Biochemistry final ppt
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
8 likes•14,852 views
This document discusses carbohydrates and classifies them into three categories: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that serve as building blocks. Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides bond together. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed from chains of many monosaccharides bonded together. Carbohydrates provide energy, energy storage, and structural support in organisms. Their general formula is CH2O.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic biomolecules composed of polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. They are classified based on their monomer units into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and ribose. Disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose contain two monomer units. Polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, and glycogen are composed of many monomer units. Carbohydrates play important structural and energy storage roles in living organisms.
Introduction to carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates provide energy and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Glucose is a primary carbohydrate that our bodies use for energy.
- Carbohydrates exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides like glucose cannot be broken down further. Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond. Polysaccharides contain long chains of monosaccharide units.
- Examples of monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are examples of polysaccharides that provide energy storage or structural support
Carbohydrates classification, biochemical properties, isomerism and qualitati...
Carbohydrates are organic compounds that serve as a chief source of energy. They are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of monomer units. Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose are composed of two monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, and cellulose are polymers of many monosaccharide units. Carbohydrates play important structural and energy-related roles in living organisms.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds derived from their hydrolysis.
includes- Definition, classification, examples, enantiomers, epimers, anomers, D and L isomers, ozasone testing, reducing and non reducing sugars, chemical tests and disease.
General Introduction and classification of Carbohydrates
This presentation is made for F.Y.Bsc. Students.
The presentation includes the General Properties of Carbohydrate and the classification of carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates
This document summarizes the structure and function of important cell components. It describes how carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur are used to form biologically important molecules like carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are polymers of simple sugars (monosaccharides) joined by dehydration reactions. They serve key functions like providing immediate energy through glucose, energy storage as starch and glycogen, structure as cellulose and chitin, and metabolism as intermediates. Important carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY
- Plants convert 100 metric tons of CO2 into carbohydrates each year through photosynthesis.
- Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules and serve important functions like energy storage, structure, and encoding biologic information through oligosaccharide chains.
- Monosaccharides can exist as cyclic or linear structures and take on different configurations that impact their chemical and physical properties. Common techniques like mutarotation, osazone formation, and oxidation reactions are used to characterize carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. They are the primary source of energy and include sugars and starches. The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose. Complex carbohydrates are either disaccharides made of two monosaccharides or polysaccharides made of three or more monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis, which can be broken down through hydrolysis.
Recommended
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic biomolecules composed of polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. They are classified based on their monomer units into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and ribose. Disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose contain two monomer units. Polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, and glycogen are composed of many monomer units. Carbohydrates play important structural and energy storage roles in living organisms.
Introduction to carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates provide energy and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Glucose is a primary carbohydrate that our bodies use for energy.
- Carbohydrates exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides like glucose cannot be broken down further. Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond. Polysaccharides contain long chains of monosaccharide units.
- Examples of monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are examples of polysaccharides that provide energy storage or structural support
Carbohydrates classification, biochemical properties, isomerism and qualitati...
Carbohydrates are organic compounds that serve as a chief source of energy. They are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of monomer units. Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose are composed of two monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, and cellulose are polymers of many monosaccharide units. Carbohydrates play important structural and energy-related roles in living organisms.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds derived from their hydrolysis.
includes- Definition, classification, examples, enantiomers, epimers, anomers, D and L isomers, ozasone testing, reducing and non reducing sugars, chemical tests and disease.
General Introduction and classification of Carbohydrates
This presentation is made for F.Y.Bsc. Students.
The presentation includes the General Properties of Carbohydrate and the classification of carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates
This document summarizes the structure and function of important cell components. It describes how carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur are used to form biologically important molecules like carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are polymers of simple sugars (monosaccharides) joined by dehydration reactions. They serve key functions like providing immediate energy through glucose, energy storage as starch and glycogen, structure as cellulose and chitin, and metabolism as intermediates. Important carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY
- Plants convert 100 metric tons of CO2 into carbohydrates each year through photosynthesis.
- Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules and serve important functions like energy storage, structure, and encoding biologic information through oligosaccharide chains.
- Monosaccharides can exist as cyclic or linear structures and take on different configurations that impact their chemical and physical properties. Common techniques like mutarotation, osazone formation, and oxidation reactions are used to characterize carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. They are the primary source of energy and include sugars and starches. The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose. Complex carbohydrates are either disaccharides made of two monosaccharides or polysaccharides made of three or more monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis, which can be broken down through hydrolysis.
Carbohydrates
History
Introduction
Functions
Classification – Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Digestion of carbohydrates
Absorption of carbohydrates
Dietary guidelines
Carbohydrates and oral health
Nutritional health programs in India
Public health significance
Romulo carbohydrates ppt
The document discusses carbohydrates and their classification. It begins by introducing the three major categories of carbohydrates - monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down further, while disaccharides and polysaccharides are composed of multiple sugar units joined together. The document then goes into further detail about the structure, properties and examples of different types of carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are widely distributed in plants and animals. They function primarily as a fuel in the body by liberating energy through oxidation. Certain carbohydrate products also promote further oxidation of foods and can be used as starting materials for other biological compounds. Chemically, carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in proportions similar to water, with glucose having the formula C6H12O6. Carbohydrates can be classified based on the number of carbon atoms in their molecular structure, ranging from di- to heptoses.
Chapter 13 carbohydrates
This document discusses carbohydrates. It defines carbohydrates and describes the main types: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It discusses important monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose. It describes their cyclic and linear structures using Fischer projections. It also covers properties of reducing sugars and examples of important disaccharides like maltose, lactose, and sucrose. Finally, it summarizes key polysaccharides like amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, and cellulose.
Carbohydrate 2nd lecture Biochemistry
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their structure. Monosaccharides like glucose and fructose cannot be broken down further, while disaccharides like sucrose are made of two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond. Carbohydrates may undergo isomerism due to asymmetric carbon atoms, existing as optical isomers like D-glucose and L-glucose that differ in their spatial arrangement.
Chemistry, classification & properties of carbohydrates
General methods of carbohydrates
Absorption, digestion, metabolism of carbohydrates
applications of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic compounds that serve as a major source of energy. They are classified based on their structure as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Important disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Starch and cellulose are examples of polysaccharides. Carbohydrates can be identified using chemical tests such as Molisch, Fehling's, Benedict's, Barfoed, and iodine tests. These tests identify carbohydrates based on properties such as being reducing or non-reducing sugars.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that can be broken down into monosaccharides through hydrolysis. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and can be further classified as aldoses or ketoses depending on whether they contain an aldehyde or ketone functional group. Disaccharides like sucrose are formed through a glycosidic linkage between two monosaccharide units, while polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides that can be homopolysaccharides containing the same sugar units or heteropolysaccharides with different sugar units. Carbohydrates serve important functions in the body as an energy source, for energy storage, and in the formation of structural molecules.
Chemistry of carbohydrates - General introduction and classification
Significance of carbohydrates in nature, the general classification of carbohydrates, and classification & functions of monosaccharides
Carbohydrate Chemistry
https://youtu.be/XTJ87QYY4uw
click on above link for video of above ppt
Chemistry of Carbohydrates for medical, para medical, Science students.
Chem 45 Biochemistry: Carbohydrates
18.1 Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates
18.3 Classification of Carbohydrates
18.4 Classification of Monosaccharides
18.5 Biochemically Important Monosaccharides
18.6 Cyclic Forms of Monosaccharides
18.7 Haworth Projection Formulas
18.8 Reactions of Monosaccharides
18.9 Disaccharides
18.10 Oligosaccharides
18.11 General Characteristics of Polysaccharides
18.12 Storage Polysaccharides
18.13 Structural Polysaccharides
18.14 Acidic Polysaccharides
18.15 Dietary Considerations and Carbohydrates
18.16 Glycolipids and Glycoproteins: Cell Recognition
18.17 Unavailable Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate chemistry 15
The document provides information about carbohydrate chemistry from a lecture. It defines carbohydrates and discusses their classification into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It describes the monosaccharide glucose in depth, including its structure, properties, biological functions as an important energy source, and relationship to disorders like diabetes. Additionally, it covers other major monosaccharides like fructose and galactose, along with derivatives and important reactions of monosaccharides.
Chemistry of carbohydrates
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate chemistry. It defines carbohydrates and discusses their classification, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Key topics include the structures of common monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, as well as their properties including isomerism, stereoisomerism, and mutarotation. Common reactions of monosaccharides such as reduction, oxidation, and glycoside formation are also summarized. The document concludes with brief discussions of important disaccharides like sucrose and lactose, as well as polysaccharides including starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
Carbohydrates and their classification
Carbohydrates, Classification of carbohydrates, Monosaccharides, Polysaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Classification of Polysaccharides, Heteropolysaccharides, Homopolysaccharides, Sources of pokysaccharides.
Carbohydrates introduction
Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on Earth and serve important functions in living organisms. They include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, oligosaccharides like sucrose and lactose, and polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. Monosaccharides are aldoses or ketoses that exist as cyclic or linear structures. Polysaccharides function as energy storage molecules like starch and glycogen or provide structure to plant cell walls and insect exoskeletons like cellulose and chitin. Carbohydrates undergo oxidation reactions and form glycosidic bonds between monosaccharide units.
Overview of Carbohydrates
This slide is about overview of carbohydrates. It describes important properties of carbohydrates, classification and biological functions.
Carbohydrate and Lipid biochemistry
This document summarizes carbohydrates and lipids. It defines monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It describes the classification, structures, and properties of common monosaccharides like glucose and fructose. It also discusses lipids, including fatty acids, glycerol, and classifications like fats, waxes, phospholipids, and glycolipids. Key biomolecules and roles are summarized such as phospholipids in cell membranes and glycolipids in nervous tissue.
Introduction and carbohydrate chemistry
1. The document discusses various types of bonds including covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and Van der Waals forces.
2. It also describes the structure of water and how water molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds with one another due to the polar nature of the water molecule.
3. Additionally, it covers carbohydrate classification and types including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Common examples are discussed for each type.
Carbohydrates.siam (ppt file)
This document provides information on carbohydrates including their definition, sources, functions, and classification. Carbohydrates are sugars that break down into glucose and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are obtained from sources like rice, tomatoes, potatoes, and milk. Carbohydrates have important functions like building body tissue, allowing fat to be metabolized, and encouraging healthy gut bacteria. They are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on whether they undergo hydrolysis. Monosaccharides like glucose cannot be broken down further, while oligosaccharides have 2-9 monosaccharide units and polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides. The main types of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
The document discusses carbohydrates and provides details about their classification and properties. It begins by defining carbohydrates and noting they are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates are then classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of monosaccharide units they contain. Important monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose are highlighted. Common disaccharides and polysaccharides are also listed such as sucrose, lactose, starch, and cellulose. In closing, it emphasizes that polysaccharides serve important structural or energy storage functions in plants and animals.
Carbohydrate ppt
This document provides an overview of carbohydrates. It begins by defining carbohydrates as the most abundant organic compounds in plants, acting as energy stores and structural components. It then discusses monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Specific carbohydrates discussed include glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. It explains their structures, functions, and important properties. The document is a comprehensive introduction to carbohydrate chemistry.
Carbohydrate presentation
Carbohydrates are sugars that provide the body with energy. There are two types - simple carbohydrates like refined sugars and fruits, and complex carbohydrates like grains. Carbohydrates are digested and absorbed for energy, and the best choices are whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. Disorders can result from too few or too many carbohydrates, such as diabetes, hypoglycemia, and lactose intolerance. Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar is too low and symptoms include shakiness, dizziness, and mood changes.
More Related Content
What's hot
Carbohydrates
History
Introduction
Functions
Classification – Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Digestion of carbohydrates
Absorption of carbohydrates
Dietary guidelines
Carbohydrates and oral health
Nutritional health programs in India
Public health significance
Romulo carbohydrates ppt
The document discusses carbohydrates and their classification. It begins by introducing the three major categories of carbohydrates - monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down further, while disaccharides and polysaccharides are composed of multiple sugar units joined together. The document then goes into further detail about the structure, properties and examples of different types of carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are widely distributed in plants and animals. They function primarily as a fuel in the body by liberating energy through oxidation. Certain carbohydrate products also promote further oxidation of foods and can be used as starting materials for other biological compounds. Chemically, carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in proportions similar to water, with glucose having the formula C6H12O6. Carbohydrates can be classified based on the number of carbon atoms in their molecular structure, ranging from di- to heptoses.
Chapter 13 carbohydrates
This document discusses carbohydrates. It defines carbohydrates and describes the main types: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It discusses important monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose. It describes their cyclic and linear structures using Fischer projections. It also covers properties of reducing sugars and examples of important disaccharides like maltose, lactose, and sucrose. Finally, it summarizes key polysaccharides like amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, and cellulose.
Carbohydrate 2nd lecture Biochemistry
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their structure. Monosaccharides like glucose and fructose cannot be broken down further, while disaccharides like sucrose are made of two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond. Carbohydrates may undergo isomerism due to asymmetric carbon atoms, existing as optical isomers like D-glucose and L-glucose that differ in their spatial arrangement.
Chemistry, classification & properties of carbohydrates
General methods of carbohydrates
Absorption, digestion, metabolism of carbohydrates
applications of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic compounds that serve as a major source of energy. They are classified based on their structure as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Important disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Starch and cellulose are examples of polysaccharides. Carbohydrates can be identified using chemical tests such as Molisch, Fehling's, Benedict's, Barfoed, and iodine tests. These tests identify carbohydrates based on properties such as being reducing or non-reducing sugars.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that can be broken down into monosaccharides through hydrolysis. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and can be further classified as aldoses or ketoses depending on whether they contain an aldehyde or ketone functional group. Disaccharides like sucrose are formed through a glycosidic linkage between two monosaccharide units, while polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides that can be homopolysaccharides containing the same sugar units or heteropolysaccharides with different sugar units. Carbohydrates serve important functions in the body as an energy source, for energy storage, and in the formation of structural molecules.
Chemistry of carbohydrates - General introduction and classification
Significance of carbohydrates in nature, the general classification of carbohydrates, and classification & functions of monosaccharides
Carbohydrate Chemistry
https://youtu.be/XTJ87QYY4uw
click on above link for video of above ppt
Chemistry of Carbohydrates for medical, para medical, Science students.
Chem 45 Biochemistry: Carbohydrates
18.1 Occurrence and Functions of Carbohydrates
18.3 Classification of Carbohydrates
18.4 Classification of Monosaccharides
18.5 Biochemically Important Monosaccharides
18.6 Cyclic Forms of Monosaccharides
18.7 Haworth Projection Formulas
18.8 Reactions of Monosaccharides
18.9 Disaccharides
18.10 Oligosaccharides
18.11 General Characteristics of Polysaccharides
18.12 Storage Polysaccharides
18.13 Structural Polysaccharides
18.14 Acidic Polysaccharides
18.15 Dietary Considerations and Carbohydrates
18.16 Glycolipids and Glycoproteins: Cell Recognition
18.17 Unavailable Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate chemistry 15
The document provides information about carbohydrate chemistry from a lecture. It defines carbohydrates and discusses their classification into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It describes the monosaccharide glucose in depth, including its structure, properties, biological functions as an important energy source, and relationship to disorders like diabetes. Additionally, it covers other major monosaccharides like fructose and galactose, along with derivatives and important reactions of monosaccharides.
Chemistry of carbohydrates
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate chemistry. It defines carbohydrates and discusses their classification, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Key topics include the structures of common monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, as well as their properties including isomerism, stereoisomerism, and mutarotation. Common reactions of monosaccharides such as reduction, oxidation, and glycoside formation are also summarized. The document concludes with brief discussions of important disaccharides like sucrose and lactose, as well as polysaccharides including starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
Carbohydrates and their classification
Carbohydrates, Classification of carbohydrates, Monosaccharides, Polysaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Classification of Polysaccharides, Heteropolysaccharides, Homopolysaccharides, Sources of pokysaccharides.
Carbohydrates introduction
Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on Earth and serve important functions in living organisms. They include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, oligosaccharides like sucrose and lactose, and polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. Monosaccharides are aldoses or ketoses that exist as cyclic or linear structures. Polysaccharides function as energy storage molecules like starch and glycogen or provide structure to plant cell walls and insect exoskeletons like cellulose and chitin. Carbohydrates undergo oxidation reactions and form glycosidic bonds between monosaccharide units.
Overview of Carbohydrates
This slide is about overview of carbohydrates. It describes important properties of carbohydrates, classification and biological functions.
Carbohydrate and Lipid biochemistry
This document summarizes carbohydrates and lipids. It defines monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It describes the classification, structures, and properties of common monosaccharides like glucose and fructose. It also discusses lipids, including fatty acids, glycerol, and classifications like fats, waxes, phospholipids, and glycolipids. Key biomolecules and roles are summarized such as phospholipids in cell membranes and glycolipids in nervous tissue.
Introduction and carbohydrate chemistry
1. The document discusses various types of bonds including covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and Van der Waals forces.
2. It also describes the structure of water and how water molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds with one another due to the polar nature of the water molecule.
3. Additionally, it covers carbohydrate classification and types including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Common examples are discussed for each type.
Carbohydrates.siam (ppt file)
This document provides information on carbohydrates including their definition, sources, functions, and classification. Carbohydrates are sugars that break down into glucose and are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are obtained from sources like rice, tomatoes, potatoes, and milk. Carbohydrates have important functions like building body tissue, allowing fat to be metabolized, and encouraging healthy gut bacteria. They are classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on whether they undergo hydrolysis. Monosaccharides like glucose cannot be broken down further, while oligosaccharides have 2-9 monosaccharide units and polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides. The main types of carbohydrates
What's hot (19)
Chemistry, classification & properties of carbohydrates
Chemistry, classification & properties of carbohydrates
Chemistry of carbohydrates - General introduction and classification
Chemistry of carbohydrates - General introduction and classification
Viewers also liked
Carbohydrates
The document discusses carbohydrates and provides details about their classification and properties. It begins by defining carbohydrates and noting they are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates are then classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on the number of monosaccharide units they contain. Important monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose are highlighted. Common disaccharides and polysaccharides are also listed such as sucrose, lactose, starch, and cellulose. In closing, it emphasizes that polysaccharides serve important structural or energy storage functions in plants and animals.
Carbohydrate ppt
This document provides an overview of carbohydrates. It begins by defining carbohydrates as the most abundant organic compounds in plants, acting as energy stores and structural components. It then discusses monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Specific carbohydrates discussed include glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. It explains their structures, functions, and important properties. The document is a comprehensive introduction to carbohydrate chemistry.
Carbohydrate presentation
Carbohydrates are sugars that provide the body with energy. There are two types - simple carbohydrates like refined sugars and fruits, and complex carbohydrates like grains. Carbohydrates are digested and absorbed for energy, and the best choices are whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. Disorders can result from too few or too many carbohydrates, such as diabetes, hypoglycemia, and lactose intolerance. Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar is too low and symptoms include shakiness, dizziness, and mood changes.
Carbohydrate metabolism
Kidney.
Muscle.
Adipose tissue.
Brain.
Pancreas.
Gastrointestinal tract.
Hormones.
Nervous system.
Enzymes.
Transporters.
Feedback regulation.
Counter regulatory hormones.
Insulin sensitivity.
Insulin resistance.
Diabetes mellitus.
Obesity.
Starvation.
Classification of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbons that are sweet in taste and cannot be further broken down. They include trioses like glyceraldehyde, pentoses that form the backbone of nucleic acids and polysaccharides, and hexoses such as glucose and fructose. Glucose is an important energy source for the body and precursor to cellulose, glycogen and starch. Fructose is sweeter than glucose and found naturally in fruits.
Carbohydrate ,types and importance
The document discusses carbohydrates, including their classification into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. It describes the functions of carbohydrates as an energy source for the brain and regulating blood sugar levels. It also notes diseases that can result from carbohydrate deficiency, such as muscle cramping, fatigue, headaches, and dizziness.
Carbohydrate structure
This document discusses carbohydrate chemistry. It defines carbohydrates as organic molecules found in nature that are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates are classified based on their structure into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides include important hexoses like glucose and fructose. Carbohydrates exhibit properties like optical activity and stereoisomerism due to asymmetric carbon atoms. Key topics covered include glycosidic linkages, reducing sugars, ring structure forms (pyranose and furanose), and epimers. Physiologically important monosaccharides and derived sugars are also mentioned.
Biochemistry PowerPoint
This document summarizes key chemistry concepts related to the building blocks of life. It covers the elements, atoms, and molecules that make up living organisms. It also describes the four main types of organic compounds - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - and provides examples of each. Water is highlighted for its importance as a solvent and in biological processes and reactions.
Protein
Proteins are composed of amino acids and play many essential roles in the body. They have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the amino acid sequence, secondary involves hydrogen bonding into shapes like alpha helices and beta sheets, tertiary is the 3D folding of these structures, and quaternary involves the assembly of multiple protein subunits. Proteins serve as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structures. They undergo synthesis from amino acids and breakdown through catabolism. Disorders can occur if amino acid metabolism is disrupted.
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Biochemistry (slideshare)
website: http://www.am-medicine.com
Facebook page : https://www.facebook.com/pages/Am-medicine/207726329406832
Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1409138472653811/
Carbohydrate and fat utilization during exercise 24 july 16
Carbohydrates and fats provide energy through exercise, with carbohydrates being the preferred fuel for intense exercise. The type of fuel utilized depends on exercise intensity and duration. At low intensities, fat is the primary fuel from peripheral and intramuscular stores. At medium intensities, intramuscular triglycerides supplement fat. High intensities exceed fat utilization rates, requiring carbohydrates from glycogen and glucose. Very high intensities exceed aerobic capacity, relying on anaerobic carbohydrate breakdown. Fuel utilization shifts between fat and carbohydrate stores over different exercise phases and intensities.
Chemistry in everyday life - Class XII notes
Medicines are chemical substances that treat diseases and reduce suffering from pain. They include analgesics like aspirin and narcotics like morphine for pain relief, tranquilizers for stress reduction, antiseptics for wounds, disinfectants, and antimicrobials like antibiotics and sulfa drugs. Antibiotics can be bactericidal, killing microbes, or bacteriostatic, stopping their growth. They come in broad-spectrum varieties effective against many bacteria or specific varieties. Other drug classes include antifertility drugs, antihistamines for allergies, and antacids for excess stomach acid. Food additives are added for preservation, flavor and color enhancement, and nutrition. These include artificial sweeten
B3 carbohydrates
This document outlines objectives related to carbohydrate structure and function. It describes the structural features of monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, how they combine to form disaccharides and polysaccharides, and examples like starch, glycogen and cellulose. It also summarizes the major functions of carbohydrates in the human body like energy storage and providing precursor molecules, and why humans can digest starch but not cellulose due to structural differences. Finally, it defines dietary fiber and its importance for health.
Lec07 hm ppath
The document summarizes key aspects of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). It describes the two main functions of the PPP as generating NADPH and producing ribose-5-phosphate. It also outlines the oxidative and nonoxidative branches of the PPP and explains how the pathway can operate in different modes depending on the cell's needs for NADPH, ribose-5-phosphate, or ATP. The document also discusses glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and its implications.
Photosynthesis by iqbal1313
By the end of this lecture you will be able to:
Understand that ENERGY can be transformed from one form to another.
Know that energy exist in two forms; free energy - available for doing work or as heat - a form unavailable for doing work.
Appreciate that the Sun provides most of the energy needed for life on Earth.
Explain why photosynthesis is so important to energy and material flow for life on earth.
Know why plants tend to be green in appearance.
Equate the organelle of photosynthesis in eukaryotes with the chloroplast.
Describe the organization of the chloroplast.
Understand that photosynthesis is a two fold process composed of the light-dependent reactions (i.e., light reactions) and the light independent reactions (i.e. Calvin Cycle or Dark Reactions).
Tell where the light reactions and the CO2 fixation reactions occur in the chloroplast.
Define chlorophylls giving their basic composition and structure.
Draw the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll and compare it to the action spectrum of photosynthesis.
Define the Reaction Centers and Antennae and describe how it operates.
Describe cyclic photophosphorylation of photosynthesis.
Describe noncyclic photophosphorylation of photosynthesis.
Carbohydrates summary
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. The most common monosaccharide is D-glucose, which cells use for energy. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides (simple sugars like glucose and fructose), disaccharides (two monosaccharides joined like sucrose), oligosaccharides (3-9 monosaccharides), or polysaccharides (long chains of monosaccharides like starch, cellulose, and glycogen). D-glucose is the primary energy source in animals and plants and is stored as glycogen in animals. Common disaccharides formed from monosaccharides include sucrose from glucose and fructose, lactose from glucose and galactose, and malto
6 hmp+glucuronic
The pentose phosphate shunt, also known as the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP shunt), is a metabolic pathway that generates NADPH and pentoses through oxidative and non-oxidative phases. It occurs mainly in the liver, adipose tissue, mammary glands, adrenal cortex, and red blood cells. The HMP shunt is a source of ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide biosynthesis and NADPH, which is used for fatty acid synthesis and antioxidant defenses through glutathione reduction. It helps maintain red blood cell integrity by protecting hemoglobin and preventing hemolysis.
A level biology photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use energy from sunlight to produce food from carbon dioxide and water. It occurs in two main stages:
1. Light-dependent reactions trap light energy from the sun using chlorophyll and use it to split water molecules and produce ATP and NADPH. This takes place in the thylakoid membranes inside chloroplasts.
2. Light-independent reactions use the ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic carbohydrates like glucose. This occurs in the chloroplast stroma and is known as the Calvin cycle. The overall equation is 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
Chapter 16 chemistry in everyday life
The document discusses the classification of drugs and drug targets in medicinal chemistry. It explains that drugs are classified based on their pharmacological effect, action, chemical structure, and molecular targets. Drug targets refer to key molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that are involved in metabolic pathways leading to diseases. Drugs are designed to bind to the active sites of these target molecules and inhibit their action. The main forces that hold drugs to the active sites of enzymes are ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and van der Waals forces.
Discovering History Through Digital Newspaper Collection
Hear from Seth Cayley, Director of Research Publishing at Gale, a part of Cengage Learning, as he discusses the historic media coverage of familiar and little known events, cultural phenomena, and everyday life found in 19th and early 20th century newspapers. Learn how historical newspapers can support faculty research, drive inquiry and critical thinking among students, and stimulate classroom debate.
Viewers also liked (20)
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Biochemistry (slideshare)
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Biochemistry (slideshare)
Carbohydrate and fat utilization during exercise 24 july 16
Carbohydrate and fat utilization during exercise 24 july 16
Discovering History Through Digital Newspaper Collection
Discovering History Through Digital Newspaper Collection
Similar to Biochemistry final ppt
Carbohydrates
The document discusses carbohydrates and classifies them into three categories: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that serve as building blocks for other carbohydrates. Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides bond together, while polysaccharides are long chains of many monosaccharide units bonded together. Carbohydrates provide energy through catabolism, energy storage in plants and animals, and serve structural roles in cell walls and exoskeletons. Their general formula is CH2O.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on earth and serve as the central energy source for most cells. There are three main classes of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are the simplest form and include glucose and fructose. They contain hydroxyl and carbonyl groups and exist as either aldoses or ketoses. Carbohydrates serve important structural and energy storage functions and are involved in many biological processes like cell interactions and immune response modulation.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates : carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketones, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis. A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen-oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula (CH2O)n. Simple carbohydrates are also known as "Sugars" or "Saccharides".
Depending upon the composition and complexity, carbohydrates are divided into four groups:
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Oligosaccharides
4. Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides: are simplest sugars, or the compounds which possess a free aldehyde (CHO) or ketone (C=O) group and two or more hydroxyl (OH) groups. They are simplest sugars and cannot be hydrolyzed further into smaller units. Examples of monosaccharides include:
1. Glucose
2. Fructose
3. Galactose
Disaccharides: Those sugars which yield two molecules of the same or different molecules of monosaccharides on hydrolysis are called Disaccharides. Three most common disaccharides of biological importance are:
1. Maltose
2. Lactose
3. Sucrose
Oligosaccharides: are compound sugars that yield more than two and less than ten molecules of the same or different monosaccharides on hydrolysis. Depending upon the number of monosaccharides units present in them oligosaccharides can be classified as Trisaccharides, Tetrasaccharides, Pentasaccharides and so on.
Polysaccharides: polysaccharides are polymers containing ten or more monosaccharides units attached together. Polysaccharides are also known as Glycans. Polysaccharides are further classified into:
1. Homopolysaccharides: are also known as homoglycans. Homopolysaccharides are polymer of same monosaccharide units. Example includes:
1. Starch
2. Glycogen
3. Cellulose
4. Inulin
5. Dextrin
6. Dextran
7. Chitin
Heteropolysaccharides: heteropolysaccharides are polysaccharides that contains different types of monosaccharides. Heteropolysaccharides can be classified as: GAG, AGAR, AGAROSE, PECTIN.
Biochemistry by Lecture Biswanath.pdf
This document provides an overview of biochemistry. It begins by defining biochemistry as the science concerned with the chemical basis of life and the chemical constituents of living cells. It then discusses the main biomolecules that make up the human body - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and water. For each biomolecule, it provides information on their composition, structure, functions, and classification. It also discusses the study of metabolic processes and provides examples of carbohydrate, lipid, and nucleic acid chemistry and structures.
Biomolecules
Biomolecules are organic compounds that are essential for life. The main biomolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Glucose is an important monosaccharide that tissues use for energy. Proteins are made of amino acids and perform many functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA control genetic inheritance and cellular functions. Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes and store energy. These biomolecules perform critical roles in biological processes and are the building blocks of living organisms.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serve as a major energy source. They include monosaccharides (simple sugars), oligosaccharides (short-chain sugars), and polysaccharides (long-chain sugars). Monosaccharides like glucose are the basic units that link together to form more complex carbohydrates. Polysaccharides provide structure and storage functions, with cellulose giving structure to plants and glycogen storing glucose in animal tissues. Carbohydrates serve vital energy, structural, and storage roles across living organisms.
Unit 2 Carbohydrates
The document discusses carbohydrates and their digestion. It begins with an outline of the topics to be covered, including carbohydrate types, digestion, absorption, metabolism, sources, functions, recommended daily allowance, and deficiency. It then provides details on carbohydrate composition, classification into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. The digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates is summarized, from the action of salivary amylase in the mouth to pancreatic and intestinal enzymes that break down carbohydrates into absorbable monosaccharides like glucose. Fiber is also discussed, including its soluble and insoluble types, sources and roles in the body.
Biochemistry-Unit 5.pptx
Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are found in foods and living tissues. They include sugars, starches, and fibers. Carbohydrates break down in the body to release energy. The general formula for carbohydrates is Cx(H2O)y. Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their structure and number of sugar units. Common sources of carbohydrates include potatoes, grains, milk, and fruits.
REMEDIAL chapter 2 edited 2024. ppt.pptx
This document discusses biochemical molecules. It begins by explaining that all living organisms require biomolecules like organic and inorganic compounds. The four most common elements in living organisms are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Biomolecules can be grouped as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, water, and minerals. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Lipids function as storage, structure, signaling, and pigments. Proteins are made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds that can fold into complex structures.
Bacterial nutrition
Bacteria have basic nutritional requirements including a source of energy, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, minerals, and water. The sources of these nutritional requirements define an organism. Many bacteria can synthesize molecules from basic minerals, while others require preformed organic molecules. Bacterial cells are composed primarily of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and other minor elements. These elements are obtained from various sources and serve important functions in bacterial cells.
BIOCHEM-REPORTCARBOHYDRATES.pptx
This document provides an overview of carbohydrate metabolism presented by Group 4. It defines carbohydrates and discusses their main functions and classifications including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. It also covers the reactions of monosaccharides, digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth, stomach and intestines, and the metabolic pathways that control carbohydrate metabolism including glycolysis. Glycolysis is described as the process of breaking down glucose to extract energy, producing pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water in the cytoplasm.
L-2 Biomolecules and carbohydrates.pptx
This document discusses carbohydrates, which are the most abundant biomolecules on Earth. It defines carbohydrates as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that yield such compounds upon hydrolysis. Carbohydrates are classified into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides based on their size. Monosaccharides are the simplest and include glucose. Oligosaccharides contain 2-10 monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides are high molecular weight polymers of monosaccharides. The document then focuses on glucose and describes several chemical tests that can be used to elucidate the chemical nature of carbohydrates based on glucose's properties and structure.
carbohydratesandtheirclassification-180212121619.pptx
Here we learn about the classification of carbohydrates .
Carbohydrates.pptx
Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They include sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and starches/fibers (polysaccharides). Monosaccharides like glucose are the simplest type, while polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds. Carbohydrates serve important functions like energy storage, structure in cell walls, and as components of other biomolecules. They are classified based on their structure as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides.
Org. molecules pres.
1) Carbon atoms can form strong bonds with many other elements due to having four valence electrons. This allows carbon to form the complex structures that make up living organisms.
2) The four main macromolecules found in living things are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen while nucleic acids also contain phosphorus and nitrogen.
3) Macromolecules perform essential functions like energy storage, structure, heredity, catalysis, and transport. They are formed by polymerization of smaller monomers and have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of structure.
BIOMOLECULES.ppt.pptx
The document provides information about biomolecules called carbohydrates. It discusses the three main groups of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Glucose is introduced as an important monosaccharide that serves as the major energy source for most cells. The structure of glucose and its alpha and beta isomers are described. Other monosaccharides like fructose and galactose are also mentioned. The document further explains polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, and glycogen, including their structures and functions in plants and animals. Tests for detecting carbohydrates like Benedict's test and iodine test are also summarized.
Carbohydrates.pptx
This document discusses carbohydrates, including their classification, roles, and functions. Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides based on the number of sugar units present. Examples of monosaccharides are glucose and galactose. Important polysaccharides include glycogen, starch, and cellulose. Carbohydrates serve important structural and metabolic roles, such as providing energy, storing energy as glycogen, detoxifying the body, and being components of genetic material and cellular structures.
Chemistry of life (Biochemistry) The study of chemical .docx
Chemistry of life (Biochemistry)
The study of chemical compounds that are vital for living organisms to sustain life is called biochemistry. The subject deals with the nature of these compounds and characteristic reactions they make inside the living organisms . We are not involved fundamentally with the study of biochemistry as a subject , but to give brief introduction to main classes of the organic compounds in this important field. It is beyond this discussion to present detailed explanation of these essential organic substances . We will give short introduction of the main classes and their active role in our body . Some of these groups are , carbohydrates , fats and proteins, etc..
· Carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates are classes of organic compounds that consist of carbon , hydrogen and oxygen with an empirical formula of Cm(H2O)n in most cases . The terms m and n can be the same as in the case of C6H12O6 (glucose) or different in the case of C12H22O11 (sucrose) . Another important feature of the carbohydrates is that oxygen and hydrogen are generally in ratio of 2:1 , so that it was historically called hydrates of carbon ; but not all compounds of carbohydrates necessarily maintain this hydrogen – oxygen ratio and not all compounds that fit this hydrogen-oxygen ratio are carbohydrates .
In biochemistry the term carbohydrate denotes different compounds called saccharides . These compounds include sugars , starch and cellulose . Saccharides (Greek word meaning sugars) are generally classified into monosaccharides , disaccharides and polysaccharides .
Monosaccharides are the simple sugars which are either aldoses (aldehydes) like glucose or ketoses ( ketones) like fructose . These simple sugars are further classified on the base of the number of carbon atoms they contain like pentose (containing five carbon atoms) , or hexose (containing six carbon atoms) .
Carbohydrates are naturally formed in a process called photosynthesis in which plants combine CO2 from the air and water from the soil in the presence of chlorophyll , sunlight and certain enzymes producing simple sugars .
6 CO2 + 6H2O (sun light) C6H12O6 + 6O2
sugar(glucose)
This above reaction is not simple process as it looks , but extremely complicated reaction with different intermediate steps before it gives the final product . since the final product is a monosaccharide , plants have the ability to synthesize disaccharides by combining two molecules of monosaccharides .
2 C6H12O6 C12H1.
Macromolecules carbohydrates
This document summarizes macromolecules and carbohydrates. It explains that macromolecules are polymers formed from monomers joined by condensation reactions, and can be broken down by hydrolysis. Carbohydrates are the most common macromolecule and are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are three main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond.
Carbohydrates, introduction, types and importance
Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on Earth and serve important functions in living organisms. They include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, oligosaccharides like sucrose and lactose, and polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, and glycogen. Monosaccharides are either aldoses or ketoses and commonly exist as cyclic structures with α and β anomers. Glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides into oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, which serve structural roles like cellulose and chitin or storage roles like starch and glycogen. Carbohydrates play key roles through their diverse structures and functions.
Similar to Biochemistry final ppt (20)
carbohydratesandtheirclassification-180212121619.pptx
carbohydratesandtheirclassification-180212121619.pptx
Chemistry of life (Biochemistry) The study of chemical .docx
Chemistry of life (Biochemistry) The study of chemical .docx
More from Ronel Batangan
Stereoisomerism(1)
The document discusses different types of isomerism including structural isomerism, stereoisomerism, and constitutional isomerism. It explains that stereoisomers have the same molecular formula and connectivity but different spatial orientations of bonds. Specifically, it defines enantiomers as stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images, and diastereomers as stereoisomers that are not mirror images. The document also discusses restricted rotation of double bonds leading to cis-trans isomers and the use of Fischer projections to represent stereoisomers.
References
This document contains 5 references to medical news articles on various topics. The references provide links to articles on a study about the effects of a drug on blood pressure, a study looking at plant genes and their role in drought tolerance, an article about a new treatment for a genetic disorder, and another on a compound found in green tea that may help fight cancer.
Monosaccharides(2)
Monosaccharides are simple sugars that serve as building blocks for other carbohydrates. They include pentoses with 5 carbons like ribose and hexoses with 6 carbons like glucose and fructose. Glucose and fructose are isomers with the same formula but different structures. Monosaccharides can exist as linear molecules or in ring forms like furanoses. They undergo various reactions including oxidation, reduction, and fermentation.
Disaccharides
Disaccharides are double sugars that yield two simple sugars called monosaccharides upon hydrolysis. The three main disaccharides are sucrose, maltose, and lactose. They differ in their solubility, with sucrose being very soluble, maltose fairly soluble, and lactose only slightly soluble. Disaccharides are formed through a dehydration synthesis reaction combining two monosaccharides. Their structures depend on the type of glycosidic linkage between the monosaccharides. This determines their properties such as whether they are reducing sugars or able to undergo fermentation.
Updates
A study found that 2,3-pentanedione (PD), an ingredient used to promote butter flavor in microwave popcorn, is a respiratory hazard that can also change gene expression in the brain. Researchers exposed rats to different concentrations of PD and found that 12-14 hours later, PD caused respiratory epithelial injury in the nose similar to diacetyl. PD exposure also caused cell death and apoptosis in the olfactory neuroepithelium and signs of neurotoxicity, including changes in expression of genes related to inflammation and growth in the brain.
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides that can be formed from pentoses or hexoses. The most common hexosans in physiology include starch, cellulose, and dextrin. Starch is insoluble in water and turns blue with iodine. Cellulose is the structural substance of plants and does not dissolve in water. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles and supplies glucose to the body.
More from Ronel Batangan (6)
Recently uploaded
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
GraphSummit Singapore | Neo4j Product Vision & Roadmap - Q2 2024
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup Slides
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
20240605 QFM017 Machine Intelligence Reading List May 2024
Everything I found interesting about machines behaving intelligently during May 2024
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software Fuzzing
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FME
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Video Streaming: Then, Now, and in the Future
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalization
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI models
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and Milvus
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Microsoft - Power Platform_G.Aspiotis.pdf
Revolutionizing Application Development
with AI-powered low-code, presentation by George Aspiotis, Sr. Partner Development Manager, Microsoft
“Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” a Presentation...
“Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” a Presentation...Edge AI and Vision Alliance
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
ここ3000字までしか入らないけどタイトルの方がたくさん文字入ると思います。
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Recently uploaded (20)
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024
GraphSummit Singapore | Neo4j Product Vision & Roadmap - Q2 2024
GraphSummit Singapore | Neo4j Product Vision & Roadmap - Q2 2024
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup Slides
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup Slides
20240605 QFM017 Machine Intelligence Reading List May 2024
20240605 QFM017 Machine Intelligence Reading List May 2024
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FME
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FME
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalization
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalization
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI models
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI models
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and Milvus
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and Milvus
“Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” a Presentation...
“Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” a Presentation...
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
Biochemistry final ppt
- 4. Objectives • To understand the classification of 1 carbohydrates • To become familiar with steroisomerism 2 • To draw the structures of and to 3 indicate the reactions of several hexoses • To compare the structures and reactions 4 of disaccharides and polysaccharides
- 5. Carbohydrates • All carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 empirical ratio. • The general empirical formula for a carbohydrate is CH2O. If a carbohydrate has 5 carbons atoms, what would be its empirical formula? C5H10O5 If a carbohydrate has 12 hydrogen atoms present, what would be its empirical formula? C6H12O6 • Most carbohydrates end with the suffix -ose
- 6. Functions of Carbohydrates • Provide energy source: A fuel source when catabolized during cellular respiration. Energy is stored in the chemical bonds within the molecule and released during cellular respiration. Usually simple sugars. • Provide energy storage: Plants store energy in a complex carbohydrate form called starch (amylose). Animals store energy in a complex carbohydrate in their muscle tissue and liver in the called glycogen. • Structural Building Material: Plants build their cell walls of a complex carbohydrate material called cellulose. Animals such as arthropods build their exoskeletons of a complex carbohydrate called chitin. Chitin is also found in the cell walls of
- 7. Classes of Carbohydrates • There are three major classes of carbohydrates: 1. Monosaccharides (simple sugars) These are the monomers or building blocks for all other classes of carbohydrates. Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose, and ribose. 2. Disaccharides are produced by joining two simple sugars by dehydration synthesis forming a covalent bond between them. Examples: sucrose (table sugar), maltose, lactose 3. Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) are produced by joining many monosaccharides together by many dehydration synthesis reactions forming a polymer molecule. Examples: amylose, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
- 8. CARBOHYDRATES THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES Simple Complex
- 9. Simple Sugars are carbohydrates made up of 1 or 2 monomers. They also taste sweet.
- 10. Complex Carbohydrates … What are they? Complex Cabohydrates are polymers made up of many monomers. Most also taste starchy.
- 11. Simple Sugars
- 13. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (or saccharides) consist of only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Carbohydrates come primarily from plants, however animals can also biosynthesize them The “Carbon Cycle” describes the processes by which carbon is recycled on our planet - Energy from the sun is stored in plants, which use photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen - In the reverse process, energy is produced when animals oxidize glucose during respiration Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 Respiration