Morphology general view
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This document discusses English morphology and how words are formed. It defines morphology as the study of words, and defines different types of morphemes - free morphemes which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes which must be attached to free morphemes. It describes the different types of bound morphemes including inflectional affixes which do not change word meaning and derivational affixes which can change word class. The document also discusses the different parts of speech and how new words enter the language through processes like compounding, clipping, blending and borrowing. It provides an example analysis of classifying words in a passage.
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Morphology general view
- 1. English MorphologyEnglish Morphology Prof. João ItamarProf. João Itamar
- 2. FocusFocus What is a word?What is a word? How do new words enter a language?How do new words enter a language?
- 3. MorphologyMorphology The study of wordsThe study of words Perceptual units, not physical unitsPerceptual units, not physical units Concept of word associated with writtenConcept of word associated with written language than spoken languagelanguage than spoken language
- 4. How words are formedHow words are formed MorphemesMorphemes Free morphemes-units that can stand aloneFree morphemes-units that can stand alone as words by themselvesas words by themselves treetree Bound morphemes-units that must beBound morphemes-units that must be attached or bound to a free morphemeattached or bound to a free morpheme treetreess
- 5. Bound morphemesBound morphemes Affixes (prefix/suffix)Affixes (prefix/suffix) Inflectional morphemes add to a word withoutInflectional morphemes add to a word without changing the part of speechchanging the part of speech Does not change the meaning of the base wordDoes not change the meaning of the base word 8 inflectional affixes in English8 inflectional affixes in English -s, -es (plural), -s (possessive), -s, -ing, -ed, -en (show-s, -es (plural), -s (possessive), -s, -ing, -ed, -en (show tense), -er, -est (show comparison)tense), -er, -est (show comparison) Derivational affixes when added to a baseDerivational affixes when added to a base word, a new word is derivedword, a new word is derived May change the part of speech of the base wordMay change the part of speech of the base word
- 6. English MorphemesEnglish Morphemes Free MorphemesFree Morphemes Bound MorphemesBound Morphemes TreeTree PrefixesPrefixes Derivational (un-)Derivational (un-) Suffixes:Suffixes: Derivational (-ion)Derivational (-ion) Inflectional (-s)Inflectional (-s)
- 7. Prefixes help readers understand thePrefixes help readers understand the meaning of a word.meaning of a word. Suffixes tell more about the part of speechSuffixes tell more about the part of speech than the meaning of the word.than the meaning of the word.
- 8. Types of WordsTypes of Words Simple wordsSimple words Words with just one free morphemeWords with just one free morpheme TreeTree Complex wordsComplex words Words with a free morpheme and one or moreWords with a free morpheme and one or more bound morphemesbound morphemes treestrees Compound wordsCompound words Words that consist of two free morphemesWords that consist of two free morphemes teacupteacup
- 9. Word ClassifyingWord Classifying Content WordsContent Words Parts of speechParts of speech NounNoun VerbVerb AdjectivesAdjectives adverbsadverbs
- 10. Parts of speechParts of speech Can add theseCan add these inflectional suffixesinflectional suffixes Can add theseCan add these derivational suffixesderivational suffixes NounNoun ~s or ~es (plural):~s or ~es (plural): treestrees,, bushesbushes ‘‘s (possessive):s (possessive): animal’sanimal’s CommenceCommencementment PreventPreventionion NeatNeatnessness ClarClarityity DependDependenceence FarmFarmerer parachutparachutistist VerbVerb ~s (third-person~s (third-person singular):singular): He walks.He walks. ~ing (progressive):~ing (progressive): He is walking.He is walking. ~ed (past):~ed (past): He walked.He walked. ~en (past participle):~en (past participle): He has drivenHe has driven ClasClassifysify CharacterCharacterizeize evaluevaluateate AdjectiveAdjective AdverbAdverb ~er (comparative):~er (comparative): Bigger/fasterBigger/faster est (superlative):est (superlative): Biggest/fastestBiggest/fastest MischievMischievousous ColorColorfulful FestFestiveive RegRegalal FlexiFlexibleble
- 11. Function WordsFunction Words DeterminersDeterminers QuantifiersQuantifiers PronounsPronouns AuxiliariesAuxiliaries PrepositionsPrepositions ConjunctionsConjunctions IntensifiersIntensifiers ParticlesParticles
- 12. Types of Function WordsTypes of Function Words TypeType ExampleExample ExampleExample ExampleExample DeterminersDeterminers TheThe ThisThis MyMy QuantifiersQuantifiers OneOne EveryEvery SeveralSeveral PronounsPronouns YouYou YourselfYourself WhoWho AuxiliariesAuxiliaries IsIs HasHas MightMight PrepositionsPrepositions InIn BeforeBefore OfOf ConjunctionsConjunctions AndAnd IfIf HoweverHowever ParticlesParticles UpUp DownDown AroundAround IntensifiersIntensifiers RatherRather VeryVery soso
- 13. How New Words Enter a LanguageHow New Words Enter a Language Coining-someone makes up a name for anCoining-someone makes up a name for an object and the name sticksobject and the name sticks Compounding-joining two freeCompounding-joining two free morphemes.morphemes. Clipping-when a word is shortenedClipping-when a word is shortened Mathematics-mathMathematics-math Gasoline-gasGasoline-gas
- 14. How New Words Enter a LanguageHow New Words Enter a Language Acronyms-words made up of the firstAcronyms-words made up of the first letters of several words.letters of several words. AcroAcro is Greek foris Greek for “high,” so acronyms are “high names,”“high,” so acronyms are “high names,” names made up of the tall (capital) firstnames made up of the tall (capital) first letters.letters. Scuba (self-contained underwaterScuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus)breathing apparatus)
- 15. How New Words Enter a LanguageHow New Words Enter a Language Blending-combining two wordsBlending-combining two words Brunch (breakfast + lunch)Brunch (breakfast + lunch) Motel (motor + hotel)Motel (motor + hotel) Back-formation-noun to verbBack-formation-noun to verb PeddlerPeddler peddlepeddle Borrowing-using words from otherBorrowing-using words from other languageslanguages Boutique (French)Boutique (French)
- 16. Text AnalysisText Analysis Take a passage of one hundredTake a passage of one hundred consecutive words. Working in pairs,consecutive words. Working in pairs, classify each word by placing it on a chartclassify each word by placing it on a chart similar to the one that follows. All functionsimilar to the one that follows. All function words go in the rightmost column. If awords go in the rightmost column. If a word is repeated, list it each time itword is repeated, list it each time it appears.appears.
- 17. Text AnalysisText Analysis SIMPLESIMPLE COMPLEXCOMPLEX COMPOUNCOMPOUN DD FUNCTIONFUNCTION NOUNSNOUNS BOYBOY BOYSBOYS TOOTHBRUSHTOOTHBRUSH THETHE THROUGHTHROUGH VERBSVERBS GOGO PRIORITIZEPRIORITIZE ADJECTIVEADJECTIVE SS GREENGREEN UNSATISFACTOUNSATISFACTO RYRY ADVERBSADVERBS FASTFAST SLOWLYSLOWLY
- 18. Analyze your resultsAnalyze your results What percent of the words are functionWhat percent of the words are function words?words? What percent are simple words?What percent are simple words? What percent are complex words withWhat percent are complex words with inflection suffixes?inflection suffixes? What percent are complex words withWhat percent are complex words with derivational suffixes?derivational suffixes? What percent are compound words?What percent are compound words?
Editor's Notes
- The interpretation of speech involves perceiving these sound waves as individual words. Done effortlessly in a language you know, but listening to a foreign language makes you realize that it is difficult to pick out individual words in a new language.
- Smallest meaningful part of a word;
- Share Ruth Heller books. Carry the main meanings in sentences. Also referred to as open-class words because new words that come into English through processes like borrowing are always content words.
- Determiners and quantifiers are words that precede nouns. Three kinds: articles like a, an and the; demonstratives like this and these, and possessives like my and their. Quantifiers serve the same purpose as determiners the difference is that they specify an amount or quantity. Pronouns are words that are used in place of noun phrases. Do not carry meaning by themselves take meaning from noun they refer to. Example: I saw the sweet elderly lady down the street. I saw her. Different kinds of pronouns: personal (I, my); indefinite (someone, anything); interrogative (who, where); possessive (mine, his); relative (who, which). Auxiliaries are often refered to as helping verbs. They are the words that tell more about the tense or aspect of a verb. English has a complex verb system. Can add inflections to verbs and also use auxiliaries to express shades of meaning. The auxiliaries occur in a fixed order. Example: I been have should asked to go. Must be acquired too complex to teach and learn. Prepoisitions show place or time relationships. Example: the pen is on the table. On shows the relationship in space between the pen and the table. Conjunctions also show relationships connects two complete ideas and joins two verbs. Particles are little words added to verbs to make two- or three word verbs example he ran up a big bill. Intensifiers are words used to qualify an expression making it stronger or weaker. Example he is very happy. Or he is somewhat happy.