Morphology is the study of word forms and formation. It examines the different types of morphemes - the smallest units of meaning - that make up words, including free morphemes that can stand alone and bound morphemes like prefixes and suffixes. Morphemes are further classified as open or closed class, derivational or inflectional based on how they combine to form new words or modify existing words. Word formation techniques like coining, meaning change, and compounding are used to generate novel words.

1. MORPHOLOGY
Berkay Firtina 100908013
Serhat Gokce 100908001

2. MORPHOLOGY
What’s the morphology ?
Which types of a word can explain this?

3. OUTLINE
• Morphology? Hmm.. 
• Terminologies
– Word
– Morpheme
– Parts of Speech
• Classification of Morphemes
– Free Morp.
– Bound Morp.

4. OUTLINE
• Making new words
– Coining
– Meaning Change
– Compounding
• Division of Morphemes

5. MORPHOLOGY
• Morphology is the study of the forms and formation
of words.
• Word is a sound or sound groups articulated that
express a idea.

6. MORPHOLOGY
MORPHEME
• Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in
the grammar of a language.
• Morphemes are what make up words does
not necessarily have to be a word
• Every morpheme is either a base or an affix.
(prefix/suffix)

7. PARTS OF SPEECH
• Conjunctions        AND
• Pronouns        SHE
• Verbs        READ
• Determiners        THE
• Adjectives        PINKY
• Nouns        BOOK
• Adverbs        HAPPILY
• Prepositions        OUT
• Interjections        GOODNESS!

8. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
• Free Morphemes
– Open Class Morphemes
– Closed Class Morphemes
• Bound Morphemes

9. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
• Free morphemes-units that can stand alone as
words by themselves.
TREE
• Bound morphemes-units that must be
attached or bound to a free morpheme
TREES

10. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
TYPES OF FREE MORPHEME
• Free Morphemes
– Open Class Morphemes
– Closed Class Morphemes

11. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
TYPES OF FREE MORPHEME
Open Morphemes
• Open Morpheme has independent meaning.
• It can stand alone.
• Also known as “content” words.

12. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
TYPES OF FREE MORPHEME
Closed Morphemes
• Closed Morpheme has dependent meaning.
• It can not stand alone.
• Closed Class are not re-productive.

13. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
TYPES OF FREE MORPHEME
Closed Morphemes
• They serve a function.
– Definiteness
– Comparison
– Quantity
– Conjoining
» Etc.

14. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
BOUND MORPHEME
• Bound morphemes(affixes) must be attached
to the word.
• They are two kinds of bound morphemes.
– Contractible Morphemes
– Affixes

15. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
BOUND MORPHEME
Contractible Morpheme
• Contractible morphemes are like;
– I will  I’ll
– They had  They’d
So, they are auxiliary modals such as will, shall,
has, have, had and would can be contracted in
informal style of language.

16. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
BOUND MORPHEME
Affixes
• Affixes divided into 3 groups;
– Prefixes  unclean
– Infixes  nowadays
– Suffixes  adjustment

17. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
BOUND MORPHEME
Derivational versus Inflectional
• Derivational morphemes say we will change the
meaning of a word.
BUT!
• Inflectional morphemes say we wont change the
meaning of a word but we will modify. Kind a
conciliatory gesture :)

18. MORPHEMES
BOUND FREE
AFFIX Conractible Open Class Closed Class
Derivational Inclectional
Prefıx Suffix Suffix
-un -ness -er is Nouns (bed) Conjunctions (but)
-re -ship -ed are Verbs (bad) Prepositions (in)
-anti -ist -est will Adverbs (absolutely) Pronouns (he)

19. UN – COUNT - ABLE
PREFİX - STEM - SUFFİX
UN COUNT ABLE
BOUND FREE BOUND
DERIVATIONAL INFLECTIONAL

20. MAKING NEW WORDS
Categories
• These techniques could be included in 3 major
categories;
• Coining
• Meaning Change
• Compounding

21. MAKING NEW WORDS
Coining
• Practically, it is a shortening process of a
longer word.
Abbrevition Nasa (National CIA (Central MİT
Aeronautics and Intelligence Agency) (Milli İstihbarat
Space Teşkilatı)
Administration)
Orthographic Dr. (Doctor) Ms. (Miss) Mr. (Müdür)
Abbreviations
Acronyms DNA SSR ( Satellite PAÜ (Pamukkale
(Deoxyribonucleic System Receiver ) Üniversitesi)
Acid)
Clippings Wi-Fi Hİ-Fİ
(Wireless Fidelity) (High Definition)
Blending Smog Spork (Spoon+Fork) Avrasya
(smoke+fog) (Avrupa+Asya)
Generification Apirin Elevator Ufo (Isitici olan)

22. MAKING NEW WORDS
Meaning Change
• It is the (slight) change of meaning which is
the major factor in producing novel words.
Category Change Process (v) To compound(v)
Process (n) To compound(n)
Metaphorical Illuminate To light up
Extension
Back formation Deconstruct Diplomat
(Deconstruction) (Diplomatic)

23. MAKING NEW WORDS
Compounding
• Compounding is combining two morphemes.
• Four Possibilities here are;
– Open Class + Open Class  Hand-bag
– Open Class + Closed Class  Drive-in
– Closed Class + Open Class  Inbound
– Closed Class + Closed Class  Within

24. Noun-Noun Football Darkroom Beşiktaş
Noun + Verb Haircut Sunrise Ateşkes
Noun + Past partiple Handmade Middle-aged Gecekondu
Noun + Adjective Snowwhite Trouble-free
Noun + Adverb Hanger-on Passer-by
Noun + Gerund Bookkeeping Faultfinding Ağaçkakan
Noun + Preposition Love-in Hanger on
Noun + Preposition + Noun End to end Face to face Dişe diş

25. Verb + Noun Telltale Hangman Atardamar
Verb + Verb Become Freeze-Dry Çekyat
Verb + Adverb Drawback Send-off
Verb + Preposition Check-out Check-in
Verb + Gerund
Adjective + Noun Software Full moon
Adjective + Verb Undertake Undergo

26. Division of Morphemes

27. • Sometimes, sentences have multiple meanings and these meanings
can be described in terms of different groupings of words, or
different trees.
• For example, the sentence “The tourist saw the astronomer with
the telescope.” could mean either of the following things;
1. The tourist used the telescope to see the astronomer.
2. The astronomer that the tourist saw had a telescope.
• The difference is whether the prepositional phrase (PP) with the
telescope is grouped with saw the astronomer or just the
astronomer. We can use tree diagrams to show this difference.
• Note that these trees require building blocks beyond the set given
above.

28. The tourist used the telescope to see the astronomer

29. The astronomer that the tourist saw had a telescope.