The document discusses carbohydrates, including their classification into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. It describes the functions of carbohydrates as an energy source for the brain and regulating blood sugar levels. It also notes diseases that can result from carbohydrate deficiency, such as muscle cramping, fatigue, headaches, and dizziness.

2. CARBOHYDRATES-
ITS FUNCTION AND
USES

4. • Biochemistry deals with naturally
occurring macro molecules
• Such as carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, nucleic acids and vitamins
INTRO

5. • Synthesized by body from
simple molecules
• They are also the most
abundant biological
molecules
INTRO

6. To acquaint the audience about
carbohydrates and its uses
AIM

7. PHASE I
 Def of Carbohydrates
 Classification of Carbohydrates
 Monosaccharides
 Oligosaccharides
 Polysaccharides
SEQ

8. PHASE II
 Functions of Carbohydrates
 Diseases caused due to
deficiency of Carbohydrates
SEQ

9. • Hydrates of carbon
• Derives from the formula Cn (H2O)
• Polyhydroxy aldehydes
• Polyhydroxy ketones
Carbohydrates

10. • Synthesized by plants through
photosynthesis, from carbon dioxide
and water
• 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbohydrates

11. Monosaccharides
(Monomers)
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
(Polymers)
Classification

12.  Monomers
 Consist of 3 to 9 carbons
 White crystalline solids
Monosaccharide

13.  Simplest sugars which cannot be
hydrolyzed
 Easily soluble in water
 Sweet in taste
Monosaccharide

14. Monosacchardies
Functional
group
Number of C
Classification

15. Monosacchardies
Aldoses Ketoses
Functional Group

16. Examples
Aldoses (e.g., glucose) have an
aldehyde group at one end.
C
C OHH
C HHO
C OHH
C OHH
CH2OH
D-glucose
OH

17.  Ketoses (e.g., fructose) have a keto
group
Examples

18.  Trioses contain 3 Carbons
 Tetroses contain 4 Carbons
 Pentoses Contain 5 Carbons
 Hexoses Contain 6 Carbons
Number of C

19. Examples

20.  Oligosaccharides give 2 to 9 units
of monosaccharides on hydrolysis
Oligosaccharides

21.  They are classified as fol
 Disaccharides
 Trisaccharides
 Tetrasaccharides
Classification

22.  Also called dimers
 Two monosaccharides combine by
means of condensation
 Glycosidic bond
Disaccharides

23.  Maltose (Malt Sugar)
 Sucrose (Cane Sugar)
 Lactose (Milk Sugar)
Examples

24. Glucose + Glucose Maltose + water
Glucose + Fructose Sucrose + Water
Glucose + Galactose Lactose + Water
Formation of Dimers

25. Formation of Dimers

26.  White crystalline solids
 Easily soluble in water
 Sweet in taste
 Hydrolyzes into two
monosaccharide units
Properties

27.  Macromolecular carbohydrates
 Hundreds to thousands of
monosaccharide units
Polysaccharides

28. Polysacchardies
Homo
polysaccharides
Hetero
Polysaccharides
Classification

29. Homopolysaccharide
Starch Cellulose
Examples

30. Examples

31. Examples

32. Heteropolysaccharide
Glycosamine
Examples

33. Examples

34.  Amorphous solids
 Tasteless
 Insoluble in water
 Cannot be hydrolyzed to simple
sugars
Properties

35. Phase-II

36.  Source of energy in the form of
glucose
 Our brain uses energy in the form of
carbohydrates
 Regulate the amount of sugar level-
hypoglycemia
Functions of Carbohydrates

37.  Nutrients for bacteria
 Dietary fibers helps to keep the
bowel functioning properly
 Fibers lowers cholesterol level and
regulates blood pressure
Functions of Carbohydrates

38.  Protect our muscles from cramping
 Flavors to the diet
 Growth of certain desirable
bacteria in the small intestine
synthesize B-complex Vitamins
Functions of Carbohydrates

39.  Protein sparing function
 Cell wall structure of plants
 Glycoproteins and lipoproteins
maintain the shape of the body
Functions of Carbohydrates

40.  Muscle cramping
 Muscle fatigue
Diseases caused due to
deficiency

41.  Headache
 Dizziness
Diseases caused due to
deficiency

42.  Confusion
 Fast Heart beat
Diseases caused due to
deficiency

43.  Sweating
Diseases caused due to
deficiency

44.  Acidosis
Diseases caused due to
deficiency

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