1. A syntax defines the rules and structure of proper sentences through word order and grammatical categories like nouns, verbs, adjectives. 2. Key parts of syntax include noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), prepositions (PP), and formulas to define sentence structure like S → NP + VP. 3. Main lexical categories include nouns (people, places, things), pronouns (words used instead of nouns), verbs (words describing actions), adjectives (words describing nouns), adverbs (words adding meaning to verbs/adjectives), and determiners (words specifying nouns like articles).

1. Syntax:

2. Definition of Syntax:
A syntax is an order of words and phrases which
forms proper sentences.

3. Formulas’ of Syntax:
Formulas’ of syntax (1957) :
S NP + VP
NP (Determiner) (Adjective) Noun
(PP)
VP Verb (NP) (PP) (Adverb)
PP Preposition+ NP
Formula of syntax (1975):
S NP+(Aux) + VP

4. Lexical Category:
Noun
Pronoun
Adjective
Verb
Adverb and
Determiners

5. Noun:
Noun: A noun is a word which refers to a person, place, or
thing.
For example:
John is playing.
John is the noun because it is a name of a person. It is a proper
noun.
I am travelling to America.
America is the noun because it is referring to a place.
I like to read books.
Book is the noun because it is an object or thing.

6. Pronoun:
A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a
noun. For example: Jennifer is eating.
She is eating.
She is the pronoun here.

7. Adjective:
An adjective is a word that describes a noun. For
example:
The blue bird is flying.
Blue is the adjective because it is
describing the noun which is bird.

8. Verb:
A verb is a word that describes an action.
For example:
I am running.
She kicked the ball.
I ate.

9. Adverb:
An adverb is a word which adds extra meaning
to a verb, sentence or another adverb.
For example:
He left his office quickly.
I finished my work swiftly.

10. Determiners:
Anything that deals with a subject or object is
known as determiner.
Determiner
Determine
To find out
Articles
A, An, TheThat, These,
Those , Some ,
Few, Little, Any
Range
Amount
The
particular
thing

11. Syntax Tree Diagram:
The big man left his office.
Sentence
NP VP
Determiner
The
Verb
Left
NP
NounDet
His Office
Adj
Big
Noun
man

12. Postposition, Adposition and pre
position :
post positioning:
When the preposition of a
sentence appears after the
objects then it is known as
post position.
Because of language barrier.
Translate from word to
word.
Ad position:
A word that shows the
relation of a noun or
pronoun to some other word
in a sentence
Object/
Noun/ Preposition
Pronoun
Because of cultural
tradition.

13. Pre position:
When the preposition of a sentence appears
before the objects then it is known as pre
position.