This document discusses morphology, which is the study of word forms and how words are structured. It defines morphology, morphemes, and different types of morphemes such as roots, affixes, stems, and bases. It explains that morphemes are the smallest units of meaning and categorizes them as free or bound. It also discusses how new words can be formed through processes like affixation, compounding, clipping, blending, and other methods of word formation.

1. MORPHOLOGY
Study of
Word Parts

2. What Will We Cover?
• What is Morphology ?
• Parts of Speech
• What is Morpheme?
• Classification of Morphemes
• Making New Words

3. What is Morphology ?
• Morph (form) + ology (science of)
Morphology = the science of word
forms
• The study of the internal structure of
words
&
• The rules by which words are formed

5. What is a Morpheme?
A morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning
Parts Of Morphemes:
Root
Root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. It is that part of the
word when all the affixes are removed. Exp: tidy
Affix
Affix is a collective term for the types of morphemes that can only be used in combination with other morphemes
prefix =>preceedes a base ……. untidy
suffix =>follows a base……tidiness
infix => an affix which is added within a base. speedometer
Stem
Stem is that part of a word to which grammatical affixes are added.
Exp= housewives => stem: housewife / two root morphemes house + wife
Base
Every form to which an affix can be added is a base. Every root and every stem is a thus a base. The set of
bases, however, is larger than than the union of all roots and stems, because the process of affixation applies
recursively.
• Untouchable = Un (Lexicalprefix) + touchable (Base)
• touch + able

6. • Act
• Activate
• Deactivate
• Deactivation

7. Classification Of Morphemes
FREE MORPHEMES BOUND MORPHEMES
Open Class Closed Class Affixes
Contractible
Nouns Conjunctions Prefixes İnfixes Suffixes Forms
«pen» «and»
Verbs Determiners Rewrite speedometer Speaks ‘s
«run» «this»
Adjectives Comparatives Unhappy Sister-in-law Realize ‘ve
«fat» «more»
Adverbs Quantifiers Disagree Nowadays Editor ‘ll
«fast» «many»
Prepositions Prejudice Allophone Growth ‘d
«on»
Depart Semanticogram Portable
matical

9. Free Morphemes
Morphemes which can be used as a word on their own. Other means; morphemes
that can stand alone as words.
• Open Class:
• Try to produce new words using these ones ; run, walk, nice,
happy, desire.
The morphemes that we can add other morphemes are called
«Open Class Morphemes»
• Closed Class
• Try to produce new words using these ones; and, this, many,
on.
• NO WAY !
The morphemes that we can not add new morphemes are called
«Closed Class Morphemes»

10. Bound Morphemes
The morphemes that only appear as part of a larger word.
Derivational Morphemes; Inflectional Morphemes;
These morphemes derive one word from These morphemes do not affect the meaning of
another.Affixes carry out this task. the morpheme they are attached to. They have
Like =>Dislike a grammatical function.
They affect the meaning of the morpheme -s eats 3rd person sing. present
that they attach. -ed talked past tense
Like => Likable -ing talking progressive
They can change the grammatical category -s books plural
of the word they attach to. -‘s John’s possessive
Birthday => Unbirthday -er taller comparative
They can be used to create new words. -est tallest superlative

12. Making New Words
• Coining
• Shortening process of a longer word .
• Meaning Change
• Changing meaning of a word different
from original meaning.
• Compounding
• Creating new wods combining two
morphemes.:

13. Making New Words 1
Category Example Derived form
Generification Zipper Trademark of lightning fastener producer company
Coke Soft drink (Coca-Cola)
UFO A brand of Electric heater
Abbrevations EU Europe Union
UK United Kingdom
TC Türkiye Cumhuriyeti
COINING
Ortographic ab. St. Saint
Abbr. Abbreviation
Sn. Sayın
Acronyms Lazer Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission from Radiation
Scuba Self – Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
Kib Kendine iyi bak
Clippings Blog Web blog
Flue Influenza
Kayın Kayınbirader
Blendigs Pixel Picture+Element
Staycation Stay+vacation
Kanka Kan kardeş

14. Making New Words 2
Category Exp. Derived form
MEANING CHANGE
Category change To Film Noun film
To answer Noun answer
Parlamak Parlak
Metaphorical extention Cool Professional jargon of jazz
Surf the internet Surfing(riding) on the waves
Karalara bürünmek Kara yas, bürünmek şekline girmek.
Backformation Automate Automation
Brainwash Brain washing
Motor Motorsiklet

15. Making New Words 3
COMPOUNDING
Compound Type EXAMPLE EXAMPLE Endocentric : The meaning of the new
Noun+Noun Landlord Snailmail word is related to the compounded
Noun+Verb Proofread Breastfeed morphemes.
Noun+PastParticiple Handheld Bed-ridden Landlord
Noun+Adjective Sky-blue Skindeep Land=area +Lord=master,owner
Noun+Adverb Endmost Someone you rent apartment,room etc
Noun+Gerund Bird-watching Zebracrossing
Exocentric:The meaning of the new
Noun+preposition Head-on Hard-up
word is not related to the compounded
Noun+Prep.+Noun Face-to-face Man-to-man morphemes.
Verb+Noun Pickpocket Scarecrow
Verb+Verb Sleep-walk Wait-list Show-off
Verb+Adverb Payback Buyback Show=Let sbd see sth+Off=not functioning
Verb+Prep Turnover Sellout A person who tries to impress other
people by showing his or her goods.
Verb+Gerund Drink-driving Slip-sliding
Adj.+Noun Black-board Wildfire

16. Phrase Compounds
Verb Type Sentences Phrases Forms
Transitive Verbs This plant eats insects Insect-eating plant
Vampires suck blood Blood-sucking vampires
These people often go to movies Movie-goers
She has skills in solving problems Her problem-solving skills
Intransitive Verbs It is mentioned above that… The above-mentioned
Such words didn’t exist previously Previously non-existing words
This plane can fly very high. High-flying plane.

17. Meanings of Suffix -able
Moss prototypical < ================= > Least Prototypical
Able to be X’ed Should to be Possible to be Easy to be X’ed Is worthy
X’ed X’ed
Writebale Washable Walkable Livable Credible
Excusable Payable Runnable Readeble Edible

19. THAT IS ALL

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