The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes that the nervous system is comprised of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, which act as the control center. The PNS includes nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body. Neurons are the basic working units that transmit signals through the nervous system. Communication occurs at synapses between neurons. The brain and spinal cord work together with the peripheral nerves to coordinate sensory input, integration of information, and motor output to control bodily functions.
THIS PRESENTATION IS UPLOADED TO HELP THE EDUCATOR OF MEDICAL, NURSING & ALLIE HEALTH SCIENCES TO TEACH THEIR STUDENTS ABOUT THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. IT WILL ALSO CREATE AWARENESS AMONG THE COMMON PEOPLE REGARDING NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Introduction to nervous system, Divisions of Nervous System, Nervous System P...Shaista Jabeen
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrrAABI7QDRCJ1yMrQCip_w/videos
https://www.facebook.com/ShaistaJabeeen/
https://www.facebook.com/Human-Physiology-Lectures-100702741804409/
Introduction to nervous system, Divisions of Nervous System, Nervous System Physiology
Introduction to nervous system
Divisions of Nervous System
Nervous System Physiology
DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Short Notes
ppt pdf
1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 11:
Types of nerves- structure and functions
Brain and cranial nerves.
Spinal cord and motor and sensory pathways of the spinal cord, autonomic nervous system.
Nervous system:
Nervous system is one of vital system in our body which control and coordinate all the functions of body parts.
Classification:
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
1. Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Somatic nervous System & Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Central Nervous System (CNS):
The central nervous system (CNS) controls most functions of the body and mind.
It consists of two parts: the brain and the spinal cord.
The brain is the center of our thoughts, the interpreter of our external environment, and the origin of control over body movement.
It interprets information from our special senses, as well as from internal organs
Meninges:
The coverings of brain and spinal cord are called meninge.
There are 3 layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Dura (outer layer)
Arachnoid (middle layer)
Pia matter (inner layer)
Dura mater: The tough outer layer is called the dura mater. protect the central nervous system.
Arachnoid: The middle layer is the arachnoid, It contains cerebrospinal fluid, which acts to cushion the brain
Pia matter: the innermost layer of the meninges, the pia mater closely covers the brain.
Brain:
Introduction:
The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body.
the brain and spinal cord Together make up the central nervous system, or CNS
The brain receives information through our five senses: sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing - often many at one time
Diagram:
Structure:
The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
Cerebrum (telencephalon or endbrain): is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
Cerebellum (little brain): is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.
Brainstem: consist midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord.
Functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
Lobes of the brain:
Each hemisphere has 4 lobes:
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Each lobe may be divided, once again, into areas that serve very specific functions
The cerebral cortex has many folds, called the gyrus (plural: "gyri") and its trough is called a sulcus (plural: sulci)
Deep structure of Brain:
Hypothalamus: is located in the floor of the third ventricle and
THIS PRESENTATION IS UPLOADED TO HELP THE EDUCATOR OF MEDICAL, NURSING & ALLIE HEALTH SCIENCES TO TEACH THEIR STUDENTS ABOUT THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. IT WILL ALSO CREATE AWARENESS AMONG THE COMMON PEOPLE REGARDING NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Introduction to nervous system, Divisions of Nervous System, Nervous System P...Shaista Jabeen
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrrAABI7QDRCJ1yMrQCip_w/videos
https://www.facebook.com/ShaistaJabeeen/
https://www.facebook.com/Human-Physiology-Lectures-100702741804409/
Introduction to nervous system, Divisions of Nervous System, Nervous System Physiology
Introduction to nervous system
Divisions of Nervous System
Nervous System Physiology
DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Short Notes
ppt pdf
1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 11:
Types of nerves- structure and functions
Brain and cranial nerves.
Spinal cord and motor and sensory pathways of the spinal cord, autonomic nervous system.
Nervous system:
Nervous system is one of vital system in our body which control and coordinate all the functions of body parts.
Classification:
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
1. Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Somatic nervous System & Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Central Nervous System (CNS):
The central nervous system (CNS) controls most functions of the body and mind.
It consists of two parts: the brain and the spinal cord.
The brain is the center of our thoughts, the interpreter of our external environment, and the origin of control over body movement.
It interprets information from our special senses, as well as from internal organs
Meninges:
The coverings of brain and spinal cord are called meninge.
There are 3 layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Dura (outer layer)
Arachnoid (middle layer)
Pia matter (inner layer)
Dura mater: The tough outer layer is called the dura mater. protect the central nervous system.
Arachnoid: The middle layer is the arachnoid, It contains cerebrospinal fluid, which acts to cushion the brain
Pia matter: the innermost layer of the meninges, the pia mater closely covers the brain.
Brain:
Introduction:
The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body.
the brain and spinal cord Together make up the central nervous system, or CNS
The brain receives information through our five senses: sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing - often many at one time
Diagram:
Structure:
The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
Cerebrum (telencephalon or endbrain): is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
Cerebellum (little brain): is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.
Brainstem: consist midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord.
Functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
Lobes of the brain:
Each hemisphere has 4 lobes:
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Each lobe may be divided, once again, into areas that serve very specific functions
The cerebral cortex has many folds, called the gyrus (plural: "gyri") and its trough is called a sulcus (plural: sulci)
Deep structure of Brain:
Hypothalamus: is located in the floor of the third ventricle and
The nervous system of vertebrates (including humans) is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The (CNS) is the major division, and consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The spinal canal contains the spinal cord, while the cranial cavity contains the brain.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
1. The Nervous System
Dr. Ghizal Fatima
Assistant Professor
Department of Biochemistry
ERA UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW,
INDIA
2. Central Nervous System
• Made up of brain and
spinal cord
• Acts as body’s control
center, coordinates
body’s activities
– Impulses travel through
the neurons in your
body to reach the brain
• Central Nervous System
is yellow in this
diagram.
3. Peripheral Nervous System
• Made up of all the nerves that
carry messages to and from the
central nervous system.
• Central Nervous System and
Peripheral Nervous System work
together to make rapid changes
in your body in response to
stimuli.
• Peripheral Nervous System is
green in this diagram.
4. • The central nervous system includes
the brain and spinal cord.
• The brain and spinal cord are protected by bony
structures, membranes, and fluid.
• The brain is held in the cranial cavity of the skull and
it consists of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and
the brain stem.
• The nerves involved are cranial nerves and spinal
nerves.
5.
6. Overview of the entire nervous system
• The nervous system has three main functions:
1 sensory input,
2 integration of data
3 motor output.
Sensory input is when the body gathers
information, by neurons, glia and synapses.
• The nervous system is composed of excitable nerve
cells, neurons and synapses that form between the
neurons and connect them to centers throughout
the body or to other neurons.
• These neurons operate on excitation or inhibition,
and although nerve cells can vary in size and
location, their communication with one another
determines their function.
7. • These nerves conduct impulses from sensory
receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
• The data is then processed by way of
integration of data, which occurs only in the
brain.
• After the brain has processed the information,
impulses are then conducted from the brain
and spinal cord to muscles and glands, which is
called motor output.
8. • The nervous system is comprised of two major parts,
or subdivisions, the central nervous system (CNS) and
the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
• The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain
is the body's "control center".
• The PNS is a vast network of spinal and cranial nerves
that are linked to the brain and the spinal cord.
• The PNS is then subdivided into the autonomic
nervous system and the somatic nervous system.
• The autonomic has involuntary control of internal
organs, blood vessels, smooth and cardiac muscles.
The somatic has voluntary control of skin, bones,
joints, and skeletal muscle.
9. General functions of the CNS
When the CNS becomes damaged or peripheral
nerves become trapped, it can increase or
decrease your internal organs functionality, it can
affect your facial expressions, i.e. make you frown
a lot
10. • lung capacity is increased or decreased,
bladder can fill , but you are unable to
urinate,
• the muscles in your arms, legs, and torso can
become weaker and more fatty, not from lack
of use, but from the nerves that run from
your spine into them being restricted from
working properly,
• you can suffer headaches, earaches, sore
throats, blocked sinuses.
• Even your ability to orgasm can be affected.
11. Structure of neuron Neurons are highly
specialized for the
processing and
transmission of
cellular signals
The soma (cell body) is the
central part of the neuron. It
contains the nucleus of the cell
The dendrites of a neuron are cellular
extensions with many branches. This is
where the majority of input to the neuron
occurs
The axon carries nerve signals away from
the soma
Axon terminal used to release
neurotransmitter chemicals and
communicate with target neurons
12. • Types of Neurons
• Neurons are usually classified based on the role
they play in the body. Two main types of
neurons are sensory neurons and motor
neurons.
• Sensory neurons carry nerve impulses from
sense organs and internal organs to the CNS.
• Motor neurons carry nerve impulses from the
CNS to organs, glands, and muscles—the
opposite direction.
13. Function
• neurons convey information from tissues and
organs into the CNS.
• Afferent neurons are sensory neurons that carry
nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the
central nervous system and brain, while
• efferent neurons are motor neurons that carry
neural impulses away from the central nervous
system and towards muscles to cause
movement.
14. The Synapse
• The place where the axon of one neuron
meets the dendrite of another is called
a synapse.
• Synapses are also found between neurons and
other types of cells, such as muscle cells.
• The axon of the sending neuron does not
actually touch the dendrite of the receiving
neuron. There is a tiny gap between them, the
synaptic cleft
15.
16. The following steps describe what happens when a
nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon.
• When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, the
axon releases chemicals called neurotransmitters.
• Neurotransmitters travel across the synapse between
the axon and the dendrite of the next neuron.
• Neurotransmitters bind to the membrane of the
dendrite.
• The binding allows the nerve impulse to travel through
the receiving neuron.
17. The cortex: Thinking and
voluntary movements
The brain stem: breathing
and sleep are controlled
here.
The basal ganglia:
coordinate messages
between multiple other
brain areas.
The cerebellum:
coordination and balance.
18. BRAIN
• The brain is one of the largest and most complex organs in the
human body.
made up of more than 100 billion nerves that communicate in
trillions of connections called synapses.
The brain is also divided into several lobes:
• The frontal lobes are responsible for problem
solving and judgment and motor function.
• The parietal lobes manage sensation, handwriting,
and body position.
• The temporal lobes are involved with memory and
hearing.
• The occipital lobes contain the brain's visual
processing system.
19. • The brain is found in the cranial cavity. Within it
are found the higher nerve centers responsible for
coordinating the sensory and motor systems of
the body (forebrain). The brain stem houses the
lower nerve centers (consisting of midbrain, pons,
and medulla),
• Medulla:control center for respiratory,
cardiovascular and digestive functions.
• Pons: control centers for respiration and
inhibitory functions. Here it will interact with the
cerebellum
20. • Cerebrum: the frontal in control of
specialized motor control, learning, planning
and speech;
• parietal in control of somatic sensory
functions; occipital in control of vision; and
temporal lobes which consists of hearing
centers and some speech.
21. • Cerebellum: part of the brain located posterior
to the medulla oblongata and pons.
• produce smooth, graceful motions. The main
function of the cerebellum is coordination.
• The cerebellum is also responsible for balance
and posture.
• It also assists us when we are learning a new
motor skill, such as playing a sport or musical
instrument.
• Recent research shows that apart from motor
functions cerebellum also has some emotional
role.
22.
23.
24. The Limbic System and Higher Mental
Functions
• The Limbic System is a complex set of
structures found just beneath the cerebrum
and on both sides of the thalamus. It combines
higher mental functions.
• It is often referred to as the emotional nervous
system. It is not only responsible for our
emotional lives, but also our higher mental
functions, such as learning and formation of
memories.
25. • The Limbic system explains why some things seem
so pleasurable to us, such as eating and why some
medical conditions are caused by mental stress,
such as high blood pressure. There are two
significant structures within the limbic system and
several smaller structures that are important as
well. They are:
• The Hippocampus: primary contributor to memory.
• The Amygdala: control of such activities and
feelings as love, friendship, affection, and
expression of mood. The amygdala is the center for
identification of danger and is fundamental for self
preservation. The amygdala is the nucleus
responsible for fear.
26. • The Thalamus: emotions
• The Hypothalamus: sexuality, combativeness,
and hunger, also plays a role in emotion.
lateral parts seem to be involved with
pleasure and rage, while the medial part is
linked to aversion, displeasure, and a
tendency to uncontrollable and loud laughing
27. Diseases of the Limbic System
• Schizophrenia
• Depression
• Bipolar Disorder
28. The Peripheral Nervous System
• The peripheral nervous system includes 12
cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
• It can be subdivided into
the somatic and autonomic systems.
• It is a way of communication from the central
nervous system to the rest of the body by
nerve impulses that regulate the functions of
the human body.
29. The Peripheral Nervous System
• The twelve cranial nerves are
• I Olfactory Nerve for smell
• II Optic Nerve for vision
• III Oculomotor for looking around
• IV Trochlear for moving eye
• V Trigeminal for feeling touch on face
• VI Abducens to move eye muscles
• VII Facial to smile, wink, and help us
• Vestibulocochlear to help with balance, equilibrium, and hearing
• IX Glossopharyngeal for swallowing and gagging
• X Vagus for swallowing, talking, and parasympathetic actions of
digestion
• XI Spinal accessory for shrugging shoulders
• XII Hypoglossal for tongue more divided into different regions as
muscles
30. • Spinal nerves take their origins from the spinal
cord.
• They control the functions of the rest of the
body.
• In humans, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves:
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1
coccygeal.
31.
32. The Autonomic System
• The Autonomic system deals with the visceral
organs, like the heart, stomach, gland, and the
intestines. It regulates systems that are
unconsciously carried out to keep our body
alive and well, such as breathing, digestion
(peristalsis), and regulation of the heartbeat.
33. • The ANS has two main divisions:
• Sympathetic
• Parasympathetic
• Both divisions work without conscious effort,
and they have similar nerve pathways, but the
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
generally have opposite effects on target tissues
(they are antagonistic).
• By controlling the relative input from each
division, the autonomic system regulates many
aspects of homeostasis.
34. • Function of the autonomic nervous system
• The autonomic nervous system controls internal body
processes such as the following:
• Blood pressure
• Heart and breathing rates
• Body temperature
• Digestion
• Metabolism (thus affecting body weight)
• The balance of water and electrolytes (such as sodium and
calcium)
• The production of body fluids (saliva, sweat, and tears)
• Urination
• Defecation
• Sexual response
35. sympathetic division does the following:
• Prepares the body for stressful or emergency
situations—fight or flight
• Thus, the sympathetic division increases heart
rate and the force of heart contractions and
widens (dilates) the airways to make breathing
easier.
• It causes the body to release stored energy.
• Muscular strength is increased.
• This division also causes palms to sweat, pupils to
dilate, and hair to stand on end.
• It slows body processes that are less important in
emergencies, such as digestion and urination.
36. parasympathetic division does the following:
• Controls body process during ordinary
situations.
• Generally, the parasympathetic division
conserves and restores. It slows the heart rate
and decreases blood pressure. It stimulates the
digestive tract to process food and eliminate
wastes. Energy from the processed food is used
to restore and build tissues.
37. Division Effects
Sympathetic Increases the following:
•Heart rate and force of heart contractions
•Release of energy stored in the liver
•The speed at which energy is used to perform body functions while a
person is at rest (basal metabolic rate)
•Muscle strength
Widens the airways to make breathing easier
Causes sweaty palms
Decreases functions that are less important in an emergency (such as
digestion and urination)
Controls the release of semen (ejaculation)
Parasympathetic Stimulates the digestive tract to process food and eliminate
wastes (in bowel movements)
Slows the heart rate
Reduces blood pressure
Controls erections