The document discusses morphemes, which are the smallest units of meaning in language. It defines morphemes as consisting of two parts: a morph, which is the shape of a word, and an eme. There are two types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone, and bound morphemes, which cannot. The document provides examples of different types of morphemes and discusses allomorphs, which are variations in pronunciation or spelling of a single morpheme.

1. Ibrahim Muneer

3. Morph & eme
Shape Meaningful
Morpheme consist of tow parts first part is
morph & eme. Morph ( means the shape of a word ),
when we add eme to morph it becomes morpheme.

4. Types of morphemes
Free morpheme
Lexical morpheme: is one that can stand
alone with the specific meaning
Ex: Book, Table, Stand, bag etc.
Bound Morpheme
Bound Morpheme: Acts as functional words in
a language. Mostly conjunctions,
prepositions, articles, and pronouns.
Ex: And, when, but, near, in, the, that, it, etc.
It is of closed-class words.

5. Free morpheme
Lexical morpheme
Lexical morphemes are morphemes that carry the
main messages we convey. These can be ordinary
nouns, verbs, and adjectives.
Ex: Girl, tiger, long, black, look, kill, etc.
The lexical morphemes are of the open class.
Functional morphemes
Functional morphemes : Acts as functional
words in a language. Mostly conjunctions,
prepositions, articles, and pronouns.
Ex: And, when, but, near, in, the, that, it, etc.
It is of closed-class words.
The Free morpheme is of two types.

9. Morpheme, Morph and Allomorph

10. The plural morpheme “S” as
in:
Cat = cats Dog = dogs Bus = buses
/ s/ / z / / iz /
Here we can see three different Pronunciation for "S“. /s/and / z/ and /iz /

11. The past tense morpheme “ed” as in:
Walk = walked Live = lived Want = wanted
/ t / / d / / id /
Here we can see three different Pronunciation for “ed“. / t /and / d / and /
id /

12. Zero Allomorph.
Suppletion Allomorph.
Replacive Allomorph.
Additive Allomorph
Types of Allomorphs

13. Morphemes Examples Additive Allomorph
- Present tense Walk = walked
Live = lived
Want = wanted
/ t /
/ d /
/ id /
- Plural –s /-es Book = books
Teacher = teachers
Box = boxes
/s/
/ z/
/iz /
- Verb / 3rd person singular –
s / -es
Walk = walks
Live = lives
Finish = finishes
/s/
/ z/
/iz /
1- Additive Allomorph: we dd suffixes.

14. Morphemes Examples Replacive Allomorph
irregular Past tense Write = wrote
Drink = drunk
Build = built
/ o / replaced / i /
/ i / replaced / ŋ /
/ d / replaced / t /
Irregular Plural Man = men
Woman = women
Foot = feet
/ e/ replaced / a /
/ e/ replaced / a /
/ ʊ / replaced / iː /

15. * Go ( morpheme ) + Suppletion allomorph of ( -ed/ past simple ) = want ( allomorph ) (not
goed )
* Be ( morpheme ) + Suppletion allomorph of ( -s/ present simple ) = is ( allomorph ) (not
bes )
* Good ( morpheme ) + Suppletion allomorph of ( -er / comparative) = better ( allomorph ) (not
gooder )
* Good ( morpheme ) + Suppletion allomorph of ( -est / superlative ) = besat ( allomorph )
(not goodest )

16. * Cut ( morpheme ) + zero Allomorph of ( - ed/ past simple ) = cut (Allomorph)
( not cuted )
* Shut ( morpheme ) + zero Allomorph of ( - ed/ past simple ) = shut
(Allomorph)
( not shutted )
* Sheep ( morpheme ) + zero Allomorph of ( - s/ plural ) = sheep (Allomorph)
( not sheepts )
* Deer ( morpheme ) + zero Allomorph of ( - s/ plural ) = deer (Allomorph)
( not deers )