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Morphemes
The document discusses English word and sentence structure. It defines morphology as the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Morphemes are the minimal units of meaning, and can be divided into bound morphemes like prefixes and suffixes, and free morphemes which can stand alone. Words are formed from the combination of morphemes. There are different types of morphemes including root, stem, derivational and inflectional morphemes. Derivational morphemes change the part of speech of a word while inflectional morphemes indicate grammatical functions.
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Morphemes
- 1. Analysis of theEnglishAnalysis of the English Word and SentenceWord and Sentence StructureStructure
- 2. ObjectivesObjectives 1.1. Recognize differenttypes ofRecognize different types of morphemes and their functionsmorphemes and their functions 2.2. State the form, meaning and rule ofState the form, meaning and rule of combination for the morphemescombination for the morphemes 3.3. Analyze the internal structure of theAnalyze the internal structure of the English words in order to know theirEnglish words in order to know their formations and meanings.formations and meanings. 4.4. Specify each unit within wordsSpecify each unit within words correctly.correctly.
- 3. Look at thisVideo.Look at this Video. Warm UpWarm Up
- 4. What are youWhatare you thinking?thinking? Warm UpWarm Up
- 5. Doubt is oftenthe beginning of wisdom.
- 6.
- 7. MorphologyMorphology • Morph (form)+ ology (science of)Morph (form) + ology (science of) • -- > Morphology (the science of word forms)-- > Morphology (the science of word forms) • The study of the internal structure of words,The study of the internal structure of words, andand • The rules by which words are formedThe rules by which words are formed
- 8. MorphemesMorphemes • Look atthe following wordsLook at the following words • LikelyLikely unlikely developedunlikely developed undevelopedundeveloped • un- is a prefix means No.un- is a prefix means No. • -ly in ‘likely’ is a adverbial suffix.-ly in ‘likely’ is a adverbial suffix. • -ed in ‘developed’ is a suffix-ed in ‘developed’ is a suffix morpheme.morpheme.
- 9. What is morpheme?Whatis morpheme?
- 10. What is morpheme?Whatis morpheme? • Dictionary:Dictionary: • MorphemeMorpheme • (môr(môr''fēm')fēm') • n.n. • A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, suchA meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such asas man,man, or a word element, such asor a word element, such as -ed-ed inin walked,walked, thatthat cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. • morphemicmorphemic mor·phem'icmor·phem'ic adj.adj. • morphemicallymorphemically mor·phem'i·cal·lymor·phem'i·cal·ly adv.adv. http://www.answers.com/topic/morphemehttp://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme
- 11. • Definitions:Definitions: A morphemeis the minimal unit of meaning. • Example:Example: un+system+atic+al+ly un+system+atic+al+ly • Note: morphemes ≠ words What is morpheme?What is morpheme?
- 12. Examples of MorphemesExamplesof Morphemes • One morpheme One morpheme boy (one syllable)boy (one syllable) desire, lady, water (two syllables)desire, lady, water (two syllables) crocodile (three syllables)crocodile (three syllables) salamander (four syllables), or moresalamander (four syllables), or more syllablessyllables • Two morpheme Two morpheme boy + ishboy + ish desire + abledesire + able • Three morpheme Three morpheme boy + ish + nessboy + ish + ness desire + able + itydesire + able + ity • Four morpheme Four morpheme gentle + man + li + nessgentle + man + li + ness un + desire + able + ityun + desire + able + ity • More than four More than four un + gentle + man + li + nessun + gentle + man + li + ness anti + dis + establish + ment + ari +anti + dis + establish + ment + ari + an + isman + ism
- 13. In all language,discrete linguisticIn all language, discrete linguistic units combine rule-governed ways tounits combine rule-governed ways to form larger unitsform larger units • Sound units combine to formSound units combine to form morphemes,morphemes, • morphemes combine to form frommorphemes combine to form from wordswords • word combine to form phrasesword combine to form phrases • phrases combine to form sentencesphrases combine to form sentences
- 14. What is therelationshipWhat is the relationship between morphemesbetween morphemes and words?and words?
- 15. • Humans canunderstand words thatHumans can understand words that have never been heard beforehave never been heard before • Human can also create new wordsHuman can also create new words • For exampleFor example,, a writa writableable CDCD aa rerewritwritableable CDCD anan ununrerewritwritableable CDCD What is the relationshipWhat is the relationship between morphemes and words?between morphemes and words?
- 16. How many typesHowmany types of morphemes are there?of morphemes are there? • Bound morphemesBound morphemes • Free morphemesFree morphemes • Root morphemesRoot morphemes • Stem morphemesStem morphemes • Derivational morphemesDerivational morphemes • Inflectional morphemesInflectional morphemes • Affixes: prefixes andAffixes: prefixes and suffixessuffixes • Grammatical morphemesGrammatical morphemes
- 17. Classification of some(English) morphemes (English) Morphemes(English) Morphemes BoundBound FreeFree AffixAffix RootRoot Open ClassOpen Class Closed ClassClosed Class DerivationalDerivational InflectionalInflectional PrefixPrefix SuffixSuffix SuffixSuffix gruntlegruntle Nouns (Nouns (girlgirl)) DeterminersDeterminers ((the,a(n)the,a(n))) prepre-- -ly-ly -ing -en-ing -en mitmit Verbs (Verbs (kickkick)) Conjunctions (Conjunctions (andand)) un-un- -ist-ist -er -est-er -est ferfer Adjectives (Adjectives (happyhappy) Prepositions () Prepositions (of ,inof ,in )) con-con- -ment-ment -ed-ed Adverbs (Adverbs (quicklyquickly))Pronouns (Pronouns (I, he, you )I, he, you ) Auxiliary Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs (isis))
- 19. Bound morphemesBound morphemes •Bound morphemesBound morphemes (affixes) must be(affixes) must be attached to the word.attached to the word. • They are prefixes, infixes, suffixesThey are prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes.and circumfixes. • Such as {clude} as in include, exclude, preclude) or they may be grammatical (such as {PLU} = plural as in boys, girls, and cats).
- 20. Free morphemesFree morphemes •Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words. • Example: Example: girl, system, desire, girl, system, desire, hope, act, phone, happyhope, act, phone, happy
- 21. Root morphemesRoot morphemes •AA rootroot is a morphemes that cannot beis a morphemes that cannot be analyzed into smaller parts.analyzed into smaller parts. • Example:Example: cran (as in cranberry), act,cran (as in cranberry), act, beauty, system, etc.. beauty, system, etc.. • Free Root Morpheme: run, bottle, phone,Free Root Morpheme: run, bottle, phone, etc.etc. • Bound Root Morpheme: receive, remit,Bound Root Morpheme: receive, remit, uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc. uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc.
- 22. • AA stemstemis formed when a rootis formed when a root morphemes is combined with anmorphemes is combined with an affix.affix. • Other affixes can be added to aOther affixes can be added to a stem to form a more complexstem to form a more complex stem. stem. Stem morphemesStem morphemes
- 23. Example of wordformationExample of word formation • Root believe (verb)Root believe (verb) • Stem believe + able (verb + suffix)Stem believe + able (verb + suffix) • Word un + believe + ableWord un + believe + able (prefix +verb + suffix) (prefix +verb + suffix)
- 24. Example of wordformationExample of word formation • RootRoot systemsystem • StemStem system + aticsystem + atic • StemStem un + system + aticun + system + atic • StemStem un + system + atic + alun + system + atic + al • WordWord un + system + atic + al + lyun + system + atic + al + ly
- 25. It’s time torelax Are you tried? Let’s listen to the song
- 26. Derivational morphemesDerivational morphemes •Root + Derivational Morpheme --> a newRoot + Derivational Morpheme --> a new word with a new meaning. (usuallyword with a new meaning. (usually change grammatical class)change grammatical class) • N + Derivational Morpheme --> Adj.N + Derivational Morpheme --> Adj. Ex. Boy + ish,Ex. Boy + ish, • Verb + Derivational Morpheme --> NounVerb + Derivational Morpheme --> Noun Ex. Acquitt + al, clear + anceEx. Acquitt + al, clear + ance • Adj. + Derivational Morpheme -->Adj. + Derivational Morpheme --> Adverb Ex. Exact + ly, quiet + lyAdverb Ex. Exact + ly, quiet + ly
- 27. Inflectional morphemesInflectional morphemes •Inflectional morphemes haveInflectional morphemes have grammatical meaning or function in thegrammatical meaning or function in the sentence.sentence. • They never changeThey never change part of speech. • For example,For example, • Bound Morpheme : Ex. ‘to’ in connectionBound Morpheme : Ex. ‘to’ in connection with a verb (‘ an infinitive with to’)with a verb (‘ an infinitive with to’) • Bound Morphemes: Ex. –s, -edBound Morphemes: Ex. –s, -ed • He sails the ocean blue.He sails the ocean blue. • He sailed the ocean blue.He sailed the ocean blue.
- 28. Eight English InflectionalEightEnglish Inflectional MorphemesMorphemes • -s-s 3rd p sg present3rd p sg present • -ed-ed past tensepast tense • -ing progressive-ing progressive • -en-en past participlepast participle • -s-s pluralplural • -’s-’s possessivepossessive • -er-er comparativecomparative • -est-est superlativesuperlative • She waitShe waitss at home.at home. • She waitShe waiteded at home.at home. • She is eatShe is eatinging the donuts.the donuts. • Mary has eatMary has eatenen the donuts.the donuts. • She ate the donutShe ate the donutss.. • LisaLisa’s’s hair is short.hair is short. • LisaLisa hashas shortshorterer hair than Kate.hair than Kate. • Lisa has the shortLisa has the shortestest hair.hair.
- 29. The major differencesbetweenThe major differences between derivational and inflectionalderivational and inflectional morphologymorphology Derivational Inflectional position closer to stem further from stem addable on to? yes not in English changes stem? yes no productive? (often) no (usually) yes meaning? (often) unpredictable predictable
- 31. Affixes: prefixes andsuffixesAffixes: prefixes and suffixes • AffixAffix: a morpheme that comes at the: a morpheme that comes at the beginning (prefix) or the ending (suffix)beginning (prefix) or the ending (suffix) of a base morpheme. of a base morpheme. • NoteNote: An affix usually is a morpheme: An affix usually is a morpheme that cannot stand alone. that cannot stand alone. • ExamplesExamples:: -ful-ful,, -ly-ly,, -it-ity,y, -nes-ness. A fews. A few exceptions areexceptions are ableable,, likelike, and, and lessless..
- 32. Affixes: prefixes andsuffixesAffixes: prefixes and suffixes • PrefixPrefix: an affix that comes before a: an affix that comes before a base morpheme. Thebase morpheme. The inin in the wordin the word inspectinspect is a prefix.is a prefix. • SuffixSuffix: an affix that comes after a: an affix that comes after a base morpheme. Thebase morpheme. The ss inin catscats is ais a suffix.suffix.
- 33. Affixes (prefix, suffix,infix andAffixes (prefix, suffix, infix and circumfix) are all bound morphemes.circumfix) are all bound morphemes. Prefixes Suffixes Infixes Circumfixes Bound morphemes which occur only before other morphemes. Examples: un- (uncover, undo) dis- (displeased, disconnect), pre- (predetermine , prejudge) Bound morphemes which occur following other morphemes. Examples: -er (singer, performer) -ist (typist, pianist) -ly (manly, friendly) Bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes. Example: Fikas "strong" fumikas "to be strong" Bound morphemes that are attached to a root or stem morpheme both initially and finally. Example: chokma "he is good" ik + chokm + o "he isn?t? good"
- 34. Grammatical morphemesGrammatical morphemes •What is the difference in meaningWhat is the difference in meaning betweenbetween appleapple andand applesapples?? • What is the difference in form?What is the difference in form? • What does this tell you about theseWhat does this tell you about these two words?two words?
- 35. Grammatical morphemesGrammatical morphemes •Words can have an internal structure muchWords can have an internal structure much like the syntax of phrases.like the syntax of phrases. • Morphemes such asMorphemes such as thethe,, -s-s, and, and -ed-ed near thenear the grammatical end of the continuum are calledgrammatical end of the continuum are called grammatical morphemesgrammatical morphemes.. • Note that grammatical morphemes includeNote that grammatical morphemes include forms that we can consider to be words likeforms that we can consider to be words like thethe,, aa,, andand, and, and ofof and others that make upand others that make up parts of words likeparts of words like –s and -ed–s and -ed.. • Examples.Examples. pencilpencilss walkwalkeded
- 36. What are theWhatare the differences betweendifferences between each typeeach type of morphemes?of morphemes?
- 37. What is thefunctionWhat is the function of each type ofof each type of morphemes?morphemes?
- 38. What is therelationshipWhat is the relationship among each type ofamong each type of morphemes?morphemes?
- 39. What is thedifferenceWhat is the difference between content/lexicalbetween content/lexical words andwords and function/grammaticalfunction/grammatical words?words?
- 40. Content WordsContent Words •Content wordsContent words denote concepts suchdenote concepts such as subjects, actions, and ideas (noun,as subjects, actions, and ideas (noun, verb, adjective, adverb)verb, adjective, adverb) • Content wordsContent words are open class wordsare open class words (new words can be added)(new words can be added) • Example of new words :Example of new words : Steganography (the art of hidingSteganography (the art of hiding information in electronic text)information in electronic text)
- 41. Function WordsFunction Words •Function wordsFunction words express Grammaticalexpress Grammatical Functions (e.g., preposition, article,Functions (e.g., preposition, article, conjunctions, pronouns)conjunctions, pronouns) • Function wordsFunction words connect the contentconnect the content words to the larger grammatical context.words to the larger grammatical context. • Functions wordsFunctions words are also called ‘closedare also called ‘closed class’ words (no new words can be addedclass’ words (no new words can be added to this class.)to this class.)
- 42. ExerciseExercise ““I know youcan do it”I know you can do it”
- 43. "First say toyourself what"First say to yourself what you would be, and then doyou would be, and then do whatwhat you have to do."you have to do."
- 44. How are EnglishwordsHow are English words formed?formed?
- 45. Different types ofwords fromDifferent types of words from different formations.different formations. • Derived wordsDerived words • Lexical gapsLexical gaps • Compounds: also how to differentiateCompounds: also how to differentiate compounds from noun phrasescompounds from noun phrases • AcronymsAcronyms • Back formationsBack formations • Abbreviations/Truncation/ClippingAbbreviations/Truncation/Clipping • EponymsEponyms • BlendsBlends
- 46. Derived wordsDerived words ==new wordsnew words withwith new meaningsnew meanings formedformed fromfrom stem + derivational morphemestem + derivational morpheme e.g. ir + regular = irregulare.g. ir + regular = irregular
- 47. Lexical GapsLexical Gaps •Well-formed but nonexistent wordWell-formed but nonexistent word • Reason : a permissible sequence has noReason : a permissible sequence has no meaning attached to it <like “blick” ormeaning attached to it <like “blick” or “slarm” or “krobe”>“slarm” or “krobe”> • Possible combinations of morpheme thatPossible combinations of morpheme that never come into use (Ex.never come into use (Ex. “disobvious” ,“linguisticism”)“disobvious” ,“linguisticism”) • A word like *bnick is not a lexical gap inA word like *bnick is not a lexical gap in English because English does not allowEnglish because English does not allow the sequence of ‘bn’the sequence of ‘bn’
- 48. CompoundsCompounds • Word +word = compound word (the meaning may or may not change) • When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category. • Ex. home (n.) + work (n.) = homework(noun) • pick (v.) + pocket (n.) = pickpocket (noun)
- 49. • Compounds canconsist of more than two words: • Two-word compounds are the most common in English. • Three–word compounds: three-time loser • Four– word compounds: four- dimensional space-time
- 50. Compounds have internalstructureCompounds have internal structure N.N. N.N. N.N. Adj.Adj. N.N. rackrack toptop hathat N.N. Adj.Adj. N.N. toptop N.N. N.N. hathat rackrack
- 51. • RackRack • tophattop hat • Hat rackHat rack • toptop
- 52. Meaning of compoundsMeaningof compounds • Same meaning as the parts : a boathouse = (a house for boats) • New meaning but related to the meaning of the individual parts : • a blackboard (can be in other colors, not just black) • a Redcoat (slang for British soldier during the American Revolutionary War)
- 53. For exampleFor example blackbirdblack bird (turdus merula) blackbirdblackbird
- 54. For exampleFor example hotdog hotdog
- 55. For exampleFor example redwood (Giant Sequoia) redwood
- 56. AcronymsAcronyms • Acronyms areword derived from he initials of several word • NASA <National Aeronautics and Space Agency> • UNESCO <United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization>
- 57. Back formationsBack formations •A new word may enter the languageA new word may enter the language because of an incorrect morphologicalbecause of an incorrect morphological analysis.analysis. • Example,Example, peddlepeddle was derived fromwas derived from peddlerpeddler on the mistaken assumptionon the mistaken assumption that the – er was suffix.that the – er was suffix. • stoke --> stokerstoke --> stoker • edit --> editoredit --> editor
- 58. AbbreviationsAbbreviations • Abbreviations oflonger words or phrases can become lexicalized • Fax <facsimile> • Telly (The British word for ‘television’)
- 59. • Eponyms areword form proper names. • Example: sandwich, robot, jumbo EponymsEponyms
- 60. BlendsBlends • Similar tocompounds but parts of the words that are combined have been deleted. • Example: smog <from ‘smoke + fog’>, motel <from ‘motor + hotel’>
- 61. The hierarchical structureof wordsThe hierarchical structure of words represented by the treerepresented by the tree diagramdiagram • A word is not a simple sequence ofA word is not a simple sequence of morphemes.morphemes. • It has an internal structure asIt has an internal structure as shown in the following treeshown in the following tree diagram:diagram:
- 62. Tree diagramsTree diagrams N.N. Adj.Adj.nessness unun Adj.Adj. happyhappy Morphological RulesMorphological Rules 1. un + happy --> Adj.1. un + happy --> Adj. 2. Adj. + ness --> N.2. Adj. + ness --> N.
- 63. Other terms accordingtoOther terms according to word formation:word formation: • Rule productivityRule productivity • Universality of compoundingUniversality of compounding • Suppletive ExceptionSuppletive Exception • ExpletiveExpletive • AllomorphsAllomorphs • Default/elsewhereDefault/elsewhere • Homophonous morphemesHomophonous morphemes • ReduplicationReduplication
- 64. Rule productivityRule productivity •Morphological Rules are ProductiveMorphological Rules are Productive because:because: • They can be used freely to form newThey can be used freely to form new words from the list of free and boundwords from the list of free and bound morpheme.morpheme. • Some morphemes are more productiveSome morphemes are more productive than others.than others. • Productive morphemes: Ex.Productive morphemes: Ex. -able-able oror -er-er • Less productive morphemes: Ex. –letLess productive morphemes: Ex. –let (piglet)(piglet)
- 65. Universality of compoundingUniversalityof compounding • Universality compoundingUniversality compounding is a commonis a common and frequent process for enlargingand frequent process for enlarging the vocabulary of all language.the vocabulary of all language. • ExEx.. In Thai, the word ‘cat’ is mєєw,In Thai, the word ‘cat’ is mєєw, ‘watch’ is fân, and ‘house’ is bâan. The‘watch’ is fân, and ‘house’ is bâan. The word for ‘watch cat’ is the compoundword for ‘watch cat’ is the compound mєєwfânbâan – literally,mєєwfânbâan – literally, ‘catwatchhouse’‘catwatchhouse’
- 66. Suppletive ExceptionSuppletive Exception •SuppletivesSuppletives are treated separately inare treated separately in the grammar, they cannot use thethe grammar, they cannot use the regular rules of inflectionalregular rules of inflectional morphology to add affixes to themorphology to add affixes to the word. The exception:word. The exception: • Ex.Ex. child --> children woman --> women
- 67. AllomorphAllomorph Different form ofmorphemes that have theDifferent form of morphemes that have the same meaningsame meaning e.g. ir-, il-, im-, in- = note.g. ir-, il-, im-, in- = not -en, -ø = to make to become …-en, -ø = to make to become … irirregular,regular, ilillegal,legal, imimpossible,possible, inincompletecomplete to brightto brightenen our mindour mind to brownto brownøø the garlicthe garlic
- 68. Zero morpheme/Zero morpheme/ default/elsewheredefault/elsewhere Azero morpheme is aA zero morpheme is a morpheme, consisting of nomorpheme, consisting of no form, that is proposed in someform, that is proposed in some analyses as ananalyses as an allomorphallomorph of aof a morphememorpheme that is ordinarilythat is ordinarily realized by a morph havingrealized by a morph having some phonetic form.some phonetic form. brownbrown (adj) + Ø >(adj) + Ø > brownbrown (verb)(verb) = "to make to become= "to make to become brown/-brown/-erer"" darkdark (adj) + _en >(adj) + _en > darkendarken (verb)(verb)
- 70. Homophonous morphemesHomophonous morphemes •HomophonesHomophones: morphemes that: morphemes that sound alike but have differentsound alike but have different meanings and spellings. meanings and spellings. • ExamplesExamples:: bearbear,, barebare;; plainplain,, planeplane;; citecite,, sightsight,, sitesite..
- 71. ReduplicationReduplication • Reduplication is themorphological process by which all or part of a word is copied or duplicated • Some examples from Lakhota: basebase ReduplicatedReduplicated formform glossgloss gígí gigígigí ‘‘to be rustyto be rusty brown’brown’ skáská skaskáskaská ‘‘to beto be white’white’ sháshá shasháshashá ‘‘to be red’to be red’ thóthó thothóthothó ‘‘to be blueto be blue or green’or green’ zízí zizízizí ‘‘to beto be yellow’yellow’
- 72. Last ExerciseLast Exercise GoodluckGood luck
- 73. A great personis anA great person is an ordinary who decides to doordinary who decides to do the great thing.the great thing.
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