4. What is Morpheme?
The smallest significant unit of grammar
cooked
(cook+ed)
cook ed
Morphem Morphem
5. Morpheme
• one morpheme: taste
• two morphemes: taste+ful
• three morphemes: dis+taste+ful
• four morphemes: dis+taste+ful+ly
6. Allomorph
A variation of a morpheme
legal illegal
mobile immobile
regular irregular
7. Free and Bound Morpheme
• Free morpheme: Morphemes that can occur as an
independent word.
• Bound morpheme: Morphemes that cannot stand
alone, but must be attached to other morphemes.
distasteful
dis + taste + ful
dis + taste + ful
(bound) + (free) + (bound)
8. Our New Topic
distasteful
dis + taste + ful
dis + taste + ful
(bound) + (free) + (bound)
prefix + root + suffix
How the word is constructed?
New topic will be discussed
10. Lexicology
Lexicology What it is?
• “The study of the lexicon or lexis (specified as the
vocabulary or total stock of words of a language)”
(Lipka, 1992: 1).
• In simple, it is the study of words.
11. Lexicology talks about:
The Origins of Words
Historical Change
Semantic Change
Word Formation our focus
Lexical Semantics
Idioms
Dictionaries
American English vs. British English
12. There is no satisfactory definition of word.
What is word? The most frequently implied meanings of word:
o Orthographic Word
It applies only to the written medium.
o Morphological Word
It considers form (morpheme).
o Lexical Word
It comprehends the various forms of items which are closely related by
meaning.
o Semantic Word
It involves distinguishing between items which may be
morphologically identical but differ in meaning.
14. Affixation Prefix: An affix that is attached to the front
of a base, e.g. re-play.
Suffix: An affix that is attached to the end of
a base, e.g. kind-ness.
Infix: An affix that occur within a base, e.g.
(in Indonesian) s-er-uling.
Confix (Circumfix/Ambifix): An affix that is
attached to the front and to the end of a
base simultaneously, e.g. (in Indonesian) ke-
lapar-an.
15. Word Structure
Root system noun
Stem system+atic noun+suffix
Stem un+system+atic prefix+noun+suffix
Stem un+system+atic+al prefix+noun+suffix+suffix
Word un+system+atic+al+ly prefix+noun+suffix+ suffix+Suffix
Base is sometimes used by Linguist to mean any root or stem to which
an affix is attached. In the example
above, system, systematic, unsystematical, unsystematically would be
considered bases.
16. Word Structure
unbelievable
Word (Adj.)
Prefix Root/Base (V) Suffix
un believe able
believeable
Stem/Base
19. Compounding
o Compounding is a joining of two separate words to produce a single
form. For example:
• Home + Work Homework
• Girl + Friend Girlfriend
• Text + Book Textbook
o When the compound is new, a hyphen (-) is used between the
parts, but as the compound becomes familiar, the hyphen is
dropped.
• Micro + Linguistics Micro-linguistics Microlinguistics
• Supra + Segmental Supra-segmental Suprasegmental
20. Compounding
The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the
meanings of its parts.
o Coconut oil oil made from coconuts.
o Olive oil oil made from olives.
o Baby oil oil for babies
o cathouse a house where men visit prostitutes
o blue-movies
o blue-chip
21. Information
Infotainment
Entertainment
Blending
22. Blending
Blending is the combination of two separate forms to
produce a single new term. For example:
• Breakfast + Lunch Brunch
• Motor + Hotel Motel
• Camera + Recorder Camcorder
• Wireless + Fidelity Wi-Fi
• Universitas + Tirtayasa Untirta
23. Clipping
• Process of creating new words by shortening parts of a longer
word.
• For example:
Doctor Doc
Dormitory Dorm
Professor Prof
Facsimile Fax
Influenza Flu
Examination Exam
Telephone Phone
Hyperactive Hyper
Mathematics Maths
24. Conversion
• A change in the function of a word, as for example when a noun
comes to be used as a verb (without any reduction).
• It, sometimes, is called as zero derivation.
• For example:
stand up (V) stand up comedian (Adj.)
to print out (Phr. V) a printout (N)
bottle (N) to bottle (V)
I chocolate my milk. Chocolate is noun functioned as verb
Don't talk the talk if you can't walk the walk.
25. Backformation
• A process that creates a new word by removing a real
affix from another word.
• A word (usually a noun) is reduced to form another
word of a different type (usually a verb).
• For example:
editor edit-or edit
donation donate–ion donate
babysitter babysit-er babysit
26. Acronyms
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS
• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS
• Light Amplification by Stimulated LASER
Emission of Radiation
• Radio Detecting And Ranging RADAR
• ATM Auto Teller Machine
• TOEFL Test of English as a Foreign Language
• NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Abbreviate a longer term by taking the initial letters
27. Onomatopoeia
• Meow
• Kukuruyuuk
• Krekkkk
• Meong
Words created to sound like the thing that they name
28. Eponyms (Coinage)
• Kodak
• Levis
• Aqua
• Teflon
• Infocus
Words derived from proper names or things
29. Thank You
http://e-learning.edibrata.com
(Some materials are directly adopted from some sources)