Fatty liver- General metabolism, biochemistry
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Fatty liver, causes, lipotropic factors, types of fatty liver. Alcoholism, NAFLD, karyorrhexis, summary of lipid metabolism.
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Ketone bodies are produced when fatty acids are broken down in the liver. They serve as an alternative energy source for tissues when glucose is limited, such as during fasting or diabetes. Ketone bodies are synthesized in the liver through a series of reactions starting with acetyl CoA. Their production is regulated by substrate availability, fatty acid oxidation, ATP levels, and the enzyme HMG CoA synthase. Tissues such as the brain can use ketone bodies for energy through another series of reactions. Excessive ketone body production causes ketosis, characterized by ketonemia, ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis. Ketosis is managed by restoring carbohydrate metabolism and correcting electrolyte and acid-base imbalances.
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Function of the liver
The document summarizes the functions and structure of the liver. It notes that the liver is the largest internal organ, located on the right side below the diaphragm. The liver has important metabolic, storage, excretory, protective, circulatory and coagulation functions, including breaking down toxins, producing bile and proteins, and regulating blood flow. The liver is made up of lobules containing hepatocytes and sinusoids that receive blood flow and allow for nutrient exchange. Damage to the liver can cause jaundice and diseases like hepatitis, cirrhosis, and cancer.
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Carbohydrates are digested into monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose which are then absorbed in the small intestine. Glucose accounts for about 80% of absorbed monosaccharides and is actively transported into intestinal cells via sodium-glucose transporters, using the sodium gradient as an energy source. Galactose absorption is similar to glucose while fructose absorption occurs via facilitated diffusion without requiring sodium or energy. Absorption rates vary between sugars with galactose absorbing most rapidly, followed by glucose, then fructose and pentoses absorbing slowest. Health of the intestinal mucosa and various hormones can also impact carbohydrate absorption rates.
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- It performs essential functions like being a membrane component, precursor for bile acids and steroid hormones, and is required for nerve transmission.
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Absorption of carbohydrates ppt
Carbohydrates are digested into monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose which are then absorbed in the small intestine. Glucose accounts for about 80% of absorbed monosaccharides and is actively transported into intestinal cells via sodium-glucose transporters, using the sodium gradient as an energy source. Galactose absorption is similar to glucose while fructose absorption occurs via facilitated diffusion without requiring sodium or energy. Absorption rates vary between sugars with galactose absorbing most rapidly, followed by glucose, then fructose and pentoses absorbing slowest. Health of the intestinal mucosa and various hormones can also impact carbohydrate absorption rates.
Glycogen storage disease (gsd)
Glycogen storage disorders are a group of inherited metabolic disorders caused by deficiencies in enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis or breakdown. There are several types classified by the affected enzyme and tissue. Type I, Von Gierke's disease, is caused by glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency affecting the liver and kidneys, leading to organ enlargement, high lactate levels, and gout. Type II, Pompe's disease, results from acid maltase deficiency impacting many tissues including heart, liver, and muscles. Symptoms range from cardiac failure in infants to late-onset muscle weakness. Treatment may include enzyme replacement therapy or diet modification.
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This document summarizes several glycogen storage diseases caused by deficiencies in enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis and breakdown. Key points include: glycogen storage diseases are inherited disorders characterized by abnormal glycogen deposition; deficiencies in enzymes like glucose-6-phosphatase and acid maltase can cause hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, hyperlipidemia, and other issues; the organs and severity of symptoms vary depending on the specific enzyme deficiency.
Disorders of lipid metabolism
Lipid storage disorders are inherited metabolic disorders where harmful amounts of lipids accumulate in cells and tissues due to deficiencies or issues with lipid metabolizing enzymes. Over time, excess lipid storage can damage the brain, nerves, liver, spleen, and bone marrow. These disorders can be inherited autosomally recessively or x-linked recessively. Specific disorders discussed include cholelithiasis, obesity, fatty liver, and atherosclerosis.
Iron
Iron is an essential mineral that carries oxygen and forms part of hemoglobin in red blood cells and myoglobin in muscle. It helps red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Sources of iron include liver, red meat, lentils, beans, green leafy vegetables, and raisins. Iron is primarily absorbed in the small intestine and is stored in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Factors that increase absorption include low body iron stores and conditions with increased red blood cell production.
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when fluid loss exceeds fluid intake. It can be caused by excessive fluid loss through vomiting, diarrhea, or reduced fluid intake. As dehydration worsens, complications include hypotension, decreased cardiac output, renal failure, and potentially death from hypovolemic shock if untreated. Treatment involves oral or IV fluid replacement administered gradually over 48 hours to restore fluid balance and prevent edema. Nursing care focuses on monitoring fluid intake and output, administering replacement fluids, and educating patients and families on prevention.
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This document provides information about minerals found in the human body. It discusses major minerals like calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium which are required in amounts greater than 100mg per day. It also discusses trace minerals like iron, iodine, and magnesium which are required in smaller amounts less than 20mg per day. For each mineral, the document outlines its sources, absorption, functions, requirements, deficiency disorders, and treatment where relevant. The document provides an overview of the essential roles various minerals play in bone formation, soft tissue maintenance, enzyme and hormone production, and other physiological processes in the human body.
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This document discusses key concepts related to gravity including:
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2) Density is defined as mass per unit volume. Specific gravity is the ratio of a substance's density to that of water.
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The document discusses the immune system and its response to foreign substances called antigens. It describes innate immunity, which is present from birth, and acquired immunity, which develops through exposure to antigens. Passive immunity provides temporary protection through antibodies transferred from mother to infant or through immunization. The document also details the structure and classification of immunoglobulins, which are antibody proteins produced by B cells in response to antigens.
Composition and metabolism of carbohydrates by Dr. Pallavi Pathania
This document discusses carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and blood sugar regulation. It explains that glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Gluconeogenesis converts non-carbohydrates into glucose when glycogen stores are depleted. The Cori cycle involves the liver converting lactate from muscles back into glucose. The TCA cycle further breaks down pyruvate from glycolysis to generate more ATP. Glycogenolysis breaks down glycogen into glucose as needed. The pentose phosphate pathway generates NADPH and pentoses from glucose-6-phosphate. Hormones like insulin regulate blood sugar levels.
HEME DEGRADATION
Erythrocytes have a lifespan of 120 days before being removed from circulation and degraded by macrophages in the spleen and liver. Approximately 6 grams of hemoglobin is broken down per day in an adult human. Heme is broken down by the enzyme heme oxygenase into biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide. Biliverdin is further degraded by biliverdin reductase into bilirubin, which is transported bound to albumin in plasma and taken up by hepatocytes in the liver. In the liver, bilirubin is conjugated and excreted into bile as bilirubin diglucuronide.
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This document discusses various clinical enzymology topics including enzymes, isoenzymes, classification of enzymes, diagnostic uses of enzymes, and specific enzymes elevated in certain diseases. It provides information on enzymes that can help diagnose acute myocardial infarction (CK, AST, LDH), liver diseases (aminotransferases, GGT), bone diseases (alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase), and GI tract diseases (amylase, lipase). The levels and timing of elevation of these enzymes in different conditions is outlined.
GLUCONEOGENESIS & ITS REGULATION
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This document discusses basal metabolic rate (BMR), which is the minimum amount of energy required by the body at rest to maintain vital functions. BMR can be measured using closed or open circuit devices and accounts for 35-38% of daily calorie needs in adults. Factors that affect BMR include surface area, sex, age, physical activity, hormones, environment, disease status, and starvation. Measuring BMR is important for calculating calorie requirements, dietary planning, and assessing thyroid function.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
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Fatty liver- General metabolism, biochemistry
- 4. Role of liver in fat metabolism • Secretion of bile salts • Synthesis of fatty acid, triacylglycerols(transported as VLDL in blood) and phospolipids. • Oxidation of fatty acids • Production of lipoproteins • Production of ketone bodies • Synthesis and excretion of cholesterol.
- 8. Excess calorie intake Excess calories in the form of carbohydrates Deposited as fat Obesity accompanied by fatty liver
- 9. ALCOHOLISM Most common cause Alcohol oxidized to acetaldehyde Increased quantities of NADH NADH converts oxaloacetate to malate FA accumulates because of deficiency of OAA(oxidation of acetyl CoA through TCA cycle is reduced)
- 16. THANK YOU!!!!