The document discusses the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. It begins by describing the different types of dietary carbohydrates and the enzymes involved in digesting them in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. These include salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, intestinal mucosal enzymes, and disaccharidases. Non-digestible fibers are also mentioned. The absorption of monosaccharides by active transport and facilitated diffusion is summarized. Defects in carbohydrate digestion and absorption and the metabolism of sugars other than glucose are briefly covered.
The document summarizes carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the digestion, absorption, and utilization of carbohydrates. Carbohydrate digestion occurs via salivary and pancreatic amylases in the mouth and small intestine, breaking down starches and glycogen into disaccharides and trisaccharides that are then further broken down by intestinal enzymes. Absorption occurs mainly in the jejunum via both active and facilitated transport. Glucose is then distributed to tissues via the bloodstream and undergoes glycolysis and other pathways to produce energy or be used for biosynthesis. Glycolysis is discussed in detail, including its regulation by key enzymes and hormones.
Carbohydrate metabolism involves the breakdown and use of carbohydrates like glucose and glycogen. Glucose is broken down through glycolysis which occurs in the cytoplasm and produces energy. Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles as a source of glucose. Fructose and galactose are other carbohydrates that are metabolized and converted to glucose. Hormones like insulin and glucagon tightly regulate blood glucose levels. Diabetes occurs when blood glucose levels are too high due to issues with insulin production or sensitivity.
This document summarizes digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. It describes how nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins and fats are broken down into smaller molecules through hydrolysis. Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides, proteins into peptides and amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides. Absorption occurs through active transport, passive diffusion, and endocytosis across the intestinal epithelium. The small intestine has adaptations like villi and microvilli that increase its surface area for absorption. Water and electrolytes like sodium and chloride are also absorbed through the intestines.
1. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth and small intestine through enzymes like amylase and disaccharidases.
2. Further digestion by pancreatic enzymes occurs in the small intestine through enzymes like pancreatic amylase.
3. Final digestion is carried out by enzymes in the intestinal mucosal cells, breaking down sugars into monosaccharides that can be absorbed.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus and its management. It discusses the hormones of the islets of Langerhans, the pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, diagnosis, complications, and management. The key objectives are to understand the role of islet cells, etiology and pathophysiology of diabetes types, risk factors, symptoms, HbA1c, diagnosis, management, and complications of diabetes.
Endocrine functions of the pancreas & regulation ofNkosinathiManana2
The pancreas secretes four polypeptides that regulate carbohydrate metabolism: insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin is produced by beta cells in the pancreas and lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake in tissues. Glucagon is produced by alpha cells and raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose production and release from the liver. Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon, while pancreatic polypeptide's function is uncertain but may regulate nutrient absorption. Together these hormones maintain blood glucose levels within a narrow range.
1. Carbohydrates are digested into monosaccharides like glucose in the small intestine through the actions of digestive enzymes.
2. Monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to tissues where they undergo further metabolism. Glucose is the primary fuel for tissues like the brain.
3. Glycolysis is the first step of glucose metabolism, occurring in the cytosol of cells. It breaks down glucose into pyruvate while generating a small amount of ATP.
The document summarizes carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the digestion, absorption, and utilization of carbohydrates. Carbohydrate digestion occurs via salivary and pancreatic amylases in the mouth and small intestine, breaking down starches and glycogen into disaccharides and trisaccharides that are then further broken down by intestinal enzymes. Absorption occurs mainly in the jejunum via both active and facilitated transport. Glucose is then distributed to tissues via the bloodstream and undergoes glycolysis and other pathways to produce energy or be used for biosynthesis. Glycolysis is discussed in detail, including its regulation by key enzymes and hormones.
Carbohydrate metabolism involves the breakdown and use of carbohydrates like glucose and glycogen. Glucose is broken down through glycolysis which occurs in the cytoplasm and produces energy. Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles as a source of glucose. Fructose and galactose are other carbohydrates that are metabolized and converted to glucose. Hormones like insulin and glucagon tightly regulate blood glucose levels. Diabetes occurs when blood glucose levels are too high due to issues with insulin production or sensitivity.
This document summarizes digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. It describes how nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins and fats are broken down into smaller molecules through hydrolysis. Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides, proteins into peptides and amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides. Absorption occurs through active transport, passive diffusion, and endocytosis across the intestinal epithelium. The small intestine has adaptations like villi and microvilli that increase its surface area for absorption. Water and electrolytes like sodium and chloride are also absorbed through the intestines.
1. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth and small intestine through enzymes like amylase and disaccharidases.
2. Further digestion by pancreatic enzymes occurs in the small intestine through enzymes like pancreatic amylase.
3. Final digestion is carried out by enzymes in the intestinal mucosal cells, breaking down sugars into monosaccharides that can be absorbed.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus and its management. It discusses the hormones of the islets of Langerhans, the pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, diagnosis, complications, and management. The key objectives are to understand the role of islet cells, etiology and pathophysiology of diabetes types, risk factors, symptoms, HbA1c, diagnosis, management, and complications of diabetes.
Endocrine functions of the pancreas & regulation ofNkosinathiManana2
The pancreas secretes four polypeptides that regulate carbohydrate metabolism: insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin is produced by beta cells in the pancreas and lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake in tissues. Glucagon is produced by alpha cells and raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose production and release from the liver. Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon, while pancreatic polypeptide's function is uncertain but may regulate nutrient absorption. Together these hormones maintain blood glucose levels within a narrow range.
1. Carbohydrates are digested into monosaccharides like glucose in the small intestine through the actions of digestive enzymes.
2. Monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to tissues where they undergo further metabolism. Glucose is the primary fuel for tissues like the brain.
3. Glycolysis is the first step of glucose metabolism, occurring in the cytosol of cells. It breaks down glucose into pyruvate while generating a small amount of ATP.
Carbohydrates provide the largest source of calories and include starch, lactose, and sucrose. The small intestine breaks down carbohydrates into monosaccharides like glucose through digestion by enzymes attached to the intestinal wall. These monosaccharides are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to tissues like muscle and liver to be used for energy or stored as glycogen for later use.
This document discusses the absorption of monosaccharides in the small intestine. It notes that monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose are produced from carbohydrate digestion and absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum. Glucose accounts for 80% of absorbed monosaccharides. Glucose absorption involves sodium-glucose cotransporters, while fructose absorption occurs via facilitated diffusion. Factors like thyroid hormones and vitamins can influence absorption rates. Defects in monosaccharide transporters can cause conditions like glucose-galactose malabsorption.
Carbohydrates are digested in the mouth by salivary amylase and in the small intestine by pancreatic amylase and intestinal enzymes. Monosaccharides like glucose are absorbed into the bloodstream through active transport involving sodium-glucose transporters in the intestinal walls. Glucose is the primary fuel for cells and its uptake is mediated by glucose transporters, especially GLUT2 and GLUT4 which are regulated by insulin. Deficiencies in disaccharide-digesting enzymes can cause issues like lactose intolerance and related symptoms.
The document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the main dietary sources of carbohydrates and their functions, including providing energy. It describes the digestion of carbohydrates by salivary, pancreatic and intestinal enzymes into monosaccharides that are absorbed into the bloodstream. Glucose and galactose enter cells via active transport while fructose uses facilitated diffusion. The liver plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism, storing glucose and releasing it into circulation. Tissues take up glucose via different glucose transporters. The document outlines several major pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
The document summarizes the key processes of digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. It discusses:
1) The three main stages of digestion - mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, secretion of enzymes and electrolytes to provide optimal conditions for digestion, and transport of nutrients into the bloodstream.
2) The major secretions at each stage - saliva, gastric juices, pancreatic and bile secretions, and secretions from the small intestine.
3) The enzymes and constituents involved in digesting carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and their absorption mechanisms.
4) Some common digestive disorders that can result from enzyme deficiencies or malabsorption.
Clinical significance of carbohydrates presentation130144011
The document discusses carbohydrates of biological and clinical significance and glucose absorption. It covers classification of carbohydrates, their biological and clinical importance, digestion and absorption of glucose through sodium-glucose cotransporters, and important glucose transporters. The seminar objectives were to discuss carbohydrate structure and function, glucose homeostasis, dietary fiber significance, and digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Key topics included biological roles of carbohydrates, clinical implications such as glycated hemoglobin, and the five phase mechanism of glucose homeostasis.
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It begins with definitions of nutrition and carbohydrates, discussing the classification and functions of carbohydrates. It then describes the major pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis. For each pathway, it outlines the key reactions and clinical aspects. It also discusses the roles of hormones in regulating carbohydrate metabolism and diseases related to defects in glycogen storage and metabolism. In summary, the document comprehensively reviews carbohydrate nutrition and the major catabolic and anabolic pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism in the human body.
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It begins with an introduction to nutrition and carbohydrates, discussing the classification and functions of carbohydrates. It then describes the major metabolic pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, and others. For each pathway, it provides details on the reactions, enzymes involved, energy production, and some clinical aspects. It also discusses the role of hormones in carbohydrate metabolism and dental aspects. The document concludes with a summary and references section.
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the various pathways involved including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, the hexose monophosphate shunt, and uronic acid pathway. For each pathway, it describes the key reactions, regulation, enzymes involved, energy production, and some clinical significance. The document is a comprehensive review of carbohydrate metabolism from a biochemical perspective.
Digestion & absorption of carbohydratesakina hasan
This document summarizes the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. It begins by outlining the types of carbohydrates present in the diet and how they are broken down by enzymes into simpler monosaccharides. It then details the specific enzymes involved in digesting carbohydrates at each step, from salivary amylase in the mouth to pancreatic amylase and disaccharidases in the small intestine. Absorption of monosaccharides like glucose, galactose and fructose occurs via active transport in the intestinal epithelium. Clinical examples like lactose intolerance are also discussed.
This document summarizes research on metabolism in the fed and fasted states. In the fed state, insulin levels are elevated which signals the body to store excess calories and halt fat burning. Tissues take up glucose through insulin-dependent or independent transporters. In the fasted state, insulin levels are low and tissues utilize fatty acids and ketones for fuel. Key differences between the fed and fasted states are outlined for liver, muscle, brain, and adipose tissue metabolism. Physiologically-based models are discussed as a way to simulate and predict how food intake impacts drug absorption.
The document discusses carbohydrate metabolism. It begins with an introduction to nutrition and carbohydrates, classifying carbohydrates and their functions. It then outlines the major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, the hexose monophosphate shunt, and the metabolism of galactose, fructose, and amino sugars. Clinical aspects related to deficiencies in these pathways are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It begins with definitions of nutrition and carbohydrates, and classifications of carbohydrates. The major functions of carbohydrates are described as energy sources, storage, and structural roles. The document then covers the major metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis. It provides details on the reactions in each pathway and their clinical significance. The roles of hormones and dental aspects are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the major pathways including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, the hexose monophosphate shunt, and the roles of hormones. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with ATP production. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to generate more ATP. Gluconeogenesis produces glucose from non-carbohydrates. Glycogen is stored glucose that is synthesized and broken down as needed. The hexose monophosphate shunt produces NADPH and pentoses using glucose. Hormones like glucagon and insulin regulate carbohydrate metabolism.
This document summarizes the metabolic roles of major organs including the liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and brain. It also discusses the hormonal regulators of fuel metabolism including insulin, glucagon, and catecholamines. Insulin promotes anabolic processes like glycogen, lipid, and protein synthesis. Glucagon and catecholamines have opposing catabolic effects and stimulate glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. Together these hormones maintain blood glucose levels and allow fuels to be distributed and used by different tissues.
This document discusses the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. It begins with an overview of carbohydrate digestion starting in the mouth where salivary amylase begins breaking down starches. Digestion continues in the stomach and small intestine where pancreatic amylase and intestinal disaccharidases further break down carbohydrates into absorbable monosaccharides like glucose. These monosaccharides are then absorbed via active transport mechanisms involving glucose transporters and sodium-glucose cotransporters. The document also briefly discusses abnormalities that can occur with carbohydrate digestion and absorption.
Cell body defense CBD DIGESTION-GLYCOLYSIS.pptxAlabiDavid4
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate digestion, absorption, and metabolism. It discusses:
- The breakdown of ingested carbohydrates (starch, lactose, sucrose) into monomers like glucose, fructose, and galactose by enzymes in the digestive tract.
- The transport of these monomers across intestinal cells and into the bloodstream, facilitated by sodium-dependent and facilitative glucose transporters.
- The major pathways of glucose metabolism, including glycolysis. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP both aerobically and anaerobically in most cells.
- Tissues and cell types rely heavily on glycolysis, like red blood
Carbohydrates are digested and absorbed through multiple steps. Salivary amylase begins breaking down starches in the mouth. In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase and glycosidases further break down starches and disaccharides into monosaccharides like glucose and fructose. Transporters on intestinal cells absorb glucose and transport it into the bloodstream. Hormones like insulin regulate blood glucose levels. Unabsorbed carbohydrates in the colon are fermented by bacteria.
Carbohydrates provide the largest source of calories and include starch, lactose, and sucrose. The small intestine breaks down carbohydrates into monosaccharides like glucose through digestion by enzymes attached to the intestinal wall. These monosaccharides are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to tissues like muscle and liver to be used for energy or stored as glycogen for later use.
This document discusses the absorption of monosaccharides in the small intestine. It notes that monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose are produced from carbohydrate digestion and absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum. Glucose accounts for 80% of absorbed monosaccharides. Glucose absorption involves sodium-glucose cotransporters, while fructose absorption occurs via facilitated diffusion. Factors like thyroid hormones and vitamins can influence absorption rates. Defects in monosaccharide transporters can cause conditions like glucose-galactose malabsorption.
Carbohydrates are digested in the mouth by salivary amylase and in the small intestine by pancreatic amylase and intestinal enzymes. Monosaccharides like glucose are absorbed into the bloodstream through active transport involving sodium-glucose transporters in the intestinal walls. Glucose is the primary fuel for cells and its uptake is mediated by glucose transporters, especially GLUT2 and GLUT4 which are regulated by insulin. Deficiencies in disaccharide-digesting enzymes can cause issues like lactose intolerance and related symptoms.
The document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the main dietary sources of carbohydrates and their functions, including providing energy. It describes the digestion of carbohydrates by salivary, pancreatic and intestinal enzymes into monosaccharides that are absorbed into the bloodstream. Glucose and galactose enter cells via active transport while fructose uses facilitated diffusion. The liver plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism, storing glucose and releasing it into circulation. Tissues take up glucose via different glucose transporters. The document outlines several major pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
The document summarizes the key processes of digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. It discusses:
1) The three main stages of digestion - mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, secretion of enzymes and electrolytes to provide optimal conditions for digestion, and transport of nutrients into the bloodstream.
2) The major secretions at each stage - saliva, gastric juices, pancreatic and bile secretions, and secretions from the small intestine.
3) The enzymes and constituents involved in digesting carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and their absorption mechanisms.
4) Some common digestive disorders that can result from enzyme deficiencies or malabsorption.
Clinical significance of carbohydrates presentation130144011
The document discusses carbohydrates of biological and clinical significance and glucose absorption. It covers classification of carbohydrates, their biological and clinical importance, digestion and absorption of glucose through sodium-glucose cotransporters, and important glucose transporters. The seminar objectives were to discuss carbohydrate structure and function, glucose homeostasis, dietary fiber significance, and digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Key topics included biological roles of carbohydrates, clinical implications such as glycated hemoglobin, and the five phase mechanism of glucose homeostasis.
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It begins with definitions of nutrition and carbohydrates, discussing the classification and functions of carbohydrates. It then describes the major pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis. For each pathway, it outlines the key reactions and clinical aspects. It also discusses the roles of hormones in regulating carbohydrate metabolism and diseases related to defects in glycogen storage and metabolism. In summary, the document comprehensively reviews carbohydrate nutrition and the major catabolic and anabolic pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism in the human body.
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It begins with an introduction to nutrition and carbohydrates, discussing the classification and functions of carbohydrates. It then describes the major metabolic pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, and others. For each pathway, it provides details on the reactions, enzymes involved, energy production, and some clinical aspects. It also discusses the role of hormones in carbohydrate metabolism and dental aspects. The document concludes with a summary and references section.
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the various pathways involved including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, the hexose monophosphate shunt, and uronic acid pathway. For each pathway, it describes the key reactions, regulation, enzymes involved, energy production, and some clinical significance. The document is a comprehensive review of carbohydrate metabolism from a biochemical perspective.
Digestion & absorption of carbohydratesakina hasan
This document summarizes the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. It begins by outlining the types of carbohydrates present in the diet and how they are broken down by enzymes into simpler monosaccharides. It then details the specific enzymes involved in digesting carbohydrates at each step, from salivary amylase in the mouth to pancreatic amylase and disaccharidases in the small intestine. Absorption of monosaccharides like glucose, galactose and fructose occurs via active transport in the intestinal epithelium. Clinical examples like lactose intolerance are also discussed.
This document summarizes research on metabolism in the fed and fasted states. In the fed state, insulin levels are elevated which signals the body to store excess calories and halt fat burning. Tissues take up glucose through insulin-dependent or independent transporters. In the fasted state, insulin levels are low and tissues utilize fatty acids and ketones for fuel. Key differences between the fed and fasted states are outlined for liver, muscle, brain, and adipose tissue metabolism. Physiologically-based models are discussed as a way to simulate and predict how food intake impacts drug absorption.
The document discusses carbohydrate metabolism. It begins with an introduction to nutrition and carbohydrates, classifying carbohydrates and their functions. It then outlines the major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, the hexose monophosphate shunt, and the metabolism of galactose, fructose, and amino sugars. Clinical aspects related to deficiencies in these pathways are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It begins with definitions of nutrition and carbohydrates, and classifications of carbohydrates. The major functions of carbohydrates are described as energy sources, storage, and structural roles. The document then covers the major metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, and glycogenolysis. It provides details on the reactions in each pathway and their clinical significance. The roles of hormones and dental aspects are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism. It discusses the major pathways including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism, the hexose monophosphate shunt, and the roles of hormones. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate with ATP production. The citric acid cycle further oxidizes carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to generate more ATP. Gluconeogenesis produces glucose from non-carbohydrates. Glycogen is stored glucose that is synthesized and broken down as needed. The hexose monophosphate shunt produces NADPH and pentoses using glucose. Hormones like glucagon and insulin regulate carbohydrate metabolism.
This document summarizes the metabolic roles of major organs including the liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and brain. It also discusses the hormonal regulators of fuel metabolism including insulin, glucagon, and catecholamines. Insulin promotes anabolic processes like glycogen, lipid, and protein synthesis. Glucagon and catecholamines have opposing catabolic effects and stimulate glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. Together these hormones maintain blood glucose levels and allow fuels to be distributed and used by different tissues.
This document discusses the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. It begins with an overview of carbohydrate digestion starting in the mouth where salivary amylase begins breaking down starches. Digestion continues in the stomach and small intestine where pancreatic amylase and intestinal disaccharidases further break down carbohydrates into absorbable monosaccharides like glucose. These monosaccharides are then absorbed via active transport mechanisms involving glucose transporters and sodium-glucose cotransporters. The document also briefly discusses abnormalities that can occur with carbohydrate digestion and absorption.
Cell body defense CBD DIGESTION-GLYCOLYSIS.pptxAlabiDavid4
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate digestion, absorption, and metabolism. It discusses:
- The breakdown of ingested carbohydrates (starch, lactose, sucrose) into monomers like glucose, fructose, and galactose by enzymes in the digestive tract.
- The transport of these monomers across intestinal cells and into the bloodstream, facilitated by sodium-dependent and facilitative glucose transporters.
- The major pathways of glucose metabolism, including glycolysis. Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP both aerobically and anaerobically in most cells.
- Tissues and cell types rely heavily on glycolysis, like red blood
Carbohydrates are digested and absorbed through multiple steps. Salivary amylase begins breaking down starches in the mouth. In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase and glycosidases further break down starches and disaccharides into monosaccharides like glucose and fructose. Transporters on intestinal cells absorb glucose and transport it into the bloodstream. Hormones like insulin regulate blood glucose levels. Unabsorbed carbohydrates in the colon are fermented by bacteria.
Similar to Diegestion Absorption of CHO and Hexose sugar metabolism.pdf (20)
The document provides information about the respiratory system, including:
- The major contents covered are the introduction, structures of the upper and lower respiratory tract, thoracic wall, and development of the respiratory system.
- The respiratory system's primary roles are to oxygenate cells through gas exchange and remove carbon dioxide, with collaboration from the cardiovascular system.
- The thoracic wall forms the osteocartilaginous thoracic cage, protecting the lungs and heart. It consists of ribs, costal cartilages, thoracic vertebrae, and the sternum.
- Ribs can be typical, atypical, or floating based on their attachments. Typical ribs articulate with the sternum, verte
This document provides information about a medical microbiology course covering respiratory tract infections. The course is part of a pre-clerkship program at Jimma University for medical laboratory sciences students. Topics covered in the respiratory tract infections module include common microbes affecting the respiratory tract, clinical presentations of respiratory infections, diagnostic techniques, and prevention/control methods. The document outlines various upper and lower respiratory tract infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. [END SUMMARY]
Atelectasis, restrictive and obstructive pulmonary disease.pptxTeshaleTekle1
Atelectasis is the collapse of lung tissue caused by inadequate expansion of air spaces. It is classified into three forms: resorption, compression, and contraction atelectasis. Resorption occurs when an obstruction prevents air from reaching distal airways, causing absorption of existing air and alveolar collapse. Compression results from fluid, blood, or air accumulation in the pleural cavity compressing the lung. Contraction occurs when fibrosis affects lung or pleural expansion. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Emphysema is characterized by destruction of alveolar walls leading to enlarged air spaces, while chronic bronchitis involves inflammation of the large airways and
The document summarizes the gross structures and functions of the lower respiratory tract. It describes the trachea as a tubular passageway that branches into the two primary bronchi. The bronchi continue branching into smaller bronchioles that lead to terminal bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. It also details the lungs, noting they are highly elastic and each has an apex, lobes divided by fissures, and a root containing bronchial tubes and vessels. The pleurae are membranes that line the thoracic wall and cover the lungs, with a potential space between that contains lubricating fluid.
This document outlines various respiratory diseases including atelectasis, obstructive lung diseases, restrictive lung diseases, and pneumonia. It describes three types of atelectasis - resorption, compression, and contraction atelectasis. Obstructive lung diseases discussed include emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis. Emphysema causes abnormal enlargement of airspaces and can be centriacinar, panacinar, or distal acinar. Chronic bronchitis is defined by persistent cough and involves small airway disease and emphysema. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder causing wheezing and reversible airway obstruction. Bronchiectasis results from destruction of bronchial tissue causing permanent dilation
Upper respiratory tract infections are common illnesses that affect the nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx and larynx. The common cold is the most frequent viral illness, often caused by rhinoviruses. Other viral infections like influenza and RSV can cause pharyngitis. Bacterial sinusitis is usually preceded by a viral infection. Acute laryngitis is commonly caused by inhalation of irritants or viral infections. Croup is most often caused by parainfluenza viruses in young children. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with Epstein-Barr virus and more common in Chinese populations. Laryngeal tumors include non-cancerous lesions like nodules and papillomas as well as
The document discusses the physiology of the renal system, including the structure and function of the kidneys, nephrons, and processes of urine formation such as glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion. The kidneys filter blood to remove waste and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance while nephrons are the functional units that filter blood and reabsorb necessary substances through specialized tubule structures like the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule.
The document discusses amino acids and proteins. It begins by listing the learning objectives, which include describing the 20 common amino acids, their structure and classification, as well as the structure and functions of peptides and proteins. It then defines amino acids as the building blocks of proteins, notes that 20 are commonly found in mammalian proteins, and describes their basic structure with an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and side chain. The document further classifies amino acids based on their chemical, nutritional, and metabolic properties and functions. It also explains how amino acids polymerize to form peptides and proteins, and the levels of structure in proteins from primary to quaternary.
This document discusses lipids, including their structure, classification, and biomedical importance. Lipids are an heterogeneous group of organic compounds that include fats, oils, waxes, and other related substances. They are classified based on factors such as solubility and relationship to fatty acids. The document describes simple lipids like triglycerides, waxes, and sterol esters, as well as complex lipids including phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins. It also discusses derived lipids such as fatty acids, monoglycerides, and sterols. The biomedical importance of lipids includes roles as energy stores, structural components of cell membranes, thermal insulation, and as carriers of fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty
This document discusses enzymes, cofactors, and enzyme kinetics. It defines prosthetic groups as molecules that are tightly bound to enzymes and participate in catalysis. Cofactors interact reversibly with enzymes or substrates to facilitate reactions. Coenzymes serve as recyclable carriers of chemical groups between enzymes. The Michaelis-Menten equation describes enzyme kinetics, relating reaction rate to substrate concentration. There are three main types of reversible enzyme inhibition - competitive, uncompetitive, and noncompetitive - which differ in how they affect the enzyme-substrate complex and influence kinetic parameters like Km and Vmax.
This document provides an overview of biochemistry for pre-clerkship students. It begins by outlining the learning outcomes, which include understanding the roles of biochemistry in medical education and defining life. It then discusses the chemical foundations of cells and lists the main components and reactions that occur within cells. The document describes the key organelles found in cells and their biochemical roles. It also covers the different types of cell signaling found in multicellular organisms. Finally, it provides definitions and scopes of biochemistry, organic chemistry, and discusses the major biomolecules and cellular foundations of life.
RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription. In prokaryotes, a single type of RNA polymerase synthesizes all types of RNA. In eukaryotes, multiple RNA polymerases are involved. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination phases. The initial RNA transcript undergoes post-transcriptional processing including 5' capping, polyadenylation, and splicing in eukaryotes to form mature RNA. Alternative splicing allows generation of multiple mRNA isoforms from a single gene.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Diegestion Absorption of CHO and Hexose sugar metabolism.pdf
1. Bihonegn Birhan (BSc. MSc.)
Instructor of Medical Biochemistry
Digestion,Absorption of Carbohydrates and Hexose Sugars
Metabolism
1
2. Digestion of carbohydrates
Dietary carbohydrates:
Polysaccharides: starch and glycogen
Disaccharides: sucrose (cane sugar),lactose (milk sugar) and maltose
Monosaccharides: fructose & pentoses
Liquid food materials: milk,soup,fruit juice
2
3. Digestion of carbohydrates (CHO)
CHO present in three forms:
Digestible
Ready-to-absorb
Non-digestible
• Cellulose, pentosans, hemicellulose, etc.
3
5. Digestion of carbohydrates
Digestion in mouth:
• Homogenization
• Mastication
• Dietary polysaccharides become hydrated
Salivary amylase (ptyalin)
Action of Ptyalin/Salivary Amylase/α-amylase:
Cl– ion for activation & optimum pH 6.7 (range 6.6 to 6.8)
Hydrolyzes α-1 → 4 internal glycosidic linkage.
Producing:
• -dextrins
• Maltose
• Maltotriose
Starch digestion is incomplete.
5
6. Digestion of carbohydrates
Digestion in stomach
Salivary amylase stops its action in stomach when pH falls.
Acidic pH 1 – 2
Digestion in the Small Intestine
Two enzymes that digest CHO:
1.Pancreatic juice
2.Intestinal mucosal brush border enzymes
6
7. Digestion of carbohydrates
Digestion in duodenum:
Pancreatic juice
Pancreatic amylase (also called amylopsin)
• α –amylase:
• Optimum PH 7.1
• Cl– for activity
• Hydrolyses α-1→4 glycosidic linkage
Products of hydrolysis of starch/Glycogen:
Maltose
Maltotriose
-Limit dextrin (oligosaccharides with -1,6 branches )
7
8. Digestion of carbohydrates
2. Intestinal mucosal brush border enzymes
Intestinal amylase:
Hydrolyses terminal α-1→4 glycosidic linkage.
Polysaccharides and oligosaccharides →free glucose molecules
Glucoamylase:
An exoglycosidase
Substrates :amylose,amylopectin,glycogen and maltose
Hydrolyzes -1,4 glycosidic bonds b/n glucosyl units,beginning at nonreducing end.
8
9. Digestion of carbohydrates
2. Intestinal mucosal brush border enzymes ……
• Isomaltase–maltase
Hydrolyzes -1, 6 bonds in limit dextrins & -1,4 bonds in maltose and
maltotriose.
α-limit dextrin → maltose+ glucose
• Sucrase–maltase
Hydrolyzes sucrose, maltose, and maltotriose
9
11. Dietary fibers
-1,4 glucosidic linkage of Cellulose
not hydrolyzed by human digestive enzymes
Hemicellulose, lignin, gums, pectins & pentosans
Are also indigestible
11
13. Dietary…(Cont’d)
Dietary fibers passes as it is in stools & beneficial for:
Increasing bulk of intestinal contents by adsorbing water
Stimulates peristaltic movements
to reduce stool transit time and prevents constipation
Lower contact with fecal mutagens.
High-fiber diets are also beneficial by reducing the incidence of:
Cancer of the colon
Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes mellitus
13
14. Dietary … (Cont’d)
It induces establishment of normal colon bacteria
With several benefits including:
Fermentation of fibers
Production of vitamins Vitamin K & Biotin
However,excessive dietary fibers,
Fiber can bind minerals such as calcium,magnesium,iron and zinc,which limits their
absorption
E.g., Chelate calcium in an insoluble form
14
15. ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
All monosaccharides completely absorbed in small intestine.
Two mechanisms of monosaccharides are suggested:
1. Simple diffusion:
Sugar concentration gradients between the intestinal lumen,mucosal cells and blood plasma.
All the monosaccharides are probably absorbed to some extent by simple‘passive’diffusion.
2.“Active”Transport Mechanisms
Glucose and galactose are absorbed actively very rapidly.
Fructose absorption is also rapid but < glucose & galactose
• But it is faster than pentoses.
Hence fructose may be absorbed by both simple diffusion & facilitated transport.
15
16. Absorption of Carbohydrates
Absorption by the Intestinal Epithelium
Glc is transported through the absorptive cells of the intestine by:
Na-dependent facilitated transport
Facilitated diffusion
It enters the absorptive cells by binding to transport proteins.
2 types of Glc transport proteins are present in the intestinal cells:
Na+-dependent glucose transporters sGLT
Facilitative glucose transporters GLUT
16
17. Na+-Dependent Glucose Transporters
sGLT1 & sGLT2:
Located on the luminal side of the absorptive cells.
A low intracellular Na+ concentration is maintained by:
Na+,K+-ATPase on the serosal (blood) side of the cell.
uses the energy from ATP cleavage to pump Na+ out of the cell.
Transport of Glc from a low conc. in the lumen to a high conc. in the cell is by
• Cotransport of Na+
• Secondary active transport
Active transport of sugars are inhibited by:
Strophanthin,Ouabain, Dinitrophenol (DNP), Phloridzin
17
19. Facilitative GlucoseTransporters
GLUT-1 to GLUT-12:
Which do not bind Na+ & are located on the serosal side
Glucose moves via the facilitative transporters:
from the high conc. inside the cell to the lower conc. in the blood
Facilitative transporters for Glc also exist on the luminal side.
• GLUT-5
19
21. Facilitative transport
By transport proteins
Multiple groups on the protein
bind the -OH groups of Glc &
close behind it as it is released into the cell
i.e.,the transporter acts like
“gated pore”
O = outside
I = inside
21
22. Galactose & Fructose Absorption
Through GlucoseTransporters
Galactose:
Absorbed through the same mechanisms as glucose
It enters the absorptive cells on the luminal side via:
• Na+-dependent glucose transporters &
Transported through the serosal side by:
• Facilitative glucose transporters
Fructose:
Both enters & leaves absorptive epithelial cells by:
• Facilitated diffusion GLUT-5
22
23. Transport of Monosaccharides intoTissues
Properties of the GLUT transport proteins differ b/n tissues
Reflecting the function of glucose metabolism in each tissue
In most cell types, the rate of Glc transport across the membrane is
Not rate-limiting for glucose metabolism
b/c the isoform of transporter present in these cell types:
has a relatively low Km for Glc, or
is present in relatively high conc. in the cell membrane
so that the IC Glc conc. reflects that in the blood
23
24. Transport of …(Cont’d)
However, in several tissues, the rate of transport becomes rate limiting when:
Serum level of Glc is low, or
Low levels of insulin signal the absence of dietary Glc.
Liver: GLUT-2
Km for the glucose transporter is relatively high compared with that of other
tissues.
15 mM or above
This is in keeping with the liver’s role as the organ that maintains blood
glucose levels.
24
25. Transport of …(Cont’d)
Muscle & Adipose tissue: GLUT-4
Transport of Glc is greatly stimulated by insulin.
The mechanism involves recruitment of GLUT-4
In adipose tissue:
es Glc availability for the synthesis of Fatty acids & Glycerol
In skeletal muscle es Glc availability for:
• Glycolysis
• Glycogen synthesis
25
27. Defects in digestion and absorption of carbohydrates (including inherited disorders)
Lactase Deficiency
Intolerance to lactose
Diarrhea
Flatulence
Abdominal cramps
Distension
Treatment: reduce the consumption of milk, taking lactase in pills form
prior to eating, taking lactase treated food.
Cows’ milk allergy is much more common than lactose intolerance in babies
It is caused by an allergic reaction of the baby’s immune system to proteins in the milk.
27
28. 28
Cows’ milk allergy is much more common than lactose intolerance in babies and is caused
(not by lactose) by an allergic reaction of the baby’s immune system to proteins in the milk.
29. Sucrase Deficiency
Inherited deficiency of sucrase and isomaltase
Symptoms in early childhood (sucrose: cane sugar and table sugar)
Disacchariduria:
Disaccharidase deficiency—Excretion of disaccharides
Intestinal damage (e.G. Sprue and celiac disease)
~300 mg or more of disaccharides may be excreted
Monosaccharide Malabsorption
Due to inherited disorders of carrier protein.
• Necessary for absorption of glucose and /galactose
29
35. Glycolysis
IC Site &Tissue Distribution
It occurs in the cell cytosol of all tissues of the body.
RBCs
Cornea, lens and some parts of retina
Kidney (medulla), testicles, leukocytes and white muscle fibers
Contracting muscles
• occlusion of blood vessels by the muscular contraction
Cancer cells
Brain & gastrointestinal tract
35
36. Enzymes involved and the Kinds of Reactions in Glycolysis
Enzymes: (cytosol, Mg2+)
Kinds of Reactions in Glycolysis:
Phosphoryl transfer
Phosphoryl shift
Isomerization
Dehydration
36
39. Payoff phase of glycolysis
39
Fluoride
Arsenite,Iodoacetate & Iodoacetamide
40. Figure - Pathway for biosynthesis and degradation of 2,3-BPG
Special features of glycolysis in RBCs (Rapoport-Lubering cycle)
40
41. Glycolysis
The total inputs and the outputs of all the 10 glycolytic reactions may be written
as follows :
Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ + 2 H+ + 4 ADP→ 2 pyruvate + 2 H+ + 4 ATP +
2 H2O + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2ADP
Net equation for the transformation of glucose into pyruvate :
Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O
41
42. Glycolysis
Step Reaction
Consumption
of ATP
Gain of ATP
1
3
7
10
Glucose→ Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate → Fructose 1, 6-diphosphate
1, 3-diphosphoglycerate → 3-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate → Pyruvate
1
1 × 2 = 2
1 × 2 = 2
2 4
Net gain of ATP = 4 – 2 = 2
Table Energy yield of glycolysis
1
42
44. Muscle anaerobic glycolysis (lactic fermentation)
The net equation for anaerobic glycolysis in muscles and lactate fermentation in some
microbes would then be :
Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 lactate + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O
No net oxidation or reduction.
Lactate dehydrogenase
44
45. Cori cycle
Lactate is taken up by other tissues (liver,
heart, and skeletal muscle) and oxidized
back to pyruvate.
In the liver, the pyruvate serves as a
precursor for gluconeogenesis.
The cycling of lactate and glucose between
peripheral tissues (RBC & skeletal
muscle) and liver is Cori cycle
45
46. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
In yeast and other microorganisms
The net equation for alcoholic fermentation would then be:
Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 Ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2ATP + 2 H2O
No net oxidation-reduction.
46
47. Biomedical Importances of glycolysis
Energy (ATP) source for skeletal muscle even in absence of O2.
Haemolytic anaemias: Inherited enzyme deficiencies:
Hexokinase deficiency and pyruvate kinase deficiency
Role in cancer therapy:
In fast-growing cancer cells, rate of glycolysis is very high.
o ↑more pyruvate → ↑lactic acid (local lactic acidosis).
47
48. Fig.The anaerobic metabolism of glucose in tumor cells
Tumors of nearly all types carry out
glycolysis at a much higher rate than
normal tissue, even when oxygen is
available.“Warburg effect”
48
51. Entry of dietary glycogen,starch,disaccharides,and hexoses into the preparatory stage of glycolysis
• Glucose is the center of carbohydrate metabolism.
• Other sugars in the diet are converted to
intermediates of glucose metabolism,when
carbohydrates other than glucose are required.
53. Fructose metabolism
Liver, small intestinal mucosa & kidney (fructokinase & aldolase B)
Two pathways for the metabolism of fructose:
1. In muscle & adipose tissue, Fru → Fru 6-P (hexokinase)
2. In liver, kidney & SI mucosa, Fru → Fru 1-P (fructokinase/ketohexokinase)
o Aldolase isoforms (A, B, C, & fetal aldolases)
• Aldolase B (liver,kidney & SI mucosa)
• AldolaseA → muscle & most other tissues
• Aldolase C → brain
• Fetal aldolase → liver before birth
• All can cleave Fru1,6-BP
• But Only aldolase B can also cleave Fru-1-P
54. The rate of fructose metabolism is more rapid than that
of glucose because the trioses formed from fructose 1-
phosphate bypass phosphofructokinase-1—the major
rate-limiting step in glycolysis.
Fructose metabolism
57. Polyol Pathway and Fructose metabolism
The effect of hyperglycemia on sorbitol metabolism and diabetic cataract formation.
Insulin is not required for the entry of glucose into:
• Lens
• Retina
• Schwann cells of peripheral nerves
• Liver
• Kidney
• Placenta
• Red blood cells
• Cells of the ovaries
• Seminal vesicles
58. Polyol Pathway and Fructose metabolism
In uncontrolled diabetes,large amounts of glucose may enter into the above cells
during times of hyperglycemia.
Elevated intracellular [glucose] and an adequate supply of NADPH:
Cause aldose reductase to produce a significant increased amount of sorbitol and trapped inside
the cell
It can be oxidized into fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase
But when sorbitol dehydrogenase is low or absent in lens,retina,kidney,and nerve cells,sorbitol
accumulates in these cells.
• High osmotic pressure is created in these cells.
• Cataract formation,retinopathy,nephropathy and neuropathy
Sorbitol accumulation can be prevented by aldose reductase inhibitors in experimental
animals.
But no current evidence available that inhibitors are effective in preventing cataract or
diabetic neuropathy in humans.
59. Disorders of Fructose metabolism
1. A benign condition caused by fructokinase deficiency (essential fructosuria)
2. A severe disturbance of liver and kidney metabolism
Caused by aldolase B deficiency (hereditary fructose intolerance,HFI)
The first symptoms of HFI appear when a baby is weaned from milk and begins to
eat food containing sucrose or fructose.
60. Disorders of Fructose metabolism
Hereditary fructose intolerance,HFI
Fructose 1-phosphate accumulates:
Vomiting
Hepatomegaly →hepatic failure
Jaundice
Pi,ATP,inhibition of biosynthetic pathway
AMP Hyperuricemia
blood clotting factors →hemorrhage
Hypoglycemia & lactic acidosis
Diagnosis of HFI by examining fructose in the urine,enzyme assay or by DNA-based testing.
With HFI,sucrose and sorbitol & fructose must be removed from the diet to prevent liver failure and possible
death.