Renal blood flow (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
In an average 70-kilogram man, the combined blood flow through both kidneys is about 1100 ml/min, or about 22 per cent of the cardiac output. Two kidneys makes about 0.4 % of total body weight but receive very high blood flow as compared with other body organ. The purpose of additional blood flow is to supply sufficient plasma for high rates of GF which is essential for regulating body fluid volumes & solute concentrations.
Characteristics of the renal blood flow:
1, High blood flow. 1100 ml/min, or 22 percent of the cardiac output. 94% to the cortex.
2, Two capillary beds
High hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillary (about 60 mmHg) and low hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries (about 13 mmHg)
Blood flow to renal medulla is supplied by vasa recta.
Blood flow in vasa recta of medulla is very low as compared to blood flow in cortex.
Blood flow in renal medulla is 1-2 % of total renal blood flow.
Vasa recta are important to form concentrated urine.
A comprehensive presentation on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) & renal blood flow and how these entities are impacted by intrinsic and extrinsic regulation.
This was presented by the author in the finals of the physiology seminar presentation in medical school.
Renal blood flow (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
In an average 70-kilogram man, the combined blood flow through both kidneys is about 1100 ml/min, or about 22 per cent of the cardiac output. Two kidneys makes about 0.4 % of total body weight but receive very high blood flow as compared with other body organ. The purpose of additional blood flow is to supply sufficient plasma for high rates of GF which is essential for regulating body fluid volumes & solute concentrations.
Characteristics of the renal blood flow:
1, High blood flow. 1100 ml/min, or 22 percent of the cardiac output. 94% to the cortex.
2, Two capillary beds
High hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillary (about 60 mmHg) and low hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries (about 13 mmHg)
Blood flow to renal medulla is supplied by vasa recta.
Blood flow in vasa recta of medulla is very low as compared to blood flow in cortex.
Blood flow in renal medulla is 1-2 % of total renal blood flow.
Vasa recta are important to form concentrated urine.
A comprehensive presentation on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) & renal blood flow and how these entities are impacted by intrinsic and extrinsic regulation.
This was presented by the author in the finals of the physiology seminar presentation in medical school.
Body Fluid and Compartments | DR RAI M. AMMAR | ALL MEDICAL DATA
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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Tubular reabsorption (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
It is the second step of urine formation.
It is defined as;
“ The process by which water and other substances are transported by renal tubules back to blood is called Tubular Reabsorption”.
Tubular reabsorption is highly selective.
Some substances like glucose and amino acids are completely absorbed from tubules. So, the urinary excretion is zero.
Ions such as Na+, Cl-, HCO3- are highly absorbed but rate of absorption and excretion varies, according to body needs.
Materials Not Reabsorbed
Nitrogenous waste products
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
Excess water
The basics of autoregulation of Gloemrular filtration rate. This ppt deals with basic renal physiology, tubuloglomerular feedback, myogenic reflex, juxtaglomerular apparatus and renin angiotensin aldosterone system in brief. P.S.- The ppt has animations so kindly view in slide/presentation mode
Body Fluid and Compartments | DR RAI M. AMMAR | ALL MEDICAL DATA
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.medicall.com.pk/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
Tubular reabsorption (The Guyton and Hall physiology)Maryam Fida
It is the second step of urine formation.
It is defined as;
“ The process by which water and other substances are transported by renal tubules back to blood is called Tubular Reabsorption”.
Tubular reabsorption is highly selective.
Some substances like glucose and amino acids are completely absorbed from tubules. So, the urinary excretion is zero.
Ions such as Na+, Cl-, HCO3- are highly absorbed but rate of absorption and excretion varies, according to body needs.
Materials Not Reabsorbed
Nitrogenous waste products
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
Excess water
The basics of autoregulation of Gloemrular filtration rate. This ppt deals with basic renal physiology, tubuloglomerular feedback, myogenic reflex, juxtaglomerular apparatus and renin angiotensin aldosterone system in brief. P.S.- The ppt has animations so kindly view in slide/presentation mode
Vasculitis
pathology
Define and classify vasculitis.
Describe the cause, pathogenesis, morphology, and clinical presentation of various types of vasculitis.
Classification of species, The definitive, intermediate host, mode of infection, life cycle of malaria. Plasmodium falciparum, cerebral malaria, the pathogenesis of malaria, clinical features, algid malaria, black water fever, Lab diagnosis- microscopic, QBC, Thick and thin smears, Fluorescent microscopy.
Non-microscopic - Molecular methods PCR, Antigen dectection
Treatment- NVBDCP, prevention
Pharmacology- anti-fungal drugs.Classification and details on polyenes, echinocandins, griseofulvin, azoles, terbinafine, and topical azoles.
Their uses, side effects, adverse effects are mentioned with the mechanism of action.
Malignant bone tumors- clinical presentation, epidemiology, pathological findings, radiological findings, cases
Includes osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma in detail.
biochemistry- Role of insulin in metabolism- PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF INSULINSaachiGupta4
INSULIN- ANTILIPOLYTIC, LIPOGENESIS, ANTI- KETOGENIC EFFECT, UTILIZATION OF GLUCOSE BY TISSUES, HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT
PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF INSULIN
BIOCHEMISTRY
Kidney development - embryology of urinary systemSaachiGupta4
Part of the development of the urinary system
The ascent of the kidney, stages of development of kidney
discussion about pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros.
Development of liver, pancreas, spleen and extrahepatic biliary apparatusSaachiGupta4
Embryology- anatomy
Topic: Development of liver, pancreas, spleen, and extrahepatic biliary apparatus.
For M.B.B.S. students. It gives knowledge on the development of the organs mentioned above and their developmental anomalies
Development of liver , extrahepatic biliary apparatus , pancreas and spleen.SaachiGupta4
embryology- development and developmental anomalies of the liver, extrahepatic biliary apparatus, pancreas and spleen.
Stages of development of liver, reidel's lobe, annular pancreas.
Alimentary tract embryology
URINE FORMATION- 3 processes
GFR, Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion.
FILTRATION MEMBRANE
GFR regulation, Tubular reabsorption regulation and transport explanation
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. z
Introduction
It is important to
regulate ECF volume to
maintain BP, essential
for adequate tissue
perfusion and function.
Changes in extracellular
volume cause changes
in the cell volume that
compromise the
function of cell
especially in the CNS.
Regulation of body
fluids and osmolality is
an integrated function of
various organ systems.
Kidneys play a major
role.
3.
4. z
Tonicity- the osmolality of a solution relative to
plasma
§ Osmolality- It is the number of osmoles per kilogram of
solvent
§ Normal plasma osmolality: 290 mosm/l
Na+
HCO3-
Cl-
Glucose
urea
94% of extracellular osmoles
3-5% of total osmoles
9. Osmoreceptor- ADH feedback system
Osmolarity increases above normal because of water
deficit-
1. Osmoreceptor cells, in the anterior hypothalamus near the
supraoptic nuclei, shrink because of increase in the ECF
osmolarity.
2. Osmoreceptors send signals to additional nerve cells in the
supraoptic nuclei which relay signals to posterior pituitary.
10. 3. Aps in the posterior pituitary stimulate release of
ADH
§ ADH enters blood stream and transported to
kidneys
§ In kidneys it increases the water permeability of
late DCT, cortical collecting tubules and medullary
collecting ducts.
§ This results in the increased water reabsorption
and excretion of a small volume of concentrated
urine.
12. Other
Stimulation
OF ADH
ADH release is also controlled by
cardiovascular reflexes that respond to-
1. Decrease in BP
2. Decrease in blood volume(including
Arterial baroreceptor reflexes &
Cardiopulmonary reflexes)
3. Other stimuli to CNS e.g. nausea
4. Drugs(nicotine and morphine) and
hormones
5. Alcohol inhibits ADH release
13. THIRST CONTROLLING MECHANISM
Fluid intake is regulated by
thirst mechanism, which,
together with osmoreceptor
ADH mechanism, maintains
control of extracellular fluid
concentration.
14. Central nervous system CENTERS FOR THIRST
Anteroventral wall of the
third ventricle
anterolaterally in the
preoptic nucleus when
stimulated electrically
causes immediate drinking
that continues as long as
the stimulation lasts.
15. z Decreased volume of ECF Increased plasma osmolality
Decreased saliva secretion
Stimulates
osmoreceptors
in hypothalamic
thirst centre
Dry mouth
Sensation of thirst
Person seeks a drink
Water absorbed from GIT
Decreased osmolality of
ECF
Increased volume of
ECF
Stimulate
Inhibit
16. z
Stimuli for
thirst
§ sed ECF osmolarity
§ sed ECF volume and
arterial pressure
§ Angiotensin II & III
§ Dryness of mouth and
mucous membranes
of esophagus
§ Degree of gastric
secretion
OTHER
FACTORS
(SHORT
LIVED)
21. Role of ANGIOTENSIN II
When sodium intake is elevated above normal, renin
secretion is decreased, causing decreased angiotensin II
formation, thus increasing the kidneys’ excretion of sodium
and water
The net result is to minimize the rise in extracellular fluid
volume and arterial pressure that would otherwise occur
when sodium intake increases.
Changes in activity of the renin-angiotensin system act as
a powerful amplifier of the pressure natriuresis mechanism
for maintaining stable blood pressures and body fluid
volumes.
01
02
22. z
Role of aldosterone in ecf
regulation
Ø It is the principal regulator of Na+
absorption
Ø It works in cells of cortical collecting
duct.
Ø Na+ reabsorption in this part of renal
tubule accounts for only 2% of total
Na+ reabsorption
Ø Aldosterone saves salt.
Ø It works to increase Na+ reabsorption
by promoting he expression of all the
channels and pumps depicted in the
figure.
23. z
ATRIAL NATRIURETIC
PEPTIDE
A small peptide produced from
the right atrial wall as a result of
atrial stretching due to
hypervolemia.
Acts to increase Na excretion by
increasing GFR and blocking Na
reabsorption in the proximal
collecting duct.
Water elimination(increased urine
output)
Increased diuresis
Decreased blood volume and
blood pressure
26. HYPONATREMIA
§ Hyponatremia is defined as a plasma Na+ concentration <135
mEq/L.
§ It is due to a relative excess of water in relation to sodium.
§ It can result from excessive loss of sodium from excessive
sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, burns and diuretics.
§ Result of an increase in circulating AVP and/or increased renal
sensitivity to AVP, combined with any intake of free water; a
notable exception Is hyponatremia due to low solute intake.
§ The most common cause of SIADH is hyponatremia.
27. HYPERNATREMIA
§ Hypernatremia is defined as an increase in the plasma Na + concentration
to>145mM. Considerably less common than hyponatremia
§ Hypernatremia is caused by a relative deficit of water in relation to sodium
which can result from
ØNet water loss : accounts for majority of cases
ØPure water loss
ØHypotonic fluid loss
ØHypertonic gain results from iatrogenic sodium loading