT1 plays important roles in supplying glucose to the brain and developing fetus.
Gluconeogenesis in Biochemistry for B. Pharm Students.pptx
Gluconeogenesis help to understand about How to form glucose in absence of glucose
6. Met of CHO.pptx
metabolism of carbohydrate presentation from samara university
college of medicine and health science
Glycogen metabolism
This document discusses glycogen metabolism. It notes that glycogen is a readily available form of glucose storage found primarily in the liver and muscles. Glycogen synthesis, or glycogenesis, occurs in the fed state in these tissues and involves three steps - isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate, activation of glucose-1-phosphate to UDP-glucose, and linkage of UDP-glucose to a glycogen chain catalyzed by glycogen synthase. Glycogen branching is accomplished by the enzyme amylo-(1,4-1,6)-trans-glycosylase which transfers glycogen segments to form branches. The synthesis and breakdown of glycogen in the liver and muscles
Presentation glucose transporters
Glucose is the main carbohydrate in blood, circulating at 65-110 mg/100 ml. It is an important fuel for muscles. Glucose enters muscles via GLUT4 glucose transporters. There are several glucose transporters with different properties - GLUT1 transports glucose in most cells, GLUT2 in liver and pancreas, GLUT3 in neurons and testes, and GLUT4 in muscles and fat which is activated by insulin. Insulin promotes glucose uptake in muscles by recruiting more GLUT4 transporters to the membrane from intracellular storage vesicles.
Metabolism
Metabolism involves breaking down complex substances into simpler ones through catabolism and building them back up through anabolism. This releases energy, eliminates waste, and enables growth and functioning. Glycolysis is the first step of carbohydrate metabolism, where glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules through 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions. This generates a small amount of ATP but produces NADH which feeds into downstream pathways like the TCA cycle to generate more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Key regulatory steps control the rate of glycolysis in response to energy demands and nutrient availability.
Carbohydrate metabolism an overview
The document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the main dietary sources of carbohydrates and their functions, including providing energy. It describes the digestion of carbohydrates by salivary, pancreatic and intestinal enzymes into monosaccharides that are absorbed into the bloodstream. Glucose and galactose enter cells via active transport while fructose uses facilitated diffusion. The liver plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism, storing glucose and releasing it into circulation. Tissues take up glucose via different glucose transporters. The document outlines several major pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
Diegestion Absorption of CHO and Hexose sugar metabolism.pdf
The document discusses the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. It begins by describing the different types of dietary carbohydrates and the enzymes involved in digesting them in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. These include salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, intestinal mucosal enzymes, and disaccharidases. Non-digestible fibers are also mentioned. The absorption of monosaccharides by active transport and facilitated diffusion is summarized. Defects in carbohydrate digestion and absorption and the metabolism of sugars other than glucose are briefly covered.
15.Glycogenesis.pptx
Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle. Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose residues stored in granules. Glycogen synthesis involves the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose to glycogen chains via glycogen synthase. Branching occurs every 8-12 residues via a branching enzyme. Glycogenesis is regulated by substrate availability and hormones like glucagon and insulin, which activate or inhibit glycogen synthase.
Similar to Biochemistry- Glucose transporters (20)
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates- Biochemistry
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates- Biochemistry
Gluconeogenesis in Biochemistry for B. Pharm Students.pptx
Gluconeogenesis in Biochemistry for B. Pharm Students.pptx
Diegestion Absorption of CHO and Hexose sugar metabolism.pdf
Diegestion Absorption of CHO and Hexose sugar metabolism.pdf
More from SaachiGupta4
Vasculitis pathology
Vasculitis
pathology
Define and classify vasculitis.
Describe the cause, pathogenesis, morphology, and clinical presentation of various types of vasculitis.
Aspergillus & penicillium
Aspergillus and penicillium- fungi causing respiratory infections. These fungi are opportunistic fungi.
Microbiology and lab diagnosis included
Gas gangrene
Gas gangrene-
Causative agent, definition, pathogenesis, virulence factors-toxins, incubation period, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, culture, Nagler reaction, reverse cAMP test.
Malaria
Classification of species, The definitive, intermediate host, mode of infection, life cycle of malaria. Plasmodium falciparum, cerebral malaria, the pathogenesis of malaria, clinical features, algid malaria, black water fever, Lab diagnosis- microscopic, QBC, Thick and thin smears, Fluorescent microscopy.
Non-microscopic - Molecular methods PCR, Antigen dectection
Treatment- NVBDCP, prevention
Antifungal drugs
Pharmacology- anti-fungal drugs.Classification and details on polyenes, echinocandins, griseofulvin, azoles, terbinafine, and topical azoles.
Their uses, side effects, adverse effects are mentioned with the mechanism of action.
Kidney tumors
kidney tumors- benign and malignant
Pathology- epidemiology, risk factors, genetics, morphology, and microscopy.
Angiomyolipoma, oncocytoma, renal papillary adenoma- benign.
Malignant- renal cell carcinoma and its types, Wilms tumor
Leprosy microbiology
Leprosy- classification(ridley jopling, madrid, indian), differences between lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy, Complication(lepra reaction 1and 2), and lab diagnosis.
Lab diagnosis- specimen, microscopy, grading, antibody detection, and lepromin test.
Treatment of leprosy(pauci/multibacillary)
Malignant bone tumors
Malignant bone tumors- clinical presentation, epidemiology, pathological findings, radiological findings, cases
Includes osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma in detail.
Microbial pathogenicity
The document defines various terminologies related to microbial pathogenicity and infection. It discusses terms like saprophytes, parasites, commensals, pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, infection, colonization, infestation, and more. It also classifies infections based on factors like source, clinical manifestation, epidemiological patterns, and more. Finally, it covers various mechanisms of microbial pathogenicity like adhesion, invasiveness, toxins, inhibition of phagocytosis, and more.
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing- Microbiology
Microbiology-Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Dilution methods
dilution methods- agar and broth dilution
Epsilometer test
Glycogenolysis biochemistry- carbohydrate metabolism
Glycogenolysis is the degradation of glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate in the liver and muscle. It is triggered by low blood glucose levels and provides energy quickly. Glycogen phosphorylase breaks down glycogen by cleaving alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkages. A debranching enzyme then breaks alpha-1,6 linkages to release single glucose units. In the liver, glucose-1-phosphate is converted to glucose by phosphoglucomutase and glucose-6-phosphatase for release into blood. In muscle, it enters glycolysis directly as glucose-6-phosphate to fuel contraction without glucose release. Glycogenolysis plays an important role in the fight-or-
biochemistry- Role of insulin in metabolism- PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF INSULIN
INSULIN- ANTILIPOLYTIC, LIPOGENESIS, ANTI- KETOGENIC EFFECT, UTILIZATION OF GLUCOSE BY TISSUES, HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT
PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF INSULIN
BIOCHEMISTRY
Physiology- regulation of body fluids and osmolality (renal)
Renal physiology
Regulation of body fluids- ADH osmoreceptor feedback, thirst mechanism, RAAS
Osmolality and tonicity
Kidney development - embryology of urinary system
Part of the development of the urinary system
The ascent of the kidney, stages of development of kidney
discussion about pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros.
Fallot tetralogy and Ventricular septal defect - EMBRYOLOGY
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT- CAUSES, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL FEATURES
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT- EMBRYOLOGICAL BASIS
HEART EMBRYOLOGY
For medical students
Development of liver, pancreas, spleen and extrahepatic biliary apparatus
Embryology- anatomy
Topic: Development of liver, pancreas, spleen, and extrahepatic biliary apparatus.
For M.B.B.S. students. It gives knowledge on the development of the organs mentioned above and their developmental anomalies
Development of liver , extrahepatic biliary apparatus , pancreas and spleen.
embryology- development and developmental anomalies of the liver, extrahepatic biliary apparatus, pancreas and spleen.
Stages of development of liver, reidel's lobe, annular pancreas.
Alimentary tract embryology
Fatty liver- General metabolism, biochemistry
Fatty liver, causes, lipotropic factors, types of fatty liver.
Alcoholism, NAFLD, karyorrhexis, summary of lipid metabolism.
Urine formation renal physiology
URINE FORMATION- 3 processes
GFR, Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion.
FILTRATION MEMBRANE
GFR regulation, Tubular reabsorption regulation and transport explanation
Micturition renal physiology
The document discusses micturition and renal physiology. Micturition is the physiological process of urination. Renal physiology refers to the functioning of the kidneys, which filter waste from the blood to produce urine for elimination from the body. The kidneys and bladder work together in a coordinated manner to regulate urine storage and elimination.
More from SaachiGupta4 (20)
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing- Microbiology
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing- Microbiology
Glycogenolysis biochemistry- carbohydrate metabolism
Glycogenolysis biochemistry- carbohydrate metabolism
biochemistry- Role of insulin in metabolism- PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF INSULIN
biochemistry- Role of insulin in metabolism- PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF INSULIN
Physiology- regulation of body fluids and osmolality (renal)
Physiology- regulation of body fluids and osmolality (renal)
Fallot tetralogy and Ventricular septal defect - EMBRYOLOGY
Fallot tetralogy and Ventricular septal defect - EMBRYOLOGY
Development of liver, pancreas, spleen and extrahepatic biliary apparatus
Development of liver, pancreas, spleen and extrahepatic biliary apparatus
Development of liver , extrahepatic biliary apparatus , pancreas and spleen.
Development of liver , extrahepatic biliary apparatus , pancreas and spleen.
Recently uploaded
Accounting for Restricted Grants When and How To Record Properly
In this webinar, member learned how to stay in compliance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for restricted grants.
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف أحرف الخلاف للقراء العشرةأعد أحرف الخلاف بالتلوين وصلا سمير بسيوني غفر الله له
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation results
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
How to Fix [Errno 98] address already in use
This slide will represent the cause of the error “[Errno 98] address already in use” and the troubleshooting steps to resolve this error in Odoo.
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Geography as discipline
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN TẬP VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN CÂU HỎI TRONG ĐỀ MINH HỌA THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT ...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN TẬP VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN CÂU HỎI TRONG ĐỀ MINH HỌA THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/qspvswamcohjtbvbbhjad04lg65waylfContiguity Of Various Message Forms - Rupam Chandra.pptx
Contiguity Of Various Message Forms - Rupam Chandra.pptx
Recently uploaded (20)
Accounting for Restricted Grants When and How To Record Properly
Accounting for Restricted Grants When and How To Record Properly
220711130088 Sumi Basak Virtual University EPC 3.pptx
220711130088 Sumi Basak Virtual University EPC 3.pptx
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN TẬP VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN CÂU HỎI TRONG ĐỀ MINH HỌA THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT ...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ ÔN TẬP VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN CÂU HỎI TRONG ĐỀ MINH HỌA THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT ...
Contiguity Of Various Message Forms - Rupam Chandra.pptx
Contiguity Of Various Message Forms - Rupam Chandra.pptx
Biochemistry- Glucose transporters
- 2. INTRODUCTION Glucose transporters are integral membrane glycoprotiens with molecular masses of about 50,000 Daltons, and each has 12 membrane-spanning alpha-helical domains. Transporter exposes a single substrate binding site toward either the outside or the inside of the cell. Binding of glucose to one site provokes a conformational change associated with tranpory, and releases glucose to the other side of the membrane.
- 3. GLUCOSETRANSPORT Glucose is an important fuel for contracting muscle, and normal glucose metabolism is vital for health. Glucose enters muscle cell via facilitated diffusion through the GLUT4 glucose. The glucose transport family comprises five members, named GLUT-1 to GLUT 5. Secondary active transport is the mechanism of sodium glucose cotransport across the membranous barrier against concentration gradient of glucose.
- 5. GLUT-4 It is abundant in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Insulin increases the number and activity of GLUT-4, thereby promoting entry of glucose in those tissues. NOTE: Insulin is not required for glucose uptake by some tissues such as liver, brain and red blood cells.
- 8. SODIUM DEPENDENT GLUCOSE TRANPORT-1 • SGluT-1 Absorption from intestinal lumen into intestinal cell is by co-transport mechanism (secondary active transport). • A membrane bound carrier protein is involved, which carries glucose, along with sodium. • This sodium is later expelled by sodium pump with utilization of energy. So energy is needed indirectly. • The transporter in intestine is named by SGluT-1. • Involved in glucose-galactose malabsorption.
- 9. SODIUM DEPENDENT GLUCOSE TRANSPORT-2 • Transporter in kidney is called SGluT-2. • The SGluT-2 is defective in congenital renal glycosuria.
- 10. THANKYOU