Male reproductive functions include spermatogenesis (formation of sperm), sexual acts, and regulation by hormones. Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules and takes around 74 days, involving the transformation of spermatogonia into spermatozoa. Testosterone produced in the testes initiates male development and drives physiological changes during puberty like increased muscle and bone growth, body hair growth, and voice deepening. Infertility in males can result from low sperm counts, abnormal sperm morphology, obstructions in the reproductive ducts, or disorders of the testes, pituitary, or hypothalamus.
Effective public health programs, research, and policy relating to human sexuality, pregnancy, contraception, and the transmission of sexually transmitted infections depends upon knowledge of the structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) of the male and female reproductive systems.
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male Maryam Fida
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male 1. Primary Sex Organs
Testes are the primary sex organs or gonads in males.
Accessory Sex Organs
Accessory sex organs in males are:
1. Seminal vesicles 2. Prostate gland
3.Urethra 4. Penis
Testis contain Seminiferous Tubules. Sperms are formed in seminiferous tubules. Testis has two important types of cells. 1.Sertoli cells are the supporting cells in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells provide support, protection and nourishment for the spermatogenic cells present in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells contain hormone “INHIBIN”. 2. Leydig cells. When stimulated by LH, they secrete:
Testosterone
Androstenedione
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM- pdf
https://nabeelbeeran.blogspot.com/
https://youtu.be/4vgskc6LFzM
Sexual growth & development
Puberty
Male & Female Reproductive System
Testosterone
Menstrual cycle
Ovulation
Placenta
Pregnancy, Parturition & Lactation
Prgnancy Tests
Contraception
IUDs
Guyton
Ganong
Indu Khurana
G K Pal
A K Jain
Effective public health programs, research, and policy relating to human sexuality, pregnancy, contraception, and the transmission of sexually transmitted infections depends upon knowledge of the structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) of the male and female reproductive systems.
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male Maryam Fida
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male 1. Primary Sex Organs
Testes are the primary sex organs or gonads in males.
Accessory Sex Organs
Accessory sex organs in males are:
1. Seminal vesicles 2. Prostate gland
3.Urethra 4. Penis
Testis contain Seminiferous Tubules. Sperms are formed in seminiferous tubules. Testis has two important types of cells. 1.Sertoli cells are the supporting cells in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells provide support, protection and nourishment for the spermatogenic cells present in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells contain hormone “INHIBIN”. 2. Leydig cells. When stimulated by LH, they secrete:
Testosterone
Androstenedione
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM- pdf
https://nabeelbeeran.blogspot.com/
https://youtu.be/4vgskc6LFzM
Sexual growth & development
Puberty
Male & Female Reproductive System
Testosterone
Menstrual cycle
Ovulation
Placenta
Pregnancy, Parturition & Lactation
Prgnancy Tests
Contraception
IUDs
Guyton
Ganong
Indu Khurana
G K Pal
A K Jain
Introduction to female reproductive physiology (the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Introduction to female reproductive physiology
Formation of female gametes, ova
Reception of male gametes, spermatozoa
Provision of suitable environments for fertilization of the ovum by spermatozoa and development of the resultant fetus
Parturition (childbirth)
Lactation, the production of breast milk, which provides complete nourishment for the baby in its early life
Onset of adult sexual life
Developing of female glands
Enlargement of breasts and erection of nipples
Growth of body hair, most prominently underarm and pubic hair
Greater development of thigh muscles behind the femur, rather than in front of it
Widening of hips
lower waist to hip ratio than adult males
Smaller hands and feet than men
Rounder face
Smaller waist than men
Changed distribution in weight and fat; more subcutaneous fat and fat deposits, mainly around the buttocks, thighs, and hips
Effect of Estrogens on the Uterus and External Female Sex Organs
Enlargement of external genitalia due to fat deposition
Change of Vaginal epithelium from cuboidal to stratified
Increased size of uterus after puberty
Proliferation of endometrial stroma
Effect of Estrogens on the Fallopian Tubes
Glandular tissue proliferation
Number of ciliated epithelial cells increase
Effect of Estrogens on the Breasts
development of the stromal tissues of the breasts
Growth of an extensive ductile system
Deposition of fat in the breasts.
Effect of Estrogens on the Skeleton
Estrogens inhibit osteoclastic activity in the bones stimulating bone growth
uniting of the epiphyses with the shafts of the long bones
Osteoporosis of the Bones Caused by Estrogen deficiency in Old Age
increased osteoclastic activity in the bones
decreased bone matrix
decreased deposition of bone calcium and phosphate
Effect of Estrogens on Protein Deposition
Slight increase in total body protein
BMR increased only1/3rd as compared to testosterone
Increased deposition of fate in:
Subcutaneous tissue
Breasts, buttocks and thighs
Effect of Estrogens on Hair Distribution
No effect
Effect of Estrogens on the Skin
Makes skin soft and smooth
Increased skin vascularity
Effect of Estrogens on Electrolyte Balance
Slight sodium and water reabsorption
1. Spermatogenesis (Spermatocytogenesis, Spermiogenesis, Spermiation, Shape and function of cells inside the Testis, Semen and sperm structure, Sperm journey after synthesis to outside)
Male reproductive system by Pandian M, tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP,MHPandian M
Male reproductive functions
The male reproductive tract
Sagittal segments of testes and epididymis
Adolescence
General Physical Changes
Stages of spermatogenesis
Structure of the human spermatozoon.
Pathway for the passage of sperms
Semen
Composition & function
Capacitation
Factors affecting spermatogenesis
Hormones necessary for spermatogenesis
Functions of testosterone
Disorders of sexual development / applied
Hormonal control of the testicular function, with emphasis made on the role played by hormones or the endocrine system on the function of the testis and its importance in reproduction.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology IHM Learnings
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology I
The slides will talk about
1. Introduction
2. Stages of follicular development
3. Primordial follicle
4. Preantral follicle (primary and secondary follicle)
5. Antral follicle
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
Introduction to female reproductive physiology (the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Introduction to female reproductive physiology
Formation of female gametes, ova
Reception of male gametes, spermatozoa
Provision of suitable environments for fertilization of the ovum by spermatozoa and development of the resultant fetus
Parturition (childbirth)
Lactation, the production of breast milk, which provides complete nourishment for the baby in its early life
Onset of adult sexual life
Developing of female glands
Enlargement of breasts and erection of nipples
Growth of body hair, most prominently underarm and pubic hair
Greater development of thigh muscles behind the femur, rather than in front of it
Widening of hips
lower waist to hip ratio than adult males
Smaller hands and feet than men
Rounder face
Smaller waist than men
Changed distribution in weight and fat; more subcutaneous fat and fat deposits, mainly around the buttocks, thighs, and hips
Effect of Estrogens on the Uterus and External Female Sex Organs
Enlargement of external genitalia due to fat deposition
Change of Vaginal epithelium from cuboidal to stratified
Increased size of uterus after puberty
Proliferation of endometrial stroma
Effect of Estrogens on the Fallopian Tubes
Glandular tissue proliferation
Number of ciliated epithelial cells increase
Effect of Estrogens on the Breasts
development of the stromal tissues of the breasts
Growth of an extensive ductile system
Deposition of fat in the breasts.
Effect of Estrogens on the Skeleton
Estrogens inhibit osteoclastic activity in the bones stimulating bone growth
uniting of the epiphyses with the shafts of the long bones
Osteoporosis of the Bones Caused by Estrogen deficiency in Old Age
increased osteoclastic activity in the bones
decreased bone matrix
decreased deposition of bone calcium and phosphate
Effect of Estrogens on Protein Deposition
Slight increase in total body protein
BMR increased only1/3rd as compared to testosterone
Increased deposition of fate in:
Subcutaneous tissue
Breasts, buttocks and thighs
Effect of Estrogens on Hair Distribution
No effect
Effect of Estrogens on the Skin
Makes skin soft and smooth
Increased skin vascularity
Effect of Estrogens on Electrolyte Balance
Slight sodium and water reabsorption
1. Spermatogenesis (Spermatocytogenesis, Spermiogenesis, Spermiation, Shape and function of cells inside the Testis, Semen and sperm structure, Sperm journey after synthesis to outside)
Male reproductive system by Pandian M, tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP,MHPandian M
Male reproductive functions
The male reproductive tract
Sagittal segments of testes and epididymis
Adolescence
General Physical Changes
Stages of spermatogenesis
Structure of the human spermatozoon.
Pathway for the passage of sperms
Semen
Composition & function
Capacitation
Factors affecting spermatogenesis
Hormones necessary for spermatogenesis
Functions of testosterone
Disorders of sexual development / applied
Hormonal control of the testicular function, with emphasis made on the role played by hormones or the endocrine system on the function of the testis and its importance in reproduction.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology IHM Learnings
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology I
The slides will talk about
1. Introduction
2. Stages of follicular development
3. Primordial follicle
4. Preantral follicle (primary and secondary follicle)
5. Antral follicle
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
Reaching the age of adolescence by gaurav ghankhedeGaurav Ghankhede
Reaching the age Reaching the age of adolescence by gaurav ghankhedeof adolesceReaching the age of adolescence by gaurav ghankhedence by Reaching the age of adolescence by gaurav ghankhede Reaching the age of adolescence by gaurav Reaching the age of adolescence by gaurav ghankhede
Puberty & adolescence by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP,MHPandian M
Introduction
Components of puberty
Sudden spurt of physical growth
Appearance of secondary sex characters
Stages of development of secondary sex characters.
Types of secondary sex characters.
Hormonal changes during puberty
Control of onset of puberty
Applied aspects
The body's balance between acidity and alkalinity is referred to as acid-base balance. The blood's acid-base balance is precisely controlled because even a minor deviation from the normal range can severely affect many organs. The body uses different mechanisms to control the blood's acid-base balance.
Muscle spindles are proprioceptors that consist of intrafusal muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath (spindle). They run parallel to the extrafusal muscle fibers and act as receptors that provide information on muscle length and the rate of change in muscle length. The spindles are stretched when the muscle lengthens. This stretch causes the sensory neuron in the spindle to transmit an impulse to the spinal cord, where it synapses with alpha motor neurons. This causes activation of motor neurons that innervate the muscle. The muscle spindles determine the amount of contraction necessary to overcome a given resistance. When the resistance increases, the muscle is stretched further, and this causes spindle fibers to activate a greater muscle contraction.
Have you ever wondered why you sweat when you get too hot from running or shiver on a cold winter's day in this video we are going to explain why your body behaves like this.
Humans are endotherms and this means we are warm blooded we keep our body operating at thirty seven degrees Celsius regardless of the external conditions however this is a real challenge as our environment changes all the time depending on the weather, our clothes, if we are inside by the fire or outside having a snowball fight. So how does this work?
It's quite similar to the heating system in a house. in a house is a thermostat that measures the temperature if the house gets cold the thermostat will tell the radiators to turn on and heat it up if it's too hot they will be told to switch off simple.
Your body works in just the same way here in your brain as a special area called the hypothalamus and it measures the temperature of the blood flowing through it and also it collects information from temperatures senses around the body. it then decides if the temperature is too hot or too cold and we'll try and bring it back to thirty seven degrees Celsius. If you are too hot the hypothalamus can then send signals out to the body by the nervous system that can cause barriers to fact. It can send a signal to your skin and cool sweat glands to secrete the sweat on to the surface of the skin the sweat itself is not cold but it works because it takes the heat away from your body in order to evaporate it.
Another way of losing is vasodilation let kind of these blood vessels narrows this. That said the skin open white and allow blood to flow through them. They heat is radiated from the blood into the air and the blood cools down. If you get too cold you can do the opposite with these blood vessels and place them on keeping the blood away from the surface of the skin this is called vasoconstriction this is when your muscles contract in order to make. Another fact you may have noticed when you are cold against them. If you look more place the at least the Bulls what you realized is that each of the little bugger has a has to hit out at.
These has stood up on and struck a layer of air around the skin air is a fantastic insulate of heat and this will keep you nice and warm.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Male reproductive functions
• Male reproductive functions can be divided
into three major subdivisions: (1)
spermatogenesis, which means the formation
of sperm; (2) performance of the male sexual
act; and (3) regulation of male reproductive
functions by the various hormones.
3.
4. STEPS OF SPERMATOGENESIS
• Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous
tubules during active sexual life as the result
of stimulation by anterior pituitary
gonadotropic hormones. Spermatogenesis
begins at an average age of 13 years and
continues throughout most of the remainder
of life but decreases markedly in old age.
5. • In the first stage of spermatogenesis, the
spermatogonia migrate among Sertoli cells
toward the central lumen of the seminiferous
tubule. The Sertoli cells are large, with
overflowing cytoplasmic envelopes that
surround the developing spermatogonia all the
way to the central lumen of the tubule.
6. • Meiosis. Spermatogonia that cross the
barrier into the Sertoli cell layer become
progressively modified and enlarged to form
large primary spermatocytes.
7. • Each of these primary spermatocytes, in turn,
undergoes meiotic division to form two
secondary spermatocytes.
• After another few days, these secondary
spermatocytes also divide to form spermatids
that are eventually modified to become
spermatozoa (sperm).
8. • During the change from the spermatocyte
stage to the spermatid stage, the 46
chromosomes (23 pairs of chromosomes) of
the spermatocyte are divided, and thus 23
chromosomes go to one spermatid and the
other 23 go to the second spermatid.
9. • The chromosomal genes are also divided so
that only one half of the genetic
characteristics of the eventual fetus are
provided by the father, with the other half
being derived from the oocyte provided by
the mother.
• The entire period of spermatogenesis, from
spermatogonia to spermatozoa, takes about
74 days.
10. Sex Chromosomes
• In each spermatogonium, one of the 23 pairs
of chromosomes carries the genetic
information that determines the sex of each
eventual offspring.
• This pair is composed of one X chromosome,
which is called the female chromosome, and
one Y chromosome,
• the male chromosome.
11. • During meiotic division, the male Y
chromosome goes to one spermatid that then
becomes a male sperm, and the female X
chromosome goes to another spermatid that
becomes a female sperm. The sex of the
eventual offspring is determined by which of
these two types of sperm fertilizes the ovum.
12.
13. Production of Testosterone
• Testosterone is produced by the gonads
(by the Leydig cells in testes in men and
by the ovaries in women), although small
quantities are also produced by the
adrenal glands in both sexes. It is an
androgen, meaning that it stimulates the
development of male characteristics.
14. Functions of the Testosterone
• Present in much greater levels in men than
women, testosterone initiates the
development of the male internal and external
reproductive organs during foetal
development and is essential for the
production of sperm in adult life.
15. Effects of testosterone on Physiological
changes during male puberty
• Effect on the Distribution of Body Hair.
Testosterone causes growth of hair
16. • Male Pattern Baldness
• Testosterone decreases the growth of
hair on the top of the head.
17. • Effect on the Voice
• Testosterone secreted by the testes or
injected into the body causes hypertrophy of
the larynx tissues and enlargement of the
larynx.
• The effects at first cause a relatively
discordant, “cracking” voice that gradually
changes into the typical adult masculine voice.
18. • Testosterone Increases Thickness of the
Skin and Can Contribute to the Development
of Acne.
• Testosterone increases the thickness of the
skin over the entire body.
• Testosterone also increases the rate of
secretion by some or perhaps all of the body’s
sebaceous glands. Especially important is
excessive secretion by the sebaceous glands
of the face, which can result in acne.
19. • Therefore, acne is one of the most common
features of male adolescence.
• when the body is first becoming introduced to
increased testosterone. After several years
of testosterone secretion, the skin normally
adapts to the testosterone in a way that
allows it to overcome the acne.
20. • Testosterone Increases Protein Formation
and Muscle
• Development. One of the most important male
characteristics is development of increasing
musculature after puberty, averaging about a
50 percent increase in muscle mass over that
in the female. This increase in muscle mass is
associated with increased protein in the
nonmuscle parts of the body as well.
21. • Many of the changes in the skin are due
to deposition of proteins in the skin, and
the changes in the voice also result
partly from this protein anabolic
function of testosterone.
22. • Testosterone Increases Bone Matrix and
Causes Calcium Retention. After the great
increase in circulating testosterone that occurs
at puberty (or after prolonged injection of
testosterone), the bones grow considerably
thicker and deposit considerable additional
calcium salts. Thus, testosterone increases the
total quantity of bone matrix and causes calcium
retention. The increase in bone matrix is
believed to result from the general protein
anabolic function of testosterone plus deposition
of calcium salts in response to the increased
protein.
23. • Testosterone Increases Red Blood Cells.
When normal quantities of testosterone are
injected into a castrated adult, the number of
red blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood
increases 15 to 20 percent.
24. • Effect on Electrolyte and Water Balance.
• Testosterone increase the reabsorption of
sodium in the distal tubules of the Kidneys
but only to a minor degree.
• After puberty, the blood and extracellular
fluid volumes of the male in relation to body
weight increase as much as 5 to 10 percent.
26. Decreased Sperm Count –
Oligozoospermia
• Normal sperm count in a male is about 100 to 150
millions/mL of semen. Infertility occurs when the
sperm count decreases below 20 millions/mL of
semen.
• Sperm count decreases because of disruption of
seminiferous tubules or acute infection in testis.
In some males, there is possibility of sterility
(permanent inability to produce offspring) because
of absence of spermatogenesis as in the case of
cryptorchidism or underdeveloped testis
27. Abnormal Sperms
• Sometimes, the sperm count may be normal,
but the structure of the sperm may be
abnormal. The sperms may be without tail and
nonmotile or with two heads or with abnormal
head. When a large number of abnormal
sperms are produced infertility occurs.
28. Obstruction of Reproductive Ducts
• Obstruction of reproductive ducts like
vas deferens leads to infertility.
29. Other Disorders
• i. Cryptorchidism
• ii. Trauma
• iii. Mumps
• iv. Longterm use of drugs
• v. Alcoholism
• vi. Genetic disorders
• vii. Hypothalamic disorders
• viii. Disorders of pituitary, thyroid and pancreas.