The document discusses morphology, which is the study of the internal structure of words and the rules for word formation. It covers key concepts such as morphemes, the minimal units of meaning; free and bound morphemes; inflectional and derivational morphology; and processes of word formation including compounding, blending, clipping, and others. Examples are provided to illustrate different morphological concepts and rules.

1. MORPHOLOGY Presented to Mr Nazir Malik Presented by Amnah Moghees 100784015 Nouman Malik 100784014

2. Morphology The study of internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed

3. Morphology: the word of language Important part of our linguistic knowledge

4. Word “ A unit of expression which has universal intuitive recognition by native speaker, in both spoken and written language” (Crystal) “ The smallest of linguistic unit which can occur on its own in speech or writing” (Richard & Schmidt)

5. Conti…. “ A unit of meaning” (Finch) “ A minimal free form” (Bloomfield)

6. Word at different level Orthographic word (I saw a cat on sofa) Phonological word (Deer is dear but dear) Lexical item\ Lexeme (take,took,taken…) Grammatical word form\ Morphosyntactic word (ball, balls) Semantic words (table, table)

7. analysis of song at levels of words “ Lost” by Coldplay

8. Dictionaries Lexicography

9. Content words Noun, verbs, adjectives and adverbs Denote concept such as objects, action, attributes and ideas Open class words

10. Function words Grammatical function Conjunctions, preposition, articles, pronouns, Articles indicate definite or indefinite noun Preposition indicate relationship or possession Closed-class

11. Content words and function words Brain treats differently Slip of tongue phenomenon Language acquisition

12. Morpheme “ the minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function”. The minimal grammatical linguistic unit- is thus an arbitrary union of a sound and meaning that cannot be further analysed. Every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes.

13. boy (one syllable) desire, lady, boy + ish desire + able boy + ish + ness desire + able + ity gentle + man + li +ness un + desire + able +ity un + gentle + man + li+ness anti +dis + establish +ment+ari + an + ism

14. lexical (child, teach) free functional (and, the) Morphemes bound inflectional (re,ness) derivational (‘s, -ed)

15. Bound Morphemes Cannot normally stand alone or typically attached to another form All affixes (prefixes and suffixes) in English

16. Prefix Bound morphemes which occur only before other morphemes. Examples: un- ( uncover, undo ) dis- ( displeased, disconnect), pre- ( predetermine, prejudge )

17. Suffixes Bound morphemes which occur following other morphemes. Examples: -er ( singer, performer) -ist (t ypist, pianist) -ly ( manly, friendly )

18. Infixes Bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes. Example: fikas "strong" fumikas "to be strong" (Bontoc Language)

19. Circumfixes Bound morphemes that are attached to a root or stem morpheme both initially and finally. Example: chokma "he is good" ik + chokm + o "he isn’t’ good" (Chickasaw Language)

20. Root Non-affix lexical content morphemes that cannot be analyzed into smaller parts (ex.) cran (as in cranberry), act, beauty, system, etc.. Free Root Morpheme: run bottle, phone, etc. Bound Root Morpheme: receive, remit, uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc.

21. Stem When a root morpheme is combined with affix morphemes, it forms a stem. Other affixes can be added to a stem to form a more complex stem.

22. Root believe (verb) Stem believe + able (verb + suffix) Word un + believe + able (prefix + verb + suffix)

23. Free Morphemes Can stand by themselves as a single word Example: girl, system, desire, hope, act, phone, happy. . Set of separate English word form such as basic noun, adjectives, verbs, etc.

24. Root system (noun) Stem system + atic (noun + suffix) Stem un + system + atic (prefix + noun + suffix) Stem un + system + atic + al (prefix + noun + suffix + suffix) Word un + system + atic + al + ly prefix + noun + suffix + suffix + suffix

25. Rules of word formation Knowledge of individual morphemes, their pronunciation and their meaning and the knowledge of the rules for combining morphemes into complex words. V+ify->verb V+ify-> +ify+ication->noun

26. The form that result from addition of a derivational morpheme is called a derived word

27. Derivational Morphology Derivational morphemes derive a new word by being attached to root morphemes or stems They can be both suffixes and prefixes in English. Examples: beautiful, exactly, unhappy, impossible, recover Change of Meaning Examples: un+do (the opposite meaning of ‘do’) sing+er ( deriving a new word with the meaning of a person who sings).

28. The Hierarchical Structure of Words A word is not a simple sequence of morphemes. It has an internal structure. Hierarchical structure is an essential property of human language.

29. More about Derivational Morphemes Moralise Friendship Conformist Abstraction reprint Decentralization

30. Lexical gaps Recognition of possible and impossible words.

31. Rule productivity Morphological rules can be used freely to form new words from the list of free and bound morphemes Un -> antonyms Does not change grammatical class

32. Sign language morphology

33. Pullete surprise Knowledge of the morphemes of the language and morphological rules we may guess the meaning Errors lead to non deviant form e.g. Diatribe-> food for the whole clan Bibliography-> holy geography Homogeneous-> devoted to home life

34. Word Coinage Invention of totally new terms Words are used usually without capital letters e.g,Kleenex, Xerox, etc

35. Compound Joining of two words together to form third Involves two nouns (frequently) Book+case=bookcase Wall+paper=wallpaper Lambs+wool=lambswool

36. Acronyms Words derived from the initial s of several words

37. National Aeronautics and Space Agency

38. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

39. R andom A ccess M emory V ideo C assette R ecorder

40. Some Commonly Used Acronyms CD Radar Laser ATM PIN GB C ompact D isk R adio D etecting and R anging L ight a mplification by s timulated e mission of r adiation A utomatic t eller m achine P ersonal i dentification n umber G iga B yte

41. Back-formation Specified reduction process Word of one type is reduced to form a word of another type (usually N -> V)

42. Continued……. Television ………Televise Donation………...Donate Emotion………… Emote Editor …………... Edit

43. Clipping Abbreviation of longer words may become lexicalised

44. Eponyms Sandwich Robot Gargantuan Jumbo

45. Gargantuan

46. Robot

47. Sandwich

48. Jumbo

49. Blends

50. Smog

51. Motel

52. Broast

53. Brunch

54. Grammatical Morphemes Have not any clear lexical meaning have only clear sense in a sentence , e.g. to , it and etc

55. Inflectional Morphemes Inflectional morphemes signal grammatical information such as number (plural), tense, possession and so on. They are thus often called bound grammatical morphemes They are only found in suffixes in English. Examples: boys, Mary’s , walked

56. Inflectional Morphemes Inflectional morphemes signal grammatical information such as number (plural), tense, possession and so on. They are thus often called bound grammatical morphemes They are only found in suffixes in English. Examples: boys, Mary’s , walked

57. Conti…. No change of Meaning Examples: walk vs. walks toy vs. toys Never change the syntactic category of the words or morpheme to they which they are attached. They are always attached to completed words Examples: walk vs. walked or walks (V--> V)

58. Conti…. In English, inflectional morphemes typically follow derivational morphemes Examples: unlikelihood, unlikelihoods ( not *unlikeslihood)

59. English Inflectional Morphemes -s third person singular present She waits at home . -ed past tense She waited at home. -ing progressive She is eating the donut. -en past participle Mary has eaten the donuts.

60. - s plural She ate the donuts. -’s possessive Disa's hair is short. -er comparative Disa has shorter hair than Karin. -est superlative Disa has the shortest hair.

61. Morph Phonological realization of a morpheme Allomorphs and variants The appearance of one morph over another

62. Exceptions and suppletions Exception of irregular plural form and past tense Some morphological shape Noun is used in compound words and lose its meaning

63. Morphological analysis Speaker of a language have the knowledge to perceive the component morphemes and morphological rules for their combination

64. Conclusion

65. Reference Books An Introduction to Language By Victoria Fromkin The Study of Language By Goerge Yule What is morphology? By Mark Arnoff & Kristen Ferdiman An Introduction to English Morphology By Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy An Introduction to Linguistics By Loreto Todd

66. No Questions? Pleeease ! W