This experiment studied the effects of cooling load and inlet water temperature on a cooling tower's performance. In experiment 1, cooling load was varied at 0.5 kW, 1 kW, and 1.5 kW while water flow rate and air flow were held constant. Higher cooling loads resulted in larger cooling ranges between inlet and outlet water temperatures. Experiment 2 varied water flow rate from 0.8 LPM to 1.6 LPM at a 1 kW cooling load. Higher water flow rates produced smaller cooling ranges and lower heat loads transferred. The results show that increasing cooling load or decreasing water flow rate improves a cooling tower's heat removal capabilities.
The aim of this experiment is to measurement linear thermal along z direction conductivity and to investigate and verify Fourier’s Law for linear heat conduction along z direction and we proved that K is inversely proportional with ΔT, and we have many errors in our experiment that made the result not clear.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Distillation
Subject: 0.2 Introduction to distillation.
Types of Distillation & column internalsBharat Kumar
More:- https://chemicalengineeringworld.com
Distillation is a method of separating the components of a solution which depends upon distribution of the substances between a gas and liquid phase, applied to cases where all components are present in both phases.
* What is distillation ?
* Types of Distillation
* Batch Distillation
* Azeotropic Distillation
* Flooding
* Priming
* Coning
* Weeping
* Dumping
* Packed Column
* Tray column
* Reflux Ratio
* Relative volatility
* Distillation column
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatility (volatility is the tendency of a substance to vaporize. Volatility is directly related to a substance's vapor pressure.) of components in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction
Characteristics of single pump and pumps in series and parallel use of indust...TOPENGINEERINGSOLUTIONS
This is a water engineering assignment on Characteristics of single pump and pumps in series and parallel
(Use of Industry Standard Software)
Module Code: NG2S106, Module Title: Water Engineering
SUMMARYThis report represents the outcome of heat exchang.docxpicklesvalery
SUMMARY:
This report represents the outcome of heat exchange via 4 tubes that are fitted within the shell with four thermocouples to determine the temperature for every pass, two passes for the hot water (in/out) and two for the cold water (in/out). The experiment was commencing according to the amount of hot and cold water that was supplied to the inputs of the heat exchange. The supply was managed by the use of taps that would restrain or allow the gush of water. The temperature for the inputs was constant in the most of the 5 runs while the outputs had been changed due to heat exchange occurring within the shell. Hot water had lost temperature while cold water had gained temperature.
An experiment was set up to resolve the energy losses that affect the hot and cold water, by using thermodynamic laws. During the experiment the water gush rates were measured carefully and the data had been collected and entered to allow the calculations of the energy losses that came out. Finally, it was discovered the heat had been exchanged from the hot into the cold to maintain the temperature inside the shell.
Contents:
SUMMARY:i
1.0INTRODUCTION:1
2.0AIM:1
3.0EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:1
4.0EXPERIMENTAL DATA:2
5.0DATA ANALYSIS:2
6.0DISCUSSION:4
7.0CONCLUSION4
ii
INTRODUCTION:
The exchanger consists of a number of tubes that sit inside a shell that allows cold water to flow through them. Hot water flow through the bordering shell and the two fluids exchange heat. Heat exchanger can come in various forms and as such can have many different motives. A radiator in a car and a boiler in a steam engine are both heat exchanger with the radiator cooling the engine, and the boiler exchanging raw materials into steam that can be used for power generation. The heat exchanger that has been used in this experiment was a basic shell and tube style as shown in figure 1. A Jenco digital thermometer and Jenco thermocouple switches are used in the heat exchanger set up to allow to calculate the measurements for the experiment. Flow meters fitted on the inlet of hot and cold water taps are used to change volume flow rates.
AIM:
The aim of the report is to evaluate the heat losses that came out for the hot water. The experiment will carry of recording temperatures and flow rates and then calculating other possible factors that may cause heat loss.EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:
1) Be familiar with the different part of the experimental.
2) Turn on the cold and hot water taps.
3) Turn valves for the cold water at an initial flow rate (approximate 15 L/min for cold water) Make sure that all the water passes through the flow meters (turn off one of the valves in each water supply line)
4) Water for couple of minutes before reading the data.
5) Take the temperature reading for the thermocouples 1 to 5 by press the Jenco thermocouple buttons.
6) Repeat steps from 3) to 5) for 5 different flow rate combinations.EXPERIMENTAL DATA:
Room temperature: 15°C
Run/Quantities
(L/min)
(L/min)
in ...
The aim of this experiment is to measurement linear thermal along z direction conductivity and to investigate and verify Fourier’s Law for linear heat conduction along z direction and we proved that K is inversely proportional with ΔT, and we have many errors in our experiment that made the result not clear.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Distillation
Subject: 0.2 Introduction to distillation.
Types of Distillation & column internalsBharat Kumar
More:- https://chemicalengineeringworld.com
Distillation is a method of separating the components of a solution which depends upon distribution of the substances between a gas and liquid phase, applied to cases where all components are present in both phases.
* What is distillation ?
* Types of Distillation
* Batch Distillation
* Azeotropic Distillation
* Flooding
* Priming
* Coning
* Weeping
* Dumping
* Packed Column
* Tray column
* Reflux Ratio
* Relative volatility
* Distillation column
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatility (volatility is the tendency of a substance to vaporize. Volatility is directly related to a substance's vapor pressure.) of components in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction
Characteristics of single pump and pumps in series and parallel use of indust...TOPENGINEERINGSOLUTIONS
This is a water engineering assignment on Characteristics of single pump and pumps in series and parallel
(Use of Industry Standard Software)
Module Code: NG2S106, Module Title: Water Engineering
SUMMARYThis report represents the outcome of heat exchang.docxpicklesvalery
SUMMARY:
This report represents the outcome of heat exchange via 4 tubes that are fitted within the shell with four thermocouples to determine the temperature for every pass, two passes for the hot water (in/out) and two for the cold water (in/out). The experiment was commencing according to the amount of hot and cold water that was supplied to the inputs of the heat exchange. The supply was managed by the use of taps that would restrain or allow the gush of water. The temperature for the inputs was constant in the most of the 5 runs while the outputs had been changed due to heat exchange occurring within the shell. Hot water had lost temperature while cold water had gained temperature.
An experiment was set up to resolve the energy losses that affect the hot and cold water, by using thermodynamic laws. During the experiment the water gush rates were measured carefully and the data had been collected and entered to allow the calculations of the energy losses that came out. Finally, it was discovered the heat had been exchanged from the hot into the cold to maintain the temperature inside the shell.
Contents:
SUMMARY:i
1.0INTRODUCTION:1
2.0AIM:1
3.0EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:1
4.0EXPERIMENTAL DATA:2
5.0DATA ANALYSIS:2
6.0DISCUSSION:4
7.0CONCLUSION4
ii
INTRODUCTION:
The exchanger consists of a number of tubes that sit inside a shell that allows cold water to flow through them. Hot water flow through the bordering shell and the two fluids exchange heat. Heat exchanger can come in various forms and as such can have many different motives. A radiator in a car and a boiler in a steam engine are both heat exchanger with the radiator cooling the engine, and the boiler exchanging raw materials into steam that can be used for power generation. The heat exchanger that has been used in this experiment was a basic shell and tube style as shown in figure 1. A Jenco digital thermometer and Jenco thermocouple switches are used in the heat exchanger set up to allow to calculate the measurements for the experiment. Flow meters fitted on the inlet of hot and cold water taps are used to change volume flow rates.
AIM:
The aim of the report is to evaluate the heat losses that came out for the hot water. The experiment will carry of recording temperatures and flow rates and then calculating other possible factors that may cause heat loss.EXPERIMENTAL METHOD:
1) Be familiar with the different part of the experimental.
2) Turn on the cold and hot water taps.
3) Turn valves for the cold water at an initial flow rate (approximate 15 L/min for cold water) Make sure that all the water passes through the flow meters (turn off one of the valves in each water supply line)
4) Water for couple of minutes before reading the data.
5) Take the temperature reading for the thermocouples 1 to 5 by press the Jenco thermocouple buttons.
6) Repeat steps from 3) to 5) for 5 different flow rate combinations.EXPERIMENTAL DATA:
Room temperature: 15°C
Run/Quantities
(L/min)
(L/min)
in ...
Aim:
To determine the heat loss in a double pipe heat exchanger counter-current flow
experiment.
Theory:
A double-pipe heat transfer exchanger consists of one or more pipes placed
concentrically inside another pipe of a larger diameter with appropriate fittings to direct
the flow from one section to the next. One fluid flows through the inner pipe (tube side)
in this experiment (hot water), and the other flows through the annular space (annulus)
(cold water).
The double-pipe heat exchanger is one of the basic kinds of exchangers with a very
flexible configuration. There are two types of counterflow or parallel flow for this type
that are the basis of design and calculation for determining pipe size, length, and
number of bends.
Double pipe heat exchanger counter current: heat is exchanged between two flowing
fluids at a different temperature that flows counter current in the heat exchanger double
pipe.
The efficiency is greater in counter-current than in parallel flow because the two fluids
(water) flow separately in counter-current flow when the high different temperatures
meet heat exchange rapidly due to the difference of temperatures, the hot water
becomes warm then cold as heat exchanges, and the cold water becomes warm the heat
exchange occurs till it reaches steady state. As it is explained in Figure 1.
Heat loss can be found by the equation below:
Q=ΔH=mCpΔT
Where: Q=ΔH is the amount of heat transferred to or from the system (J).
m: mass of the system (Kg)
Cp: constant pressure specific heat capacity of the system (J/g°C)
ΔT: difference in temperature of the system °C.
Experiment: Double pipe heat exchanger
4
Figure 1: concurrent and countercurrent respectively.
Procedure:
Double pipe heat exchanger: as shown in the figure-2:
1. Power switch: No.1
2. Temperature scale to select a temperature to heat the water in the tank [No.2] in
the figure.
3. Water tank a heating coil is used to heat the water [no.3].
4. Power pump to set a flow rate, the water is pumped through the double pipe heat
exchanger. [No.4]
5. A flow rate measurement is found in no.5
6. [No.6-7-8-9-10] The temperature measurements measure temperature
throughout the process.
7. Then the temperature and flow rate are collected in the temperature screen.
Experiment: Double pipe heat exchanger
5
Figure 2: double pipe heat exchanger.
Experiment: Double pipe heat exchanger
6
observation:
1. Turn on the device with the power switch.
2. The flow rate is set as 157 ml/s.
3. Heat water up to [40-50 Celsius] in this experiment: [44.4 Celsius] by the
heating coil in the water tank, set the desired temperature by the temperature
scale in the water tank.
4. Then water is pumped to the pipes by the power pump.
5. Adjust the valves so that the hot water and cold water flow countercurrent.
6. The hot water flows in the inner pipe in the double pipe through the pipe from
the pump to the heat exchanger
7. the cold water flows in the outer pipe counter current from the tank to the pipes
the valv
วารสารวิชาการเทคโนโลยีพลังงานและสิ่งแวดล้อม บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย วิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสยาม
Journal of Energy and Environment Technology of Graduate School Siam Technology College
This paper describes an experimental study of using the waste heat from a Panasonic Under-
Ceiling split room air - conditioner had a rated capacity of 3.51 kW (12,000 Btu/h). An under – ceiling
split type air conditioning for heating domestic water in private homes. Energy recovery improved the
performance, and the recovered energy could replace electricity completely for heating domestic water
use. An extra charge of refrigerant in the air-conditioner could prevent its compressor from over heating
during energy recovery. The experimental conducted on varies capacity of the range from 22.5 litres to
120 litres storage tank. Results show the water temperature increased lies in the range of 50 OC to 65
OC. It was found that, when the initial water temperature in the 22.5 litres storage tank 27 OC, the water
temperature reached 65 OC in 105 minutes. For 120 litres water, temperature increased from 27 OC to 62
OC,5 in 240 minutes.
Pure Substance Pure substance is a chemically homogenous s.docxamrit47
Pure Substance
Pure substance is a chemically homogenous substance and invariable in chemical
composition. The chemical composition in a pure substance is in a fixed ratio throughout
the system and does not change during any process. A fixed relationship between the
pressure and temperature of the pure substance can be determined when two phases of a
pure substance are in equilibrium. The pure substance which used in this experiment is
water. Water has a freezing point of 0
o
C and a boiling point of 100
o
C. Besides, it can
exist in three different states which are solid, liquid and gaseous states.
Steam Properties
There are several steam properties and saturation temperature is one of the steam
properties. Saturation is the condition which the mixture of liquid and vapour can exist
together at a given temperature and pressure. Saturation temperature is the equilibrium
temperature during phase change and the temperature where the evaporation or the
condensation process of the pure substance starts to occur in a given system pressure.
Besides, saturation pressure is the equilibrium pressure in a given system temperature.
Property diagram is a diagram which shows the phases of a substance and the
relationships between its properties. There are two common property diagram which are
P-V property diagram and T-V property diagram. Figure 1 below shows the T-V property
diagram which could clearly describe the property of the pure substance during phase
change in this experiment.
Figure 1: Property Diagram
Based on Figure 1, when the saturation temperature is higher than the liquid
temperature, it is fallen into the sub-cooled liquid region. The liquid in this region is
known as sub-cooled liquid or compressed liquid. Next, when the heat is continually
supplied to the liquid, the temperature of the liquid will rise gradually. The liquid will
reach saturation when it reaches the saturation temperature and it is also known as
saturated liquid. Vaporization occurs when further heat is applied and the phase of the
pure substance is starting to change. In this phase, liquid and vapour exist together and
the temperature is in equilibrium. It is known as saturated wet vapour as the vapour
fraction in the mixture is increasing. When the liquid has evaporated fully into vapour
state and the temperature is still remained at saturation temperature, it is known as dry
saturated vapour. Lastly, when the vapour temperature is higher than the saturation
temperature, it is categorized in superheated region and known as superheated vapour.
Enthalpy is one of the steam properties and it is the total sum of internal energy
plus the product of the pressure and volume as shown in the Equation 1 below.
H = U + P * V (Equation 1)
where,
H = Enthalpy (J)
U = Internal Energy (J)
P = Pressure (Pa)
V = Volume (m
3
)
The formula in Equation 1 can be expressed in term o ...
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Cooling tower full report
1. ABSTRACT
This experiment was conducted to perform energy and mass balance on the cooling
tower system and to observe the effects of one of the process variables on the exit
temperature of water. For water cooling tower experiment, there are several parameters that
can be adjusted to observe its effects on the evaporation of water. The parameters are
temperature and flow rate of water, relative humidity and flow rate of air and cooling load. In
this experiment, we choose the cooling load as variable while water flow rate and flow rate as
constant parameters. The steady flow equations which is energy and mass balances were
employed in order to provide an insight on the amount of energy transferred between phases
under different conditions. The energy transfer calculated from the experiment for cooling
load of 0.5 kJ/s , 1.0 kJ/s and 1.5 kJ/s.
INTRODUCTION
The laboratory cooling tower is a cooling tower unit from a commercial air
conditioning system used to study the principles of cooling tower operation. It is used in
conjunction with a residential size water heater to simulate a cooling tower used to provide
cool water to an industrial process. In the case of the laboratory unit, the cooling tower
process load is provided by the water heater. The laboratory cooling tower allows for
complete control of the speed of the fan used in cooling the warm return water and the pump
used to return the cooled water to the water heater.
Experiments can be conducted which study how adjustment of one or both of these
parameters affects the amount of heat removed from the water provided to the water heater.
The remainder of this report will explain the theory behind the operation of a cooling tower
and how the laboratory cooling tower is operated. An example of a mass and energy balance
on the laboratory cooling tower will be presented along with the results of experiments in
which the rate of heat dissipated by the tower was calculated at full capacity and when the
pump speed and fan speed were varied independently.
2. OBJECTIVE
To study the performance at different ranges cooling load and inlet temperature of
cooling tower.
THEORY
The cooling tower experiment operate according to the First Law of Thermodynamics
which is the conservation of energy. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, just
transformed from one form to another. The energy that enter the system must exit the
systemas it can diffuse through the system. Energy that enters the cooling tower is in the form
of hot water. (Other energy contributions such as heat generation fromfriction of both air and
water, energy losses from pipes, etc. are ignored.) This hot water was cooled from
temperature T1to a temperature of T2. The cooling of the hot water was in the form of
forced convection 3 by which ambient air at T1 was blown over the hot water and exited the
cooling tower at some temperature T2. The data of both the enterence and the exit
temperature was recorded.
The main component of the energy balance is enthalpy which is defined as:
H= U+PV.
H= enthalpy
U =internal energy
P=pressure
V = is volume
This equation is related to the heat as it is use to calculate the enthalpy of the system.
Enthalpy can be calculated or referenced from tables of data for the fluid being used. In this
experiment we used the air and wateras the fluids in the cooling tower. Enthalpy values can
be obtained from a thermodynamics textbook. For example: Since both the initial and
finaltemperatures of the input hot water and the output cool water were measured, the
temperature T in can be referenced and the enthalpy (BTU/lbm, or KJ/kg) can be recorded.
The enthalpy of the output cooled water can be similarly referencedand an energy balance
3. can be conducted for the water.The equation below displays the general method to conduct an
energy balance:
in = out
where H = H in - H out.
The change in enthalpy for air can be determined form either of two methods. Since the air is
at low pressure, it can be treated as an ideal gas and the enthalpy change can be calculated
through the use of the following equation:
H = Cp T (3)
where H is the change in enthalpy, T is the change in temperature, and Cp is the
specific heat with respect to constant pressure.
As water going into the cooling tower it loses energy. The enthalpy of the water going
into the tower can be determined by using the enthalpy of saturated liquid water in a steam
table. The enthalpy of the water coming out of the tower can be determined in the same way.
The data in steam tables are usually not given for every temperature so linear interpolation
must be performed to determine the enthalpy at the desired temperature. Then the enthalpy of
the water is multiplied by the mass flow rate. A basis of an operation of 1 minute was chosen
to make the calculation easier. The change in enthalpy for the water is determined by
.
The change in energy of the air can be determined using the same methodology as was used
for water. The enthalpy change is shown as
.
4. However, the determination of the enthalpy of air is more complicated than the
determination of the enthalpy values of the water stream. Now that the mass flow rate of dry
air is known, the enthalpy values of the in and out streams can be determined. The change in
enthalpy of the water should have a negative value, and the change in enthalpy of the air
should have a positive value. Theoretically, when the two values are added together, the
result should be zero. This can be shown by the first law of thermodynamics where
and
5. APPARATUS AND SET UP
Stopwatch
Deionized water
SOLTEQ Bench Top Cooling Tower Unit (Model: HE152)
1. Orifice
2. Water distributor
3. Packing column
4. Flow meter
5. Receiver tank
6. Air blower
7. Make-up tank
8. Differential Pressure Transmitter
9. Load Tank
10. Control Panel
6. PROCEDURE
1. Valves V1 and V6 were checked and ensured to be closed and valve V7 to be partially
opened.
2. The load tank was filled with deionized water. Firstly, the make-up tank was removed
and deionized water was poured through the opening at the top of the load tank. The
make-up tank was replaced onto the load tank and the nuts were lightly tightened.
Then, the tank was filled with deionized water up to the zero mark and the scale.
3. Deionized water was added to the wet bulb sensor reservoir to the fullest.
4. All appropriate tubing was connected to the differential pressure sensor.
5. The appropriate cooling tower packing was installed for the experiment.
6. Temperature set point of temperature controller was set to 45o-C. The 1.0kW water
heater was switch on and water was heated up to 40oC.
7. The pump was switched on and the control valve V1 was slowly opened and the water
flow rate was set to 2LPM.
8. The damper was fully opened and the fan was switched on.
9. Blower switch was switched on after the water already went through the cooling
tower.
10. The unit was run for 20 minutes to ensure float valve correctly adjusted the level in
the load tank. The make-up tank was refilled as required.
11. The damper and the flow rate were set to be constant.
12. The 1.0kW water heater was switched off to set the power as 0kW.
13. Record all the data required after 10 minute to ensure the unit stabilized for first trial
and another 10 minutes for second trial.
14. To measure the differential pressure across the orifice , valves V4 and V5 were
opened while valves V3 and V6 were closed.
15. To measure the differential pressure across the column, valves V3 and V6 were
opened while V4 and V5 were closed.
16. The water heater then was set to 0.5kW, 1.0kW and 1.5kW.
17. After all the experiments were done, the heaters were switched off and the water was
let to circulate through the cooling tower system for 3-5 minutes until the water
cooled down.
18. The fan was switched off and the fan damper was closed fully
19. The pump and power supply were switched off.
7. RESULT
Heater
Column B
Water flow rate : 1.0 LPM
Blower: fully opened
Heater (kW) 0.5 1.0 1.5
Air inlet dry bulb, T1(°C) 26.8 26.7 26.9
Air inlet wet bulb, T2(°C) 27.5 27.3 27.3
Air outlet dry bulb, T3(°C) 25.6 26.1 27.4
Air outlet wet bulb, T4(°C) 25.9 26.6 28.0
Water inlet temperature,
T5(°C)
36.6 38.7 44.9
Water outlet temperature,
T6(°C)
25.1 25.6 26.1
Heater power (W) 425 801 1232
Dp orifice 108 108 108
Dp column 0 0 0
8. Water flow rate
Column B
Heater: 1.0 KW
Blower : fully opened
Water flow rate (LPM) 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Air inlet dry bulb, T1(°C) 27.3 27.6 27.9 27.4 27.2
Air inlet wet bulb, T2(°C) 27.8 28.0 28.1 27.9 27.5
Air outlet dry bulb, T3(°C) 28.1 26.8 26.1 26.2 26.0
Air outlet wet bulb, T4(°C) 29.7 26.7 23.3 21.5 20.2
Water inlet temperature,
T5(°C)
48.2 39.9 30.1 26.0 23.5
Water outlet temperature,
T6(°C)
26.9 25.9 24.8 23.5 22.9
Heater power (W) 829 812 801 796 784
Dp orifice, (Pa) 111 109 107 105 102
Dp column, (Pa) 0 0 0 0 0
9. CALCULATION
Experiment 1
Water flow rate constant = 1.0LPM
Variable : heater
Change in temperature for each power supply, ∆T (cooling range)
= water inlet temperature,T5 – water outlet temperature, T6
Power = 0.5 kW
∆𝑇 = 𝑇5 − 𝑇6
= 36.6 − 25.1
= 11.5
Power =1.0 kW
∆𝑇 = 𝑇5 − 𝑇6
= 38.7 − 25.6
= 13.1
Power =1.5 kW
∆𝑇 = 𝑇5 − 𝑇6
= 44.9 − 26.1
= 18.8
10. Experiment 2
At water flow rate 0.8 LPM = 0.013 kg/s
Cooling range, ∆T = water inlet temperature,T5 – water outlet temperature,T6
= 48.2 – 26.9
=21.3°C
Heat load Q = mCp∆T
= 0.013kg/s x 4.186 x 21.3°C
= 1.1591kW
Water flow rate (LPM) Heat load, kW Cooling range, °C
0.8 1.1591 21.3
1.0 0.9962 14.0
1.2 0.4526 5.3
1.4 0.1494 2.5
1.6 0.3302 0.6
11. DISSCUSSION
From this experiment, the instrument was used in this experiment is Water Cooling
Tower HE152 unit. All cooling towers operate on the principle of removing heat from water
by evaporating a small portion of the water that is recirculated through the unit. The heat that
is removed is called the latent heat of vaporisation. This experiment consist of three
experiment. Experiment 1: Investigation of the effect of different the power of heater toward
cooling range of cooling tower. Experiment 2: Investigation of the effect of cooling range
toward different water flow rate.
There are several term in principle of cooling tower need to be focused when conducting
this experiment as a basic knowledge to perform experiment perfectly. First, cooling range.
The difference in temperature between the hot water entering the tower and the cold water
leaving the tower is the cooling range. Second is approach. The difference between the
temperature of the cold water leaving the tower and the wet-bulb temperature of the air is
known as the approach. Establishment of the approach fixes the operating temperature of the
tower and is a most important parameter in determining both tower size and cost. Others is
heat load and wet-bulb temperature. Heat Load is the amount of heat to be removed from the
circulating water within the tower. Heat load is equal to water circulation rate (gpm) times the
cooling range times 500 and is expressed in BTU/hr. Heat load is also an important parameter
in determining tower size and cost. Wet-Bulb Temperature is the lowest temperature that
water theoretically can reach by evaporation. Wet-Bulb temperature is an extremely
important parameter in tower selection and design and should be measured by a
psychrometer.
For experiment 1, Investigation of the effect of different the power of heater toward
cooling range of cooling tower based on three different value of power of heater which is 0.5
kW, 1.0 kW and 1.5 kW give the result of three different cooling range. When we used the
value of heater power above it will resulting the value of cooling range 11.5°C, 13.1°C, and
18.8°C respectively. It show that increasing the value of heater power will increase the
temperature of cooling range in cooling tower by constant of air blower and constant water
flow rate which is 1.0 LPM (liter per minute).
For experiment 2, we have investigate of the effect of cooling range toward different
water flow rate. We choose to investigate the relationship between the flow rate and the
cooling effect at 0.8 (LPM), 1.0 (LPM), 1.2(LPM), 1.4(LPM) and 1.6(LPM). From the
12. calculation, the value of cooling range where T5-T6 will show the decresing value which is
21.3°C, 14.0°C, 5.3°C, 2.5°C and 0.6°C respectively. From this data we can conclude that the
faster water flow rate will give small value of mass transfer which in this term of heat transfer
in this cooling system. In this experiment also we can calculate the value of heat load based
on different water flow rate. From calculation, the heat load show the value 1.1591 kW,
0.9962 kW, 0.4526 kW, 0.1492 kW and 0.3302 kW respectively. It prove that the heat that
released is become decrease when the water flow rate is increase.
CONCLUSION
For the conclusion of this experiment, we can said that this experiment was
successfully conducted because the objective of the experiment had achieved. This
experiment consist of two part which is experiment 1 and 2. For experiment 1 we can
conclude that if the value of heater power is increasing the temperature of the cooling range
in the cooling tower will increase. In experiment 2, based on the result obtain, we can
conclude that the higher the water flowrate , the lower the energy in the form of heat transfer
or released and the higher the power the lower the energy transfer.
13. RECOMMENDATION
In order to obtain better results, there are a few methods or recommendations that may be
considered.
1. The auxiliary heaters always be used during experiments in order to increase the
temperature difference between the return water from the water heater and the cool
supply water. This increase in temperature difference will allow for a larger enthalpy
difference and will decrease the possibility of the enthalpy difference being negligible.
2. The humidity recording devices were not working properly. So,be recalibrated or
replaced so that more accurate and timely measurements of humidity can be made.
3. Use appropriate safety PPE when conducting the experiment
4. Make consultation with lab assistance before run the experiment
5. Make sure student know how to use the equipment.
6. Avoid any of mistake and error when conducting the experiment to get best result. Stay
alert to the time taken of every ten minutes running.
REFFERENCE
1. http://www.towercomponentsinc.com/operation-cooling-tower.php
2. http://www.baltimoreaircoil.com/english/what-is-evaporative-cooling
3. http://www.matangi.in/principle-operation.html
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower