1. The experiment aimed to prepare a mud with a known density and then increase its density by adding barite. Barite has a high specific gravity of 4.2, which allows mud density to be increased up to 21 pounds per gallon.
2. Procedures involved mixing bentonite and water to form a mud, then weighing and adding barite while stirring. The mud balance measured the initial and final mud densities.
3. Barite is the most common weighting agent due to its ability to significantly increase mud density up to 21 ppg, control formation pressures, and stability. It is also inert, readily available, and not classified as hazardous.
This experiment will explain a procedure to get drilling mud with a range of density that requires for maintaining the borehole pressure as drilling goes dipper, the objective is generating a drilling mud; then it requires to rise the density by 0.1ppg and getting a drilling mud that is more dens.
Rheology model 900 viscometer Mud Engineering Exp.Jarjis Mohammed
Rheology model 900 viscometer by jarjis
Experiment Number 7: Rheological Properties using Model 900 Viscometer.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
=============
This a report about Rheological Properties using Model 900 Viscometer.. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
Viscosity and yield point exp. by jarjis
Experiment Number 5: Yield Point.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
Determine Plastic Viscosity, Apparent Viscosity, And Yield point of a drilling fluid (mud) by using Fann VG viscometer.
=============
This a report about Filtration. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
This experiment will explain a procedure to get drilling mud with a range of density that requires for maintaining the borehole pressure as drilling goes dipper, the objective is generating a drilling mud; then it requires to rise the density by 0.1ppg and getting a drilling mud that is more dens.
Rheology model 900 viscometer Mud Engineering Exp.Jarjis Mohammed
Rheology model 900 viscometer by jarjis
Experiment Number 7: Rheological Properties using Model 900 Viscometer.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
=============
This a report about Rheological Properties using Model 900 Viscometer.. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
Viscosity and yield point exp. by jarjis
Experiment Number 5: Yield Point.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
Determine Plastic Viscosity, Apparent Viscosity, And Yield point of a drilling fluid (mud) by using Fann VG viscometer.
=============
This a report about Filtration. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
1-To calculate plastic viscosity of the mud .
2-To calculate yield point.
Viscometer or rheometer is a device used to measure the viscosity and yield point of mud, A sample of mud is placed in a slurry cup and rotation of a sleeve in the mud.
This a report about Marsh Funnel. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
Drilling engineering laboratory
The aim of the test is to know the ability of the mud to suspense the cutting during circulation stop by measuring the gel strength
The objective of this test is to determine the bulk volume,
grain volume, pore volume and effective porosity of
interconnected pores of a core sample with the use of liquid
saturation method.
1-To calculate plastic viscosity of the mud .
2-To calculate yield point.
Viscometer or rheometer is a device used to measure the viscosity and yield point of mud, A sample of mud is placed in a slurry cup and rotation of a sleeve in the mud.
This a report about Marsh Funnel. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
Drilling engineering laboratory
The aim of the test is to know the ability of the mud to suspense the cutting during circulation stop by measuring the gel strength
The objective of this test is to determine the bulk volume,
grain volume, pore volume and effective porosity of
interconnected pores of a core sample with the use of liquid
saturation method.
properties such as (plastic viscosity, yield point ad gel strength) of the drilling fluid ivestigated using OFFITE model 900 viscometer and a computer which can offer a very accurate result.
Comparative Study of Impact of Zinc Oxide and Copper (II) Oxide Nanoparticles...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Drilling fluids play very important roles in the oil and gas industry hence the need to get method of improving their rheological properties cannot be over emphasized. In this study how drilling fluid rheological property can be improved using zinc oxide and copper (II) oxide nanoparticles were investigated. To achieve these objectives, water based drilling fluids (WBDF) were prepared using the standard laboratory barrel (350 ml) method from bentonite, xanthan gum and water. The Zinc oxide and Copper (II) nanoparticles were introduced into the formulation in different proportions. Brookfield rotational viscometer was used to determine the rheological properties of the samples while Fourier Transformation Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to determine the structural analysis of the interaction between the nanoparticles and the Xanthan gum. The results showed that Zinc oxide and CuO nanoparticle improved the rheological properties of the water based drilling fluid. The zinc oxide at equal proportion with xanthan gum at 60 rpm shear rate increased the viscosity from 834.7 to 1597.3 mPa.s while the copper (II) oxide nanoparticles at equal proportion with xanthan gum at 60 rpm shear rate increased from 834.7 to 1452.3 mPa.s at low temperature of 31.5oC. The FTIR analysis of the nanoparticles and xanthan gum revealed that the interactions of the bonds between the nanoparticles and xanthan gum contributed to the improvement in the rheological properties of the drilling fluids. It is concluded that introduction of ZnO nanoparticles and CuO nanoparticles improved the rheological performance of water based drilling fluids with xanthan gum. The ZnO nanoparticles, however, exhibited better improvement than the CuO.
An Experimental Study on Stabilization of Soils by Using Bio Enzymesijtsrd
The present study, an attempt is made to study the properties of soil stabilized with the Terrazyme, in order to use this technology for Geotechnical applications. Laboratory investigations are carried out blending Terrazyme with soil in different dosages and the effect is studied. A series of Standard Proctor tests, Soaked and Unsoaked California Bearing Ratio CBR test, and Unconfined Compressive Strength tests were conducted on locally available clayey soil as well as clayey soil mixed with different proportions of Terrazyme in order to study the improvement of strength properties of Terrazyme stabilized the soil. The specimen are compacted to their respective MDD at optimum moisture content. Results show that the terrazyme can successfully be used to stabilize the soil. Significant improvement was found in both Soaked CBR and Unconfined Compressive Strength. G. V. Rama Rao | P. Hanuma "An Experimental Study on Stabilization of Soils by Using Bio-Enzymes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26439.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/26439/an-experimental-study-on-stabilization-of-soils-by-using-bio-enzymes/g-v-rama-rao
The specific gravity of soil is defined as the unit weight of the soil mass divided by the unit weight of distilled water at 4°C. It is some times required to compare the density of the soil solids to the density of water. This comparison is in the form of ratio and is termed as the specific gravity of the soil.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Drilling Mud Formulation Using Potato Starch(Ipomoea Batatas)IJERA Editor
In the search for suitable local alternatives as additives in the manufacture of drilling muds which is an essential
entity in the exploration of oil and gas, some vital considerations must be put in place such as cost and
environmental effect. This study focuses on the suitability of locally processed potato starch as a viscosifier and
fluid loss agent in drilling mud. Comparative analysis of properties obtained from the prepared potato starch
mud and that formulated from Polyanionic cellulose (PAC) were carried out. Results from this investigation
showed that rheological properties (plastic viscosity and yield point) of the potato starch mud increased when
the content of both viscosifiers were equal at 1.0g/ 316.4ml of water. Plastic viscosity also increased by 13.6%
when potato starch concentration increased by 50%. Also, a combination of PAC and potato starch at a ratio of
1:1 to 0.5:1.5 gave a fluid loss of 7.1 - 7.7 ml which were very close to that of the standard mud at 6.8ml. the
pH, mud weight and specific gravity of the formulated mud samples ranged from 7.0 - 9.0, 7.0 - 9.1 and 0.83 -
1.09 respectively, which were all in line with the standard mud specifications.
ABSTRACT
This experiment examined the effect of mud thinner on drilling fluid density and viscosity. The function of mud thinner is to control and reduce the apparent density of the mud by calculate the amount of water that needed to decrease the density. The experiment was conducted by using one basic mud as the comparison for second experiment that has 10.7ppg mud density, then it uses mud thinner to achieve the exact mud density that required in this experiment which is 10.2ppg. Also, this experiment was undertaken with the purpose of decrease the density of the drilling fluid as well as to measure the properties of the drilling fluids and compare it with the last experiment. In general, to proceed with the experiment in order to achieve the goals mentioned, a range of instruments were selected such Mud mixer, Mud balance, Thermometer, Remoter, Filter press, Graduated cylinder, pH meter / pH paper, Aging cell, Rotating oven and litter cup, Viscometer and Venire calliper. All these materials were used in order to understand the reasons why the mud varies and to know with precision the different properties that the fluids have. overall, at this experiment was conducted by using Bentonite, Barite and soda ash mixed with water to control the density of the mud.
Experimental Evaluation of Sulphate Limits of Mixing Water in Concrete Mortar...ijtsrd
A uniform mix of cement with sand and water is referred as Cement Mortar. But this combination of cement, sand and water has gone obsolete now a days. As, today is high pace time for infrastructure, rather high strength durable infrastructure, so, many more materials are tested to be added with cement mortar to improve its engineering properties and to replace the costliest material viz. cement. Today is the scenario of sky scrapping and complex infrastructures, which results in increasing demand of basic civil engineering material i.e. cement. Engineers are looking for alternative of expensive construction since long. Cement, binder in mortar, is an expensive and exorbitant civil engineering material and it increases the Constructional budget. Not only this, but also cement marks the highest consumption throughout the world after water. Pozzolanic materials also possess binding properties and are inert in nature thus reducing heat of hydration. Pozzolanic materials generally used in mortar production are as follows Slag Fly ash, Silica fume Metakaolin, etc, Pulkit Garg | Mr. Shashi Sharma "Experimental Evaluation of Sulphate Limits of Mixing Water in Concrete Mortar Mix" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49411.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/49411/experimental-evaluation-of-sulphate-limits-of-mixing-water-in-concrete-mortar-mix/pulkit-garg
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
1. 1
Petroleum department
3rd stage
Group (A)
Drilling Lab
2nd
Experiment:
Mud Weighting
Date of experiment: November 19th
2015
Supervised by:
Mr. Pshtiwan Jaf
Prepared by:
Muhammad Faisal
2. 2
Aim of experiment:
The aim of this experiment is to prepare a typical mud with
known density and then modify its physical properties (density) by
adding a limited amount of barite to it and increase the muds
density, and this procedure is called Mud Weighting.
3. 3
Theory:
By far, the principal use for barite is as a "weighting agent" in
oil and natural gas drilling. In this process, barite is crushed and
mixed with water and other materials. It is then pumped into the
drill hole. The weight of this mixture counteracts the force of the
oil and gas when it is released from the ground. This allows the oil
and gas rig operators to prevent the explosive release of the oil
and gas from the ground. Currently, over 75% of barite
consumption in the U.S. is for this drilling application. However, the
consumption in drilling "mud" fluctuates from year to year, as it is
dependent on the amount of exploration drilling for oil and gas,
which in turn depends on oil and gas prices. (Ariffin, 2015)
Mud weighting with barite has many advantages such as:
• Easy to use.
• Density increases to 2.52 S.G (21 pounds per gallon).
• Low addition rate to achieve high densities
• Controls formation pressures
• Improves borehole stability
• Chemically inert
• Does not react with other additives
• Limited particle breakdown. (Kogel, 2006)
4. 4
Introduction:
In this experiment we create a mud with a known density then
we increase the density of the mu by adding barite to it which is a
very common used weighting material in the oil fields. In this
experiment we used the same apparatus and instruments that have
been used in the last experiment in addition to barite. Barite
powder has a specific gravity of 35 and bentonite has a specific
gravity of 20.8 which means barite is a very good weighting
material. In the lab we should be very careful and accurate when
dealing with barite because a single gram more or less of barite
can affect the result of the mud balance which is an instrument
used to determine density and specific gravity. Every single
member of the groups should take part in the experiment, and
should use the apparatus and the necessary materials with total
responsibility.
5. 5
Apparatus & materials:
Mud balance Electronic balance Beaker
Syringe Electric mixer & steel vessels
Water Barite Bentonite
6. 6
Calibration:
1. Remove the lid from the cup.
2. Fill the cup with fresh water around 70°F (21°C).
3. Put the lid back on the cup, (water should come out from the
lids hole).
4. Set the rider on 8.3 ppg or 1 specific gravity.
5. Add or remove steel shot from the Shot well until the
instrument is in balance and the bubble in the level rests in the
center of the level glass.
7. 7
Procedures:
1. Weigh 20.048 g of bentonite on the electric balance.
2. Pour 491.8 cc of water into a 500 ml beaker.
3. Pour the water into two vessels and stir the water with the
mixer, then slowly add the bentonite to the stirring water.
4. Leave the mixer running for few minutes till, then mix the mud
in one of the vessels with the mud in the other.
5. Fill the clean, dry cup to the top with the mud sample.
6. Place the lid on the cup and set it with a gentle twisting
motion. Be sure that some mud is expelled through the hole
in the cap.
7. Cover the hole in the lid with a finger and thoroughly dry the
entire balance.
8. Place the balance on the knife edge and put the rider on 8.53
ppg (the expected mud density) and wait till the cup and arm
are balanced as indicated by the bubble.
9. Pour the mud in the cup into the vessels again and stir the
mud with the mixer.
10. Weigh 54.5 g of barite with the balance.
11. Slowly add the barite to the stirring mud.
12. Fill the mud balance cup with the modified mud.
13. Place the lid on the cup. Be sure that some mud is
expelled through the hole in the cap.
8. 8
14. Place the balance on the knife edge and put the rider on
9.2 ppg (the expected mud density) and wait till the cup and
arm are balanced as indicated by the bubble.
15. Clean and dry the mud balance when finished.
Discussion:
Weighting materials are substances with high specific gravity
which can be added to the mud to increase its density, usually to
control formation pressure. Barium sulfate (BaSO4) or Barite is by
far the most common weighting material used in drilling fluids. It
has an API defined specific gravity of 4.2, which makes it possible
to increase mud weight up to 21 ppg .It is cheap and readily
available. However, suspension of barite requires high gel strength
and viscosity. Barite is chemically inert and insoluble, It is usually
colorless or milky white, but can be almost any color, depending
on the impurities trapped in the crystals during their formation. It
is unusually heavy for a non-metallic mineral. Barite is not the only
weighting material to increase muds density. There are many other
materials that can be used, but the reason of commonly using
barite is because of the advantages it has. Barite is of significance
to petro physicists. In laboratory mud weighting is a very sensitive
experiment so we should be accurate to avoid any human or
machine errors.
Q1) what is the chemical composition of Barite?
A1) Barium sulfate (BaSO4).
9. 9
Q2) why is barite the most common weighting material?
A2)
By increasing slurry density, it helps restrain high formation
pressures and improve mud displacement.
It is applicable in deep, high-temperature wells.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) does not classify
barite additive as a hazardous waste.
Q3) what are the applications of barite?
A3)
• Increase mud density up to 21 ppg (2.5 g/cc).
• Control formation pressure.
• Stabilize the borehole.
• Prepare solids-laden plugs for well control application.
Q4) what are the natural sources of barite?
A4) most barite is mined from layers of sedimentary rock which
formed when barite precipitated onto the bottom of the ocean.
Some smaller mines utilize barite from veins, which formed when
barium sulfate was precipitated from hot subterranean waters. In
some cases, barite is a by-product of mining lead, zinc, silver, or
other metal ores.
Q4) what are the alternatives of barite?
A4) Possible substitutes for barite, include other similar minerals,
such as celestite (strontium sulfate, SrSO4) and iron ore,but barite
10. 10
continues to be the preferred commodity for this application as
long as barite production remains strong.
Q5) what is the common error that we face during mud weighting?
A5) when we add the barite powder to the bentonite mud some of
the powder is lost in the air.
References
Caenn, R., Darley, H. C. H. & Gray, G. R., 2011. Composition and Properties
of Drilling and Completion Fluids. s.l.:Gulf Professional Publishing.
Ariffin, D. K. S., 2015. LIDAR PAGES. [Online]
Available at:
http://lidarmax.altervista.org/lidar/SCIE%20CHIMICHE/BARIO%20generici/
Baryte.pdf
[Accessed 25 November 2015].
Kogel, J. E., 2006. Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets, and
Uses. s.l.:SME.
Lyons, W. C., 2011. Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Engineering. 2 ed. s.l.:Gulf Professional Publishing.