gross Anatomy of Mid Brain.location an relation of midbrain. external an internal features of mid brain. cross section at the level of superior and inferior colliculus. Anterior and posterior view of midbrain.
clinical correlation of midbrain.
gross Anatomy of Mid Brain.location an relation of midbrain. external an internal features of mid brain. cross section at the level of superior and inferior colliculus. Anterior and posterior view of midbrain.
clinical correlation of midbrain.
Disclaimer: I know the maximum was 1500 words but I'm a perfectionist and tried to include almost everything I learned in the course. this essay is about 1000-2000 words more than expected. You can pass on “What is depression and Gaze, senses, motor activities, emotion states during depression” if you want to, but please don’t!
And don’t forget to be gentle with the grading process, this is my first time doing such things in English thanks!
So let's be more comfortable. This idea came to my mind when I saw one student from our uni joined this course and he was kinda smartish so I didn’t want to fall apart and I applied too but as far, as I go I find more reasons to apply …. I'm a college student in education(consultation ) and I plan to read a psychology-related major and be a future therapist! In that field besides all the theories and that stuff, the body biology especially the brain and nervous system is important and needed. because the way our body affects our mental state is pretty incredible.so I decided to join this course to know better about this stuff and also have a thing or two to say in related discussions. another reason is to experience sth new, some new form of education. Also, the degree and experience of an Ivy League university education have a little part too. I wish you all the best, especially Dr. Mason
The body's balance between acidity and alkalinity is referred to as acid-base balance. The blood's acid-base balance is precisely controlled because even a minor deviation from the normal range can severely affect many organs. The body uses different mechanisms to control the blood's acid-base balance.
Muscle spindles are proprioceptors that consist of intrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath (spindle). They run parallel to the extrafusal muscle fibers and act as receptors that provide information on muscle length and the rate of change in muscle length. The spindles are stretched when the muscle lengthens. This stretch causes the sensory neuron in the spindle to transmit an impulse to the spinal cord, where it synapses with alpha motor neurons. This causes activation of motor neurons that innervate the muscle. The muscle spindles determine the amount of contraction necessary to overcome a given resistance. When the resistance increases, the muscle is stretched further, and this causes spindle fibers to activate a greater muscle contraction.
Have you ever wondered why you sweat when you get too hot from running or shiver on a cold winter's day in this video we are going to explain why your body behaves like this.
Humans are endotherms and this means we are warm blooded we keep our body operating at thirty seven degrees Celsius regardless of the external conditions however this is a real challenge as our environment changes all the time depending on the weather, our clothes, if we are inside by the fire or outside having a snowball fight. So how does this work?
It's quite similar to the heating system in a house. in a house is a thermostat that measures the temperature if the house gets cold the thermostat will tell the radiators to turn on and heat it up if it's too hot they will be told to switch off simple.
Your body works in just the same way here in your brain as a special area called the hypothalamus and it measures the temperature of the blood flowing through it and also it collects information from temperatures senses around the body. it then decides if the temperature is too hot or too cold and we'll try and bring it back to thirty seven degrees Celsius. If you are too hot the hypothalamus can then send signals out to the body by the nervous system that can cause barriers to fact. It can send a signal to your skin and cool sweat glands to secrete the sweat on to the surface of the skin the sweat itself is not cold but it works because it takes the heat away from your body in order to evaporate it.
Another way of losing is vasodilation let kind of these blood vessels narrows this. That said the skin open white and allow blood to flow through them. They heat is radiated from the blood into the air and the blood cools down. If you get too cold you can do the opposite with these blood vessels and place them on keeping the blood away from the surface of the skin this is called vasoconstriction this is when your muscles contract in order to make. Another fact you may have noticed when you are cold against them. If you look more place the at least the Bulls what you realized is that each of the little bugger has a has to hit out at.
These has stood up on and struck a layer of air around the skin air is a fantastic insulate of heat and this will keep you nice and warm.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
3. AUTONOMIC NRVOUS SYSTEM
• Autonomic nervous system (ANS) is
primarily concerned with regulation of
visceral functions of the body. So, it is
also called involuntary nervous system.
4. • From anatomical and physiological point
of view, ANS is
divided into two divisions:
1. Sympathetic division
2. Parasympathetic division.
5. Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System
• It is the part of the autonomic nervous
system, located near the thoracic and
lumbar regions in the spinal cord. Its
primary function is to stimulate the
body’s fight or flight response. It does
this by regulating the heart rate, rate
of respiration, pupillary response and
more.
6. • The sympathetic nervous
system directs the body's rapid
involuntary response to dangerous or
stressful situations. A flash flood of
hormones boosts the body's alertness
and heart rate, sending extra blood to
the muscles.
7. Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous
System:
• It is located in between the spinal cord
and the medulla. It primarily stimulates
the body’s “rest and digest” and “feed
and breed” response.
8.
9. Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Involved in the fight or flight response.
Involved in maintaining homeostasis and also, permits the rest
and digest response.
The sympathetic system prepares the body for any potential
danger.
The parasympathetic system aims to bring the body to a state of
calm.
Sympathetic system has shorter neuron pathways, hence a
faster response time.
Has comparatively longer neuron pathways, hence a slower
response time.
Increases heartbeat, muscles tense up. Reduces heartbeat, muscles relaxes.
The pupil dilates to let in more light. The pupil contracts.
Saliva secretion is inhibited. Saliva secretion increases, digestion increases.
On “fight and flight” situations, Adrenaline is released by the
adrenal glands; more glycogen is converted to glucose.
No such functions exist in “fight or flight” situations.
10.
11. AGING AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• A variety of functional and anatomical
changes in the autonomic nervous system
occur with age. These changes impair one's
ability to “react” to environmental or internal
stimuli that would normally be addressed with
alterations in autonomic activity and a
corresponding change in visceral functioning.
12. AGING AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The aging brain does lose neurons, but this is
only a small percentage of the total and not
the usual cause of mental impairment in
elderly people. (Far more common causes are
depression, malnutrition, hypotension, and the
side effects of medications.)
13. • Some forgetfulness is to be expected,
however, as is a decreased ability for rapid
problem solving, but most memory should
remain intact. Voluntary movements become
slower, as do reflexes and reaction time.
Think of driving a car, an ability most of us
take for granted. For elderly people, with
their slower perceptions and reaction times,
greater consciousness of driving is necessary.
14. • efficiency of ANS declines in old age,
like rest of ns target organs have fewer
receptor proteins for NT and are less
responsive
• Dry eyes, poorer night vision, slower
adapting to intensity, less efficient
control of BP
15. • As the autonomic nervous system ages, dry
eyes and constipation may become problems.
Transient hypotension may be the result of
decreased sympathetic stimulation of
vasoconstriction. In most cases, however,
elderly people who are aware of these aspects
of aging will be able to work with their
physicians or nurses to adapt to them.
