Glucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane, a process known as facilitated diffusion. Because glucose is a vital source of energy for all life, these transporters are present in all phyla.
The glucuronic acid pathway is a quantitatively minor route of glucose metabolism. Like the pentose phosphate pathway, it provides biosynthetic precursors and inter-converts some less common sugars to ones that can be metabolized.
Glucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane, a process known as facilitated diffusion. Because glucose is a vital source of energy for all life, these transporters are present in all phyla.
The glucuronic acid pathway is a quantitatively minor route of glucose metabolism. Like the pentose phosphate pathway, it provides biosynthetic precursors and inter-converts some less common sugars to ones that can be metabolized.
Glycogenolysis pathway and its regulation a detailed study.AnjaliKR3
glycogenolysis detailed study. Glycogen breakdown pathway explained each step in detail. regulation of glycogenolysis pathway. allosteric regulation, hormonal regulation and calcium ion regulation.
This PPT contains content of Gluconeogenesis, Steps involved in Gluconeogenesis, (Gluconeogenesis from Pyruvate, Gluconeogenesis from lactate, Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, Gluconeogenesis from glycerol, Gluconeogenesis from Propionate), Regulation and significance of Gluconeogenesis
There are various conditions that are related glucose transporters. rach category treated differently and the side effects thus, varies. In this section, glucose 1 transporters and various condition related to it have been discussed.
Glycogenolysis pathway and its regulation a detailed study.AnjaliKR3
glycogenolysis detailed study. Glycogen breakdown pathway explained each step in detail. regulation of glycogenolysis pathway. allosteric regulation, hormonal regulation and calcium ion regulation.
This PPT contains content of Gluconeogenesis, Steps involved in Gluconeogenesis, (Gluconeogenesis from Pyruvate, Gluconeogenesis from lactate, Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, Gluconeogenesis from glycerol, Gluconeogenesis from Propionate), Regulation and significance of Gluconeogenesis
There are various conditions that are related glucose transporters. rach category treated differently and the side effects thus, varies. In this section, glucose 1 transporters and various condition related to it have been discussed.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
GLUT.pptx
1. Jimma University
Institute of Health Sciences
Department of Biochemistry
Course Title: Cell biology
Seminal Presentation on- Glucose transporter
By;- Getahun Alega…RM0877/15-0
Submitted to:-Dr.Zerihun
2. Objective
• At the end of this presentation the Learner will be able to:
– To understand the different mechanism of glucose transport across cellular
membranes.
– To define and classify GLUT transporters.
– To differentiate the different GLUT transporters .
– To discus the regulation of glucose transport.
3. Introduction
Glucose is a key energy source for most living cells.
Due to its polar nature and large size, glucose molecules cannot traverse the lipid
membrane of the cell by simple diffusion.
Instead, the entry of glucose molecules into the cells is effected by a large family
of structurally related transport proteins known as glucose transporters.
Two main types of glucose transporters have been identified, namely,
sodium–glucose linked transporters (SGLTs) and
facilitated diffusion glucose transporters (GLUTs)
4. Structure of SGLTs and GLUTs.
SGLT comprises 14 transmembrane helices of which both the COOH and
NH2 terminals face the extracellular space.
All members of the SGLT family are 60- to 80-kDa proteins containing 580–718
amino acids.
GLUTs are proteins comprising 12 membrane-spanning regions with
intracellularly located amino and carboxyl terminals.
The amino acid sequence of GLUT proteins has been found to show 28–65 %
identity against GLUT 1.
5. Glucose transporters
Glucose transporters are integral membrane glycoproteins with;-
molecular masses of about 50,000 daltons, and
each has 12 membrane- spanning α-helical domains.
Transporter exposes a single substrate binding site toward either the outside or the inside of
the cell.
Binding of glucose to one site provokes ;-
a conformational change associated with transport,
and releases glucose to the other side of the membrane.
6. Class of GLUT
Glucose homeostasis within the body is mainly maintained by the various
members of the GLUT protein family comprising 14 isoforms.
Within the GLUT protein family,
Three different subclasses can be distinguished based on primary sequence
comparisons:
class I comprises the classical transporters GLUT1–4 including the gene
duplication of GLUT3, which is GLUT14;
class II contains the ‘‘odd’’ isoforms GLUT5, 7, 9, and 11 and
class III contains the ‘‘even’’ isoforms GLUT6, 8, 10, 12 and the proton
driven myoinositol transporter HMIT (GLUT13).
7. GLUT1
RBC, placenta, brain, retina, colon, kidneys.
• Low Km (35-90 mg/dl), high affinity
• Liver, adipose tissue, muscle cell also expresses GLUT1 during
starvation.
• Dysfunction can cause hypoglycorrachia (low CSF glucose), but
normal blood glucose.
8. GLUT2
Liver, intestine kidneys, beta cells of pancreas.
• High Km (about 450 mg/dl) and high Vmax .
• Facilitated diffusion and bidirectional.
suited for sensing high glucose level and release of insulin.
So this enables pancreas to monitor glucose level and adjust rate of insulin secretion.
• In humans, an inactivating mutation of GLUT2 is present in Fanconi-Bickel syndrome.
9. GLUT3
brain, placenta, kidneys.
• Lowest Km
• Facilitated diffusion of glucose in brain
• Liver, adipose tissue, muscle cell also expresses GLUT3 during starvation.
• GLUT3 is most known for its specific expression in neurons and has
originally been designated as the neuronal GLUT.
• Has higher affinity for glucose than GLUT1, -2 and -4.
10. GLUT4
Skeletal muscle, adipocytes, heart
• Low Km (36-90 mg/dl)
• Under the control of insulin.
• Insulin promotes the translocation of intracellular GLUT4 molecules to the cell surface
and thus increases glucose uptake.
In Type 2 diabetes mellitus membrane GLUT4 is reduced leading to insulin resistance
in muscle and fat cells.
In diabetes, entry of glucose into muscle is only half of normal cells.
11. GLUT5
GLUT5 is a fructose transporter expressed on the apical border of enterocytes in
the small intestine.
• GLUT5 is also expressed in skeletal muscle, testis, kidney, fat tissue (adipocytes),
and brain.
• Facilitated diffusion of fructose
• Fructose malabsorption or Dietary Fructose Intolerance is a dietary disability of the
small intestine, where the amount of fructose carrier in enterocytes is deficient.
12. GLUT6 and GLUT7
GLUT6 - does not mediate glucose uptake and is localized on lysosomal
membranes.
We conclude that GLUT6 is a lysosomal transporter that is regulated by
inflammatory stimuli and modulates inflammatory responses by affecting
the metabolic shift in macrophages.
• GLUT7 - is primarily expressed in the small intestine and colon, transport
glucose from ER to cytoplasm.
13. GLUT8, GLUT9 and GLUT10
GLUT8 - is expressed mostly in neurons and testis.
being expressed at high levels in testes and in the acrosomal part of spermatozoa.
Furthermore, GLUT8 appears to play an important role in the energy metabolism
of sperm cells
• GLUT9, which has multiple isoforms in humans is expressed mainly in the
proximal tubule of the kidney and in the liver and placenta.
GLUT10 - Located in cells of tissues—for example, skeletal muscle, heart, lung,
brain, placenta, kidney, liver and pancreas.
14. GLUT11, GLUT12 and GLUT13
GLUT11 - facilitates the transport of both glucose and fructose.
• GLUT12 - is expressed in cells of adipose tissue, small intestine,
skeletal muscle and placenta.
• GLUT13 - is expressed in adipose tissue and kidney cells.
It is also predominantly expressed in the brain, especially in the
hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum and brain stem.
15. SGLUT
Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters (or sodium glucose linked transporter,
SGLT) are a family of glucose transporter found in the intestinal mucosa (enterocytes)
of the small intestine (SGLT1) and the proximal tubule of the nephron.
• A membrane bound carrier protein is involved which carries glucose along with sodium.
• The transporter in intestine is SGluT1 and the transporter in kidney is SGluT2.
The first one is involved in glucose-galactose malabsorption and latter is defective in
congenital renal glycosuria.
16. Regulation of Glucose Transport
Glucose enters cells by facilitated diffusion.
GLUT transporters are thought to be involved in Na+-independent facilitated
diffusion of glucose (co-transport system) into cells.
Insulin stimulates glucose transport by promoting translocation of intracellular
vesicles;-
that contain the GLUT4 and GLUT1 glucose transporters to the plasma
membrane.
This effect is reversible.
17. Insulin interacts with the
receptors
Glucose transporters stored in
the vesicles move to the surface
Fuse with the PM
Increase in the no. of glucose
transporter in the PM
Inflow of glucose
18. Cont….
Glucose transport, the rate limiting step in glucose metabolism in
skeletal muscle,
is mediated by insulin-sensitive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and
can be activated in skeletal muscle by two separate and distinct
signaling pathways:
one stimulated by insulin and
the second by muscle contractions.
19. Cont….
the importance of GLUT4 regulation for overall glucose
homeostasis.
In addition to its function in muscle and fat, GLUT4 acts in the
brain and other tissues.
In skeletal muscle, GLUT4 is translocated to the cell surface in
response to contraction as well as insulin stimulation, and ischemia
causes GLUT4 translocation in the heart
Skeletal muscle accounts for the bulk of glucose removal from the
blood.