This document discusses parts of speech and word order in English grammar. It defines lexical categories as syntactic categories for elements that are part of a language's lexicon. It then identifies and explains different parts of speech in English including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions. It also discusses word order typology and the typical subject-verb-object order in English sentences, with some exceptions.

1. by: Miss Florabel M. Biasong
Abuyod National High
School
Teresa, Rizal

2. The way in which linguistic
elements (words and phrases)
are arranged to form
grammatical sentence structure.

3. A lexical category is a syntactic category for
elements that are part of the lexicon of a
language. These elements are at the word
level.
part of speech
word class
grammatical category
grammatical class

4. Proper Noun Common Noun
Abby mayor
Filipino school
Sunday festival
COUNT NOUN MASS NOUN
book water
sheep grains
box gas
SINGULAR NOUN PLURAL NOUN
animal animals
church churches
knife knives
cactus cacti

5. REGULAR VERB IRREGULAR VERB
walk drive
clap shake
perform know
SIMPLE TENSES PERFECT TENSES
Present – go, goes Present Perfect - has gone
Past - went Past Perfect - had gone
Future - will go Future Perfect – will have gone
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Gail writes a letter. The letter was written by Gail.
The firemen put off the fire. The fire was put off by the
firemen.

6. ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY ADJECTIVE OF QUANTITY
fat a lot
easy little
pretty few
ADJECTIVE OF NUMBER DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE
four this, these
many that
several those
INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE
which my
whose your
whom Their

7. ADVERBS OF MANNER ADVERB OF TIME
moderately a week ago
graciously tomorrow
fervently lately
ADVERB OF PLACE ADVERB OF DEGREE
somewhere greatly
here completely
there entirely

8. PRONOUN I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Me, him, her, us, them
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
Myself, yourself, himself, itself, ourselves
PREPOSITION above, behind, from, through, upon, towards,
underneath, below, between, beyond, across
CONJUNCTION and, but, or nor, yet
although, because, before, till while, since
both…and, either..or, neither…nor, not
only…but also, so…as, whether…or
INTERJECTION Ouch!, Oh no!, Hey!, Alas!, Oh!, Ah!, Wow!,
Presto!, Whew!, Gee!, Hush!

9. “Then you should say what you mean,” the March Hare went
on.
“I do,” Alice hastily replied, “at least—I mean what I say—the
same thing you know.”
“Not the same thing a bit!” Said the Hatter. “You might just
well say that „I see what I eat‟ is the same thing as „I eat what
I see‟!”
“You might just as well say,” added the March Hare „I like
what I get‟ is the same things as „I get what I like‟!”
“You just as well say,” added the Dormouse…that „I breathe
when I sleep‟ is the same thing as „I seep when I breathe‟!”
“It is the same thing with you,” said the Hatter.
from Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland

10. In linguistics, word order
typology refers to the study of
the order of the syntactic
constituents of a language and
how different languages can
employ different orders.

11. 1. Subject – verb – object (SVO)
English, Roman, Bulgarian, Chinese and Swahili
e.g. I see him.
2. Subject – object – verb (SOV)
Japanese, Mongolian, Turkish, Korean
e.g. I him see.
3. verb – subject – object (VSO)
Classical Arabic, Insular Celtic languages,
Hawaiian
e.g. See I him.

12. 4. verb – object - subject (VOS)
Fijian, Malagsay
e.g. See him I.
5. object – verb - subject (OVS)
Hixkaryana
e.g. Him see I.
6. object - subject – verb (OSV)
Xavante, Warao
e.g. Him I see.

13. 1. In a normal (declarative) sentence, the subject of
a sentence comes directly in front of the verb. The
direct object (when there is one) comes directly after
it:
e.g.: The man wrote a letter.
People who live in glasshouses shouldn't
throw stones.
The president laughed.
2. Note that by the subject, we mean not just a single
word, but the subject noun or pronoun plus
descriptive phrases that go with it. The rest of the
sentence - i.e. the part that is not the subject - is
called the predicate.
e.g.: People who live in glasshouses shouldn't
throw stones.

14. 3. If a sentence has any other parts to it - indirect
objects, adverbs or adverb phrases - these usually
come in the following places:
a. The position of the indirect object
- The indirect object follows the direct
object when it is formed with the preposition to:
- The indirect object comes in front of the direct
object if to is omitted
Example: The doctor gave some medicine to the
child.
The doctor gave the child some medicine.

15. b. Adverbs or adverb phrases can come in three
possible places:
- before the subject (Notably with common
adverbs or adverb phrases)
e.g: Yesterday the man wrote a letter.
- after the object (Virtually any adverb or adverb
phrase can be placed here)
e.g.: The man wrote a letter on his computer in the
train.
- in the middle of the verb group. (Notably with
short common adverbs)
e.g.: The man has already written his letter.

16. 4. In standard English, nothing usually comes between the
subject and the verb, or between the verb and the object.
There are a few exceptions. The most important of these
are adverbs of frequency and indirect objects without to.
e.g: The man often wrote his mother a letter.
I sometimes give my dog a bone.
If you always apply these few simple rules, you will not
make too many word order problems in English. The
examples above are deliberately simple - but the rules can
be applied even to complex sentences, with subordinate
and coordinated clauses.
The director, [who often told his staff (to
work harder),] never left the office before [he had checked
his e-mail.]

17. 5. Word order in English questions:
This really is so simple.... Almost all questions use
the same structure.
All you need to do is to remember this simple and
common English phrase:
The structure of almost every simple question in English is
based on this same model:
(Question word if there is one) - Auxiliary or modal -
subject - main verb - (plus the rest of the sentence):
e.g.
What did Tom Cruise do?
Did Arnold Schwarzenegger learn English quickly?
How quickly did Arnold Schwarzenegger learn English ?
Has the representative from that German
company sent us his invoice yet?

18. Exceptions
Examples:
- Never before had I seen such a magnificent exhibition.
(After never or never before, subject and verb can be - and
usually are - inverted).
- Hardly had I left the house, than it started to rain.
(When a sentence starts with hardly, subject and
verb must be inverted.).
- Had I known, I'd never have gone there.
(Inversion occurs in unfulfilled hypothetical conditional
structures when if is omitted.
- The book that you gave me I'd read already.
(The long object, The book that you gave me, is placed at
the start of the sentence for reasons of style: this unusual
sentence structure is not necessary, just stylistic).

19. The rules of syntax combine words
into phrases and phrases into sentences.
Correct word order for a language.
1. The president nominated a new Supreme
Court justice.
2. *President the new Supreme justice Court
a nominated.

20. Describe the relationship between the
meaning of a particular group of words
and the arrangement of those words.
1. I mean what I say.
2. I say what I mean.
Specify the grammatical relations of a
sentence such as subject whom.
1. Your dog chased my cat.
2. My cat chased your dog.

21. Specify the other constraints that
sentences must adhere to.
1. The boy found.
2. The boy found quickly.
3. The boy found in the house.
4. The boy found the ball.
1. Dina slept the baby.
2. Dina slept soundly.
1. Zack believes Robert to be a gentleman.
2. Zack believes to be a gentleman.
3. Zack tries Robert to be a gentleman.
4. Zack ties to be a gentleman.
5. Zack wants to be a gentleman.
6. Zack wants Robert to be a gentleman.

22. Sentences are not simply string of
words with no further organization.
1. Jack and Jill ran up the hill.
2. Jack and Jill ran the hill up.
3. Up the hill ran Jack and Jill.
4. Jack and Jill ran up the bill.
5. Jack and Jill ran the bill up.
6. Up the bill ran Jack and Jill.

23. The syntactic knowledge crucially
includes rules that tell us how words
form groups in a sentence, or how they
are hierarchically arranged with respect
to one another.
The captain ordered all old men and
women off the sinking ship.
old men and women
old men and women